This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is polyneuridine aldehyde hydrolase (decarboxylating). Other names in common use include:
Polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase also appears in select bacteria including Enterobacter cloacae.
Structureedit
The secondary structure of this enzyme consists mainly of α helices. In its native form, this enzyme has a tertiary structure that includes two main lobes (as depicted above in the blue 3D representation on the top right).
Reactionedit
Polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the methylester in polyneuridine aldehyde to form polyneuridine β-aldehydoacid and methanol. The carboxylic acid in the product spontaneously undergoes decarboxylation, yielding 16-epivellosimine and carbon dioxide.[1]
The mechanism of hydrolysis performed by polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase is not known. It has been suggested that the enzyme utilizes a catalytic triad composed of Ser-87, Asp-216 and His-244.[3] The catalytic amino acid order is the same as the order of enzymes that are part of the α/β hydrolase family. Thus polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase may be a novel member of the α/β hydrolase group.[4]
Broader significanceedit
This enzyme is a part of the pathway of indole alkaloid biosynthesis. The indole alkaloids that result from this metabolic pathway are used by many plant species as a defense against herbivores and parasites.
Open questionsedit
The precise mechanisms by which this enzyme performs its function is still unknown. As noted above, researchers are formulating suggestions as to how polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase catalyses the decomposition of polyneuridine-aldehyde, but a mechanism has not yet been affirmed with absolute certainty. Due to the lack of complete understanding of polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase's precise mechanism, this enzyme cannot be grouped into a family of enzymes. Based on mechanism theories, suggestions can be made as to how this enzyme should be categorized, and some parallels can be drawn between polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase and other enzymes.
Referencesedit
^ abPfitzner A, Stöckigt J (August 1983). "Characterization of polyneuridine aldehyde esterase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sarpagine/ajmaline type alkaloids". Planta Med. 48 (8): 221–7. doi:10.1055/s-2007-969924. PMID 17404987.
^PDB: 3GZJ; Yang L, Hill M, Wang M, Panjikar S, Stöckigt J (2009). "Structural basis and enzymatic mechanism of the biosynthesis of C9- from C10-monoterpenoid indole alkaloids". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48 (28): 5211–3. doi:10.1002/anie.200900150. PMID 19496101.
^Mattern-Dogru E, Ma X, Hartmann J, Decker H, Stöckigt J (June 2002). "Potential active-site residues in polyneuridine aldehyde esterase, a central enzyme of indole alkaloid biosynthesis, by modelling and site-directed mutagenesis". Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (12): 2889–96. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02956.x. PMID 12071952.
^Dogru E, Warzecha H, Seibel F, Haebel S, Lottspeich F, Stöckigt J (March 2000). "The gene encoding polyneuridine aldehyde esterase of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in plants is an ortholog of the alpha/betahydrolase super family". Eur. J. Biochem. 267 (5): 1397–406. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01136.x. PMID 10691977.
Further readingedit
Pfitzner A, Stockigt J (1983). "Polyneuridine aldehyde esterase: an unusual specific enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of sarpagine type alkaloids". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (8): 459–460. doi:10.1039/C39830000459.
