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Political issues in higher education in the United States

January 01, 1970

Higher education in the United States is an optional stage of formal learning following secondary education. Higher education, also referred to as post-secondary education, third-stage, third-level, or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,360 Title IV degree-granting institutions, either colleges or universities in the country.[1] These may be public universities, private universities, liberal arts colleges, community colleges, or for-profit colleges. US higher education is loosely regulated by several third-party organizations.

Within this vast estate many issues arise for government, staff and students.

Political views edit

See also: Political views of American academics, Academic bias, and Universities and antisemitism

Research since the 1970s has consistently found that professors are more liberal and Democratic than the general population.[2][3][4][5]

A 2007 Zogby poll found that 58% of Americans thought that college professors' political bias was a "serious problem". This varied depending on the political views of those asked. 91% of "very conservative" adults agreed compared with 3% of liberals.[6]

Self-reported political views of U.S. academic faculty (% by year), according to the HERI Faculty Survey reports 1990–2017[7]

A nationwide study conducted every three years by the Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) of UCLA shows that from 1989 to 2014 professors identifying as liberal or far-left increasingly outnumbered those identifying as conservative or far-right.[8][9][10] The shift from 2014 to 2017 was less extreme than prior years, with numbers standing at approximately 60% liberal/far-left, 28% moderate, and 12% conservative/far-right.[8] According to an article published in Academe, the impact of having more liberal professors meant that fewer conservative students were likely to pursue advanced or doctoral degrees.[11] According to Stephen Hayward, the fewer conservative professors results in fewer conservative students being mentored and supported to seek graduate level education, creating a "self-reinforcing" cycle.[12]

In 2012, Tilburg University psychologists Yoel Inbar and Joris Lammers conducted anonymous random surveys of 800 members of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and found that 85% of respondents self-identified as liberal and 6% self-identified as conservative. Respondents that self-identified as either conservative or moderate were found to be significantly more reluctant to express their political views to their colleagues for fear of negative consequences, and were more likely to believe that their colleagues would actively discriminate against them on the basis of their political beliefs.[13]

In January 2015, a major literature review co-written by psychologists José L. Duarte, Jarret T. Crawford, Jonathan Haidt, Lee Jussim, Philip E. Tetlock and sociologist Charlotta Stern summarized numerous studies of how academic psychology has little ideological diversity, that the ratio of liberal-to-conservative or Democratic-to-Republican professors has dramatically increased since 1990, that the disparity is undermining the quality of research in psychology, and that the main causes of the lack of ideological diversity are self-selection, hostile climate, and discrimination.[14] In 2014, survey data from HERI indicated that the ratio of liberal-to-conservative college professors increased from 2:1 in 1995 to roughly 5:1 in 2014.[citation needed]

In September 2016, a replication and extension of the 2012 Inbar and Lammers study conducted by psychologists Nathan Honeycutt and Laura Freberg surveyed 618 faculty members of four California State University campuses and confirmed the previous finding of a hostile climate towards conservative professors in academic psychology departments, but also extended their study to 76 other academic departments spanning agricultural, business, education, arts and letters, engineering, and science colleges and found that there are sizable percentages of professors willing to discriminate against conservative academics in every academic department that they surveyed.[15]

Student conservative groups, free speech, and hate speech edit

Turning Point USA is a conservative youth group formed by Charlie Kirk in 2012. The organization has a presence on hundreds of US campuses.[16][17][18] In 2016, Turning Point USA began publishing its Professor Watchlist to expose faculty who they claim "discriminate against conservative students, promote anti-American values and advance leftist propaganda in the classroom."[19][20][21][22] Charlie Kirk, TPUSA's president, has criticized college campuses as "islands of totalitarianism" filled with liberal students and faculty members who force their worldview upon those around them.[23]

In December 2018, the University of California, Berkeley settled a free speech lawsuit filed by the Berkeley College Republicans and Young America's Foundation, accusing the university of discriminating against speakers with conservative views. Under the settlement, Berkeley will modify its procedures for handling "major events", which typically draw hundreds of people, and agreed not to charge "security" fees for a variety of activities, including lectures and speeches. It will also pay $70,000 to cover the legal costs of the plaintiffs.[24]

The Anti-Defamation League verified more than 300 incidents of white nationalist propaganda at more than 200 college and university campuses in 2018.[25]

