The cohortPolyneoptera is one of the major groups of winged insects, comprising the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no metamorphosis, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages.[2] Many members of the group have leathery forewings (tegmina) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field (vannus).
^Martynov, A. V. (1923). "О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых" [On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects]. Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922: 88–89.
^Entomology Endopterygota. Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
^ abDavid Eades. "Polyneoptera". Polyneoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^Nel, A.; Poschmann, M.J. (2021). "A new representative of the "orthopteroid" insect family Cnemidolestidae from the lower Permian of Germany". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3): 641–646. doi:10.4202/app.00879.2021.
^Aristov, D. (2014). "Classification of the order Cnemidolestida (Insecta: Perlidea) with descriptions of new taxa". Far Eastern Entomologist. 277: 1–46.
^Delclos; Nel; Azar; Bechly; Dunlop; Engel; Heads (2008). "The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 247 (3): 353–381. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353.
^Jakub Prokop; Wieslaw Krzemiński; Ewa Krzemińska; Thomas Hörnschemeyer; Jan-Michael Ilger; Carsten Brauckmann; Philippe Grandcolas; André Nel (2014). "Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (5): 601–622. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.823468. S2CID 84407734.
^Yang, Hongru; Shih, Chungkun; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Ren, Dong; Gao, Taiping (January 2022). Labandeira, Conrad (ed.). "Early Cretaceous enigmatic insect group showing unique wing venations and antennal sensilla". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (1). doi:10.1002/spp2.1402. ISSN 2056-2799.
^Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (February 2019). "Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (8): 3024–3029. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817794116. PMC6386694. PMID 30642969.
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Media related to Polyneoptera at Wikimedia Commons
February 15, 2024
polyneoptera, cohort, major, groups, winged, insects, comprising, orthoptera, grasshoppers, crickets, other, neopteran, insects, believed, more, closely, related, orthoptera, than, other, insect, orders, they, were, formerly, grouped, together, with, palaeopte. The cohort Polyneoptera is one of the major groups of winged insects comprising the Orthoptera grasshoppers crickets etc and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no metamorphosis the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages 2 Many members of the group have leathery forewings tegmina and hindwings with an enlarged anal field vannus PolyneopteraSome representativesScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass Insecta unranked DicondyliaSubclass PterygotaInfraclass NeopteraCohort PolyneopteraMartynov 1923 1 OrdersSee textSynonymsGryllones Orthopteres Orthopteroid Orders Orthopteroidea Orthopterodea Paurometabola Polyneopterata Plecopterodea Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Extant 1 2 Fossil 2 Phylogeny 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksTaxonomy editExtant edit The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera 3 Superorder Dictyoptera Blattodea cockroaches and termites Mantodea praying mantises Orthoptera grasshoppers crickets katydids Dermaptera earwigs Embioptera web spinners Plecoptera stone flies Grylloblattodea ice crawlers Mantophasmatodea gladiators Phasmatodea stick and leaf insects Zoraptera angel insects Fossil edit The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera 3 Archaeorthoptera Orthoptera and stem group relatives Caloneurodea Cnemidolestodea Cnemidolestida 4 5 Geraroptera Titanoptera Carboniferous to Triassic order Incertae sedis family Cacurgidae Handlirsch 1911 family Chresmodidae Haase 1890 6 family Permostridulidae Bethoux Nel Lapeyrie amp Gand 2003 family Protophasmatidae Brongniart 1885 genus Chenxiella Liu Ren amp Prokop 2009 genus Lobeatta Bethoux 2005 genus Longzhua Gu Bethoux amp Ren 2011 genus Nectoptilus Bethoux 2005 genus Sinopteron Prokop amp Ren 2007 Stem group Phasmatodea family Xiphopteridae Sharov 1968 family Prochresmodidae Vishnyakova 1980 family Aeroplanidae Tillyard 1918 family Cretophasmatidae Sharov 1968 family Aerophasmatidae Martynov 1928 Stem group Dermaptera Protelytroptera Grylloblattida Stem group Grylloblattodea Geinitziidae Juraperlidae Bajanzhargalanidae Eoblattida Paoliida 7 Protorthoptera family Magicivenidae 8 Phylogeny editThe following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al 2019 9 Polyneoptera Zoraptera angel insects nbsp Dermaptera earwigs nbsp Plecoptera stoneflies nbsp Orthoptera grasshoppers crickets katydids nbsp Grylloblattodea ice crawlers nbsp Mantophasmatodea gladiators nbsp Phasmatodea stick insects nbsp Embioptera webspinners nbsp Dictyoptera Mantodea mantises nbsp Blattodea cockroaches and termites nbsp See also editList of Orthopteroid genera containing species recorded in EuropeReferences edit Martynov A V 1923 O dvuh osnovnyh tipah krylev nasekomyh i ih znachenii dlya obshej klassifikaci nasekomyh On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects Proceedings of the I All Russian Congress of Zoologists Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15 21 December 1922 88 89 Entomology Endopterygota Royal Entomological Society Retrieved 29 September 2020 a b David Eades Polyneoptera Polyneoptera Species File Online Version 5 0 5 0 Retrieved 8 December 2023 Nel A Poschmann M J 2021 A new representative of the orthopteroid insect family Cnemidolestidae from the lower Permian of Germany Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66 3 641 646 doi 10 4202 app 00879 2021 Aristov D 2014 Classification of the order Cnemidolestida Insecta Perlidea with descriptions of new taxa Far Eastern Entomologist 277 1 46 Delclos Nel Azar Bechly Dunlop Engel Heads 2008 The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae Polyneoptera New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 247 3 353 381 doi 10 1127 0077 7749 2008 0247 0353 Jakub Prokop Wieslaw Krzeminski Ewa Krzeminska Thomas Hornschemeyer Jan Michael Ilger Carsten Brauckmann Philippe Grandcolas Andre Nel 2014 Late Palaeozoic Paoliida is the sister group of Dictyoptera Insecta Neoptera Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 5 601 622 doi 10 1080 14772019 2013 823468 S2CID 84407734 Yang Hongru Shih Chungkun Rasnitsyn Alexandr P Ren Dong Gao Taiping January 2022 Labandeira Conrad ed Early Cretaceous enigmatic insect group showing unique wing venations and antennal sensilla Papers in Palaeontology 8 1 doi 10 1002 spp2 1402 ISSN 2056 2799 Wipfler Benjamin Letsch Harald Frandsen Paul B Kapli Paschalia Mayer Christoph Bartel Daniela Buckley Thomas R Donath Alexander Edgerly Rooks Janice S Fujita Mari Liu Shanlin February 2019 Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 8 3024 3029 Bibcode 2019PNAS 116 3024W doi 10 1073 pnas 1817794116 PMC 6386694 PMID 30642969 External links edit nbsp Media related to Polyneoptera at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Polyneoptera amp oldid 1197753910, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