polyneuridine, aldehyde, esterase, enzyme, polyneuridine, aldehyde, esterase, catalyzes, following, reaction, polyneuridine, aldehyde, esterasepolyneuridine, aldehyde, esterase, renderingidentifiersec, 78cas, 87041, 2databasesintenzintenz, viewbrendabrenda, en. The enzyme polyneuridine aldehyde esterase EC 3 1 1 78 catalyzes the following reaction 1 polyneuridine aldehyde esterasePolyneuridine Aldehyde Esterase 3D RenderingIdentifiersEC no 3 1 1 78CAS no 87041 55 2DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins polyneuridine aldehyde H2O displaystyle rightleftharpoons 16 epivellosimine CO2 methanol This enzyme participates in indole and ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Homologues 3 Structure 4 Reaction 5 Mechanism 6 Broader significance 7 Open questions 8 References 9 Further readingNomenclature editThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds The systematic name is polyneuridine aldehyde hydrolase decarboxylating Other names in common use include polyneuridine aldehyde esterase PNAEHomologues editThis enzyme is found in various forms in plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana Glycine max soybean Vitis vinifera wine grape and Solanum lycopersicum tomato among others Polyneuridine aldehyde esterase also appears in select bacteria including Enterobacter cloacae Structure editThe secondary structure of this enzyme consists mainly of a helices In its native form this enzyme has a tertiary structure that includes two main lobes as depicted above in the blue 3D representation on the top right Reaction edit nbsp H 2 O C H 3 O H p o l y n e u r i d i n e a l d e h y d e e s t e r a s e displaystyle xrightarrow H 2 O CH 3 OH polyneuridine aldehyde esterase nbsp nbsp C O 2 displaystyle xrightarrow CO 2 nbsp nbsp Polyneuridine aldehyde esterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the methyl ester in polyneuridine aldehyde to form polyneuridine b aldehydoacid and methanol The carboxylic acid in the product spontaneously undergoes decarboxylation yielding 16 epivellosimine and carbon dioxide 1 Mechanism edit nbsp Crystallographic structure of polyneuridine aldehyde esterase from Rauvolfia serpentina rainbow colored N terminus blue C terminus red The enzyme is complexed with its product 16 epi vellosimine that is depicted as a space filling model carbon white oxygen red nitrogen blue 2 The mechanism of hydrolysis performed by polyneuridine aldehyde esterase is not known It has been suggested that the enzyme utilizes a catalytic triad composed of Ser 87 Asp 216 and His 244 3 The catalytic amino acid order is the same as the order of enzymes that are part of the a b hydrolase family Thus polyneuridine aldehyde esterase may be a novel member of the a b hydrolase group 4 Broader significance editThis enzyme is a part of the pathway of indole alkaloid biosynthesis The indole alkaloids that result from this metabolic pathway are used by many plant species as a defense against herbivores and parasites Open questions editThe precise mechanisms by which this enzyme performs its function is still unknown As noted above researchers are formulating suggestions as to how polyneuridine aldehyde esterase catalyses the decomposition of polyneuridine aldehyde but a mechanism has not yet been affirmed with absolute certainty Due to the lack of complete understanding of polyneuridine aldehyde esterase s precise mechanism this enzyme cannot be grouped into a family of enzymes Based on mechanism theories suggestions can be made as to how this enzyme should be categorized and some parallels can be drawn between polyneuridine aldehyde esterase and other enzymes References edit a b Pfitzner A Stockigt J August 1983 Characterization of polyneuridine aldehyde esterase a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sarpagine ajmaline type alkaloids Planta Med 48 8 221 7 doi 10 1055 s 2007 969924 PMID 17404987 PDB 3GZJ Yang L Hill M Wang M Panjikar S Stockigt J 2009 Structural basis and enzymatic mechanism of the biosynthesis of C9 from C10 monoterpenoid indole alkaloids Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 48 28 5211 3 doi 10 1002 anie 200900150 PMID 19496101 Mattern Dogru E Ma X Hartmann J Decker H Stockigt J June 2002 Potential active site residues in polyneuridine aldehyde esterase a central enzyme of indole alkaloid biosynthesis by modelling and site directed mutagenesis Eur J Biochem 269 12 2889 96 doi 10 1046 j 1432 1033 2002 02956 x PMID 12071952 Dogru E Warzecha H Seibel F Haebel S Lottspeich F Stockigt J March 2000 The gene encoding polyneuridine aldehyde esterase of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in plants is an ortholog of the alpha betahydrolase super family Eur J Biochem 267 5 1397 406 doi 10 1046 j 1432 1327 2000 01136 x PMID 10691977 Further reading editPfitzner A Stockigt J 1983 Polyneuridine aldehyde esterase an unusual specific enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of sarpagine type alkaloids Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications 8 459 460 doi 10 1039 C39830000459 Portal nbsp Biology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php 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