On March 21, 2019, President Donald Trump issued an executive order to protect campus free speech.[26] According to President Trump, "Under the guise of speech codes, safe spaces and trigger warnings, these universities have tried to restrict free thought, impose total conformity and shut down the voices of great young Americans..."[27] He added that "Taxpayer dollars should not subsidize anti–First Amendment institutions...."[28]

Political lobbying edit

This section is an excerpt from For-profit higher education in the United States § Politics and political lobbying.[edit]
Politics and lobbying play a significant part in the history of U.S. for-profit school growth.[29][30] The for-profit education industry has spent more than $40 million on lobbying from 2007 to 2012.[31] and $36 million since 2010.[32] For-profit education lobbying grew from $83,000 in 1990 to approximately $4.5 million in its peak year of 2012.[33] In 2019, colleges and universities spent almost $75 million in federal lobbies.[34] The most significant industry lobby is Career Education Colleges and Universities (CECU), previously known as The Association of Private Sector Colleges and Universities (ASPCU). Before 2010, the organization was known as the Career College Association.[35] The Cato Institute's Center for Educational Freedom also supports for-profit higher education.[36][37]

References edit

  1. ^ "Degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution: Selected years, 1949-50 through 2016-17". NCES. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
  2. ^ Everett Carll Ladd and Seymour Martin Lipset, Academics, politics, and the 1972 election (1973)
  3. ^ Schuster, Jack; Finkelstein, Martin (2008), The American Faculty: The Restructuring of Academic Work and Careers, Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 600, ISBN 978-0801891038
  4. ^ Horowitz, David; Laskin, Jacob (March 2009), One-Party Classroom: How Radical Professors at America's Top Colleges Indoctrinate Students and Undermine Our Democracy, New York: Random House, p. 336, ISBN 978-0307452559
  5. ^ Menand, Louis (2010). The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University. Norton. p. 176. ISBN 978-0393339161.
  6. ^ Zogby Poll: Most Think Political Bias Among College Professors a Serious Problem October 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, July 10, 2007
  7. ^ "HERI Faculty Surveys (1989–2017)". Higher Education Research Institute. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  8. ^ a b Abrams, Samuel J. (March 15, 2019). "The Slowing of Higher Education's Liberal Slide". RealClearPolicy. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  9. ^ Jaschik, Scott (October 24, 2012). "Moving Further to the Left". Inside Higher Ed. Washington, DC. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  10. ^ "Study: College Professors Continue Shift To 'Far Left' Stance". WNEW. Washington, DC. October 25, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  11. ^ Woessner, Matthew (2012). "Rethinking the Plight of Conservatives in Higher Education". Academe. Washington, DC: American Association of University Professors. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  12. ^ Nong, Eric (December 4, 2014). "Why Do So Few Conservatives Work in Higher Education?". The Wilson Quarterly. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  13. ^ Inbar, Yoel; Lammers, Joris (September 5, 2012), "Political Diversity in Social and Personality Psychology" (PDF), Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7 (5), SAGE Publications: 496–503, doi:10.1177/1745691612448792, PMID 26168506, S2CID 23012460, retrieved January 20, 2017
  14. ^ Duarte, José L.; Crawford, Jarret T.; Stern, Charlotta; Haidt, Jonathan; Jussim, Lee; Tetlock, Philip E. (January 2015), "Political diversity will improve social psychological science" (PDF), Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, Cambridge University Press: e130, doi:10.1017/S0140525X14000430, PMID 25036715, retrieved January 20, 2017
