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Ping Yuen

October 24, 2023

For the former Chinese gunboat Pingyuan (平遠), see Japanese gunboat Heien. For the martial arts choreographer and director (袁和平), see Yuen Woo-Ping. For the river in Hong Kong, see Ping Yuen River.

Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen (sometimes collectively called The Pings) form a four-building public housing complex in the north end of Chinatown, San Francisco along Pacific Avenue. In total, there are 434 apartments. The three Pings on the south side of Pacific (West, Central, and East Ping Yuen) were dedicated in 1951, and the North Ping Yuen building followed a decade later in 1961. Some of the largest murals in Chinatown are painted on Ping Yuen, which are prominent landmark buildings taller than the typical two- or three-story Chinatown buildings that date back to the early 1900s.

Ping Yuen
平園
Rendering of the Pacific Avenue facades of the three original Pings by Ralph Owen. L–R: East, Central, and West Ping Yuen.
Alternative names
    • 北平園, North Ping Yuen
    • 西平園, West Ping Yuen
    • 中平園, Central Ping Yuen
    • 東平園, East Ping Yuen
General information
LocationChinatown
AddressPacific Avenue:
    • 655 (East)
    • 711–795 (Central)
    • 838 (North)
    • 895 (West)
Town or citySan Francisco
Coordinates37°47′48″N 122°24′22″W / 37.7968°N 122.4062°W / 37.7968; -122.4062
OpenedOctober 21, 1951 (1951-10-21)
RenovatedOctober 29, 1961 (1961-10-29)
Design and construction
Architect(s)
Architecture firmWard & Bolles
Main contractor
    • Theo. G. Meyer & Sons (1951)
    • Cahill (1961)

The formal effort to build Ping Yuen started in 1939 after Chinatown was called "the worst [slum] in the world"; it was the first public housing project completed in the neighborhood, and unlike the typical single room occupancy housing of Chinatown, featured private bathrooms and kitchens for each apartment when the first building opened in 1951. Like most buildings in Chinatown, it was designed by western architects with Chinese thematic elements.

Although it was touted as potentially drawing more tourists to the area, it soon became known as a dangerous place, with the July 4 shooting over fireworks sales that occurred at Ping Yuen leading to the Golden Dragon massacre of 1977. The murder of Julia Wong in 1978 inspired residents to go on a rent strike, led by future mayor Ed Lee, for improvements to building maintenance and security. Ownership of Ping Yuen passed from the city to the Chinatown Community Development Center in 2016, which is continuing to work with residents' associations to improve conditions.

History Edit

In 1893, the San Francisco Call confidently bragged that according to an agent from the United States Department of Labor, there were no slums in the city. Although Chinatown was mentioned as a notable exception, the "unsavory, unsightly quarter" was thought to be "rapidly growing smaller and may finally reach the vanishing point" as immigration had been throttled by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.[1] By 1896, banks had stopped lending money to Chinatown residents,[2] and the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 dealt another blow to the population. The San Jose Herald described Chinatown as "a foul, spreading ulcer in the center of San Francisco" and encouraged its complete removal,[3] even though a medical investigator hired by the Call concluded "there is not the remotest danger of contagion in San Francisco