  15. ^ Honeycutt, Nathan; Freberg, Laura (September 21, 2016). "The Liberal and Conservative Experience Across Academic Disciplines". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 8 (2): 115–123. doi:10.1177/1948550616667617. S2CID 151750618.
  16. ^ Vasquez, Michael (April 6, 2018). "5 Takeaways From Turning Point's Plan to 'Commandeer' Campus Elections" – via The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  17. ^ "Allegations of Racial Bias and Illegal Campaign Activity at a Conservative Nonprofit That Seeks to Transform College Campuses". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  18. ^ "Who Funds Conservative Campus Group Turning Point USA? Donors Revealed". International Business Times. November 28, 2017.
  19. ^ McGhee, Kaylee (June 21, 2018). "Charlie Kirk and TPUSA aren't conservative, as real conservatives already knew".
  20. ^ Pappano, Laura (August 4, 2017). "Professors as Targets of Internet Outrage". The New York Times. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  21. ^ Mele, Christopher (November 28, 2016). "Professor Watchlist Is Seen as Threat to Academic Freedom". The New York Times. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  22. ^ Strauss, Valerie (December 14, 2016). "'The sort of company we wish to keep': More than 1,500 academics ask to join controversial 'Professor Watchlist'". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  23. ^ Glatter, Hayley (May 12, 2017). "Student-Government Politics and Identity Politics: This Week's Top 7 Education Stories". Theatlantic.com. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  24. ^ Stempel, Jonathon (December 3, 2018). "UC Berkeley settles lawsuit over treatment of conservative speakers". Reuters. Retrieved December 8, 2018. Justice Department official Jesse Panuccio applauded the settlement in a statement on Monday, calling it a "win for protecting free speech on public college campuses."
  25. ^ "Analysis finds increase in white supremacist propaganda on college campuses". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  26. ^ "President Trump vows to issue executive order barring research funds to colleges that don't support free speech". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  27. ^ Shaw, Adam (March 21, 2019). "Trump signs executive order to promote free speech on college campuses". Fox News. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  28. ^ Harris, Adam (March 21, 2019). "Trump's Redundant Executive Order on Campus Speech". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  29. ^ "Friends In High Places: Who Endorses America's Troubled For-Profit Colleges? – Republic Report". republicreport.org. June 21, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  30. ^ Angulo, A.J. (2016). Diploma Mills: How For-Profit Colleges Stiffed Students, Taxpayers, and the American Dream. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421420073. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  31. ^ "For-Profit Colleges Spending Millions On Lobbying, Nearly $40 Million Since 2007". The Huffington Post. August 30, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
  32. ^ "For-profit Education: Lobbying, 2014". OpenSecrets.org. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  33. ^ "For-profit Education: Long-Term Contribution Trends | OpenSecrets". opensecrets.org. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  34. ^ "Higher Ed Spending On Lobbying Declines". Public Affairs Council. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  35. ^ "Seeking a fresh start, battered for-profit colleges give themselves a new name – The Hechinger Report". hechingerreport.org. June 6, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  36. ^ Neal McCluskey (January 13, 2015). "Even for-profit universities are better than America's terrible community colleges". Washington Post. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
  37. ^ McCluskey, Neal (January 19, 2015). . Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015.

January 01, 1970
political, issues, higher, education, united, states, higher, education, united, states, optional, stage, formal, learning, following, secondary, education, higher, education, also, referred, post, secondary, education, third, stage, third, level, tertiary, ed. Higher education in the United States is an optional stage of formal learning following secondary education Higher education also referred to as post secondary education third stage third level or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4 360 Title IV degree granting institutions either colleges or universities in the country 1 These may be public universities private universities liberal arts colleges community colleges or for profit colleges US higher education is loosely regulated by several third party organizations Within this vast estate many issues arise for government staff and students Contents 1 Political views 2 Student conservative groups free speech and hate speech 3 Political lobbying 4 ReferencesPolitical views editSee also Political views of American academics Academic bias and Universities and antisemitism Research since the 1970s has consistently found that professors are more liberal and Democratic than the general population 2 3 4 5 A 2007 Zogby poll found that 58 of Americans thought that college professors political bias was a serious problem This varied depending on the political views of those asked 91 of very conservative adults agreed compared with 3 of liberals 6 Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Self reported political views of U S academic faculty by year according to the HERI Faculty Survey reports 1990 2017 7 A nationwide study conducted every three years by the Higher Education Research Institute HERI of UCLA shows that from 1989 to 2014 professors identifying as liberal or far left increasingly outnumbered those identifying as conservative or far right 8 9 10 The shift from 2014 to 2017 was less extreme than prior years with numbers standing at approximately 60 liberal far left 28 moderate and 12 conservative far right 8 According to an article published in Academe the impact of having more liberal professors meant that fewer conservative students were likely to pursue advanced or doctoral degrees 11 According to Stephen Hayward the fewer conservative professors results in fewer conservative students being mentored and supported to seek graduate level education creating a self reinforcing cycle 12 In 2012 Tilburg University psychologists Yoel Inbar and Joris Lammers conducted anonymous random surveys of 800 members of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and found that 85 of respondents self identified as liberal and 6 self identified as conservative Respondents that self identified as either conservative or moderate were found to be significantly more reluctant to express their political views to their colleagues for fear of negative consequences and were more likely to believe that their colleagues would actively discriminate against them on the basis of their political beliefs 13 In January 2015 a major literature review co written by psychologists Jose L Duarte Jarret T Crawford Jonathan Haidt Lee Jussim Philip E Tetlock and sociologist Charlotta Stern summarized numerous studies of how academic psychology has little ideological diversity that the ratio of liberal to conservative or Democratic to Republican professors has dramatically increased since 1990 that the disparity is undermining the quality of research in psychology and that the main causes of the lack of ideological diversity are self selection hostile climate and discrimination 14 In 2014 survey data from HERI indicated that the ratio of liberal to conservative college professors increased from 2 1 in 1995 to roughly 5 1 in 2014 citation needed In September 2016 a replication and extension of the 2012 Inbar and Lammers study conducted by psychologists Nathan Honeycutt and Laura Freberg surveyed 618 faculty members of four California State University campuses and confirmed the previous finding of a hostile climate towards conservative professors in academic psychology departments but also extended their study to 76 other academic departments spanning agricultural business education arts and letters engineering and science colleges and found that there are sizable percentages of professors willing to discriminate against conservative academics in every academic department that they surveyed 15 Student conservative groups free speech and hate speech editTurning Point USA is a conservative youth group formed by Charlie Kirk in 2012 The organization has a presence on hundreds of US campuses 16 17 18 In 2016 Turning Point USA began publishing its Professor Watchlist to expose faculty who they claim discriminate against conservative students promote anti American values and advance leftist propaganda in the classroom 19 20 21 22 Charlie Kirk TPUSA s president has criticized college campuses as islands of totalitarianism filled with liberal students and faculty members who force their worldview upon those around them 23 In December 2018 the University of California Berkeley settled a free speech lawsuit filed by the Berkeley College Republicans and Young America s Foundation accusing the university of discriminating against speakers with conservative views Under the settlement Berkeley will modify its procedures for handling major events which typically draw hundreds of people and agreed not to charge security fees for a variety of activities including lectures and speeches It will also pay 70 000 to cover the legal costs of the plaintiffs 24 The Anti Defamation League verified more than 300 incidents of white nationalist propaganda at more than 200 college and university campuses in 2018 25 On March 21 2019 President Donald Trump issued an executive order to protect campus free speech 26 According to President Trump Under the guise of speech codes safe spaces and trigger warnings these universities have tried to restrict free thought impose total conformity and shut down the voices of great young Americans 27 He added that Taxpayer dollars should not subsidize anti First Amendment institutions 28 Political lobbying editThis section is an excerpt from For profit higher education in the United States Politics and political lobbying edit Politics and lobbying play a significant part in the history of U S for profit school growth 29 30 The for profit education industry has spent more than 40 million on lobbying from 2007 to 2012 31 and 36 million since 2010 32 For profit education lobbying grew from 83 000 in 1990 to approximately 4 5 million in its peak year of 2012 33 In 2019 colleges and universities spent almost 75 million in federal lobbies 34 The most significant industry lobby is Career Education Colleges and Universities CECU previously known as The Association of Private Sector Colleges and Universities ASPCU Before 2010 the organization was known as the Career College Association 35 The Cato Institute s Center for Educational Freedom also supports for profit higher education 36 37 References edit Degree granting postsecondary institutions by control and level of institution Selected years 1949 50 through 2016 17 NCES Retrieved December 15 2018 Everett Carll Ladd and Seymour Martin Lipset Academics politics and the 1972 election 1973 Schuster Jack Finkelstein Martin 2008 The American Faculty The Restructuring of Academic Work and Careers Johns Hopkins University Press p 600 ISBN 978 0801891038 Horowitz David Laskin Jacob March 2009 One Party Classroom How Radical Professors at America s Top Colleges Indoctrinate Students and Undermine Our Democracy New York Random House p 336 ISBN 978 0307452559 Menand Louis 2010 The Marketplace of Ideas Reform and Resistance in the American University Norton p 176 ISBN 978 0393339161 Zogby Poll Most Think Political Bias Among College Professors a Serious Problem Archived October 21 2011 at the Wayback Machine July 10 2007 HERI Faculty Surveys 1989 2017 Higher Education Research Institute Retrieved June 19 2020 a b Abrams Samuel J March 15 2019 The Slowing of Higher Education s Liberal Slide RealClearPolicy Retrieved June 19 2020 Jaschik Scott October 24 2012 Moving Further to the Left Inside Higher Ed Washington DC Retrieved June 24 2015 Study College Professors Continue Shift To Far Left Stance WNEW Washington DC October 25 2012 Retrieved June 24 2015 Woessner Matthew 2012 Rethinking the Plight of Conservatives in Higher Education Academe Washington DC American Association of University Professors Retrieved June 24 2015 Nong Eric December 4 2014 Why Do So Few Conservatives Work in Higher Education The Wilson Quarterly Washington DC Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Retrieved June 24 2015 Inbar Yoel Lammers Joris September 5 2012 Political Diversity in Social and Personality Psychology PDF Perspectives on Psychological Science 7 5 SAGE Publications 496 503 doi 10 1177 1745691612448792 PMID 26168506 S2CID 23012460 retrieved January 20 2017 Duarte Jose L Crawford Jarret T Stern Charlotta Haidt Jonathan Jussim Lee Tetlock Philip E January 2015 Political diversity will improve social psychological science PDF Behavioral and Brain Sciences 38 Cambridge University Press e130 doi 10 1017 S0140525X14000430 PMID 25036715 retrieved January 20 2017 Honeycutt Nathan Freberg Laura September 21 2016 The Liberal and Conservative Experience Across Academic Disciplines Social Psychological and Personality Science 8 2 115 123 doi 10 1177 1948550616667617 S2CID 151750618 Vasquez Michael April 6 2018 5 Takeaways From Turning Point s Plan to Commandeer Campus Elections via The Chronicle of Higher Education Allegations of Racial Bias and Illegal Campaign Activity at a Conservative Nonprofit That Seeks to Transform College Campuses The New Yorker Retrieved January 2 2019 Who Funds Conservative Campus Group Turning Point USA Donors Revealed International Business Times November 28 2017 McGhee Kaylee June 21 2018 Charlie Kirk and TPUSA aren t conservative as real conservatives already knew Pappano Laura August 4 2017 Professors as Targets of Internet Outrage The New York Times Retrieved October 18 2017 Mele Christopher November 28 2016 Professor Watchlist Is Seen as Threat to Academic Freedom The New York Times Retrieved October 18 2017 Strauss Valerie December 14 2016 The sort of company we wish to keep More than 1 500 academics ask to join controversial Professor Watchlist Washingtonpost com Retrieved October 18 2017 Glatter Hayley May 12 2017 Student Government Politics and Identity Politics This Week s Top 7 Education Stories Theatlantic com Retrieved October 18 2017 Stempel Jonathon December 3 2018 UC Berkeley settles lawsuit over treatment of conservative speakers Reuters Retrieved December 8 2018 Justice Department official Jesse Panuccio applauded the settlement in a statement on Monday calling it a win for protecting free speech on public college campuses Analysis finds increase in white supremacist propaganda on college campuses www insidehighered com Retrieved March 21 2019 President Trump vows to issue executive order barring research funds to colleges that don t support free speech www insidehighered com Retrieved March 21 2019 Shaw Adam March 21 2019 Trump signs executive order to promote free speech on college campuses Fox News Retrieved March 29 2019 Harris Adam March 21 2019 Trump s Redundant Executive Order on Campus Speech The Atlantic Retrieved March 29 2019 Friends In High Places Who Endorses America s Troubled For Profit Colleges Republic Report republicreport org June 21 2016 Retrieved February 18 2017 Angulo A J 2016 Diploma Mills How For Profit Colleges Stiffed Students Taxpayers and the American Dream Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 9781421420073 Retrieved February 18 2017 For Profit Colleges Spending Millions On Lobbying Nearly 40 Million Since 2007 The Huffington Post August 30 2012 Retrieved June 14 2015 For profit Education Lobbying 2014 OpenSecrets org Retrieved July 2 2015 For profit Education Long Term Contribution Trends OpenSecrets opensecrets org Retrieved February 18 2017 Higher Ed Spending On Lobbying Declines Public Affairs Council Retrieved July 20 2021 Seeking a fresh start battered for profit colleges give themselves a new name The Hechinger Report hechingerreport org June 6 2016 Retrieved February 18 2017 Neal McCluskey January 13 2015 Even for profit universities are better than America s terrible community colleges Washington Post Retrieved June 14 2015 McCluskey Neal January 19 2015 How for profits beat community colleges Stars and Stripes Archived from the original on January 20 2015 Retrieved January 19 2015 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Political issues in higher education in the United States amp oldid 1194329557, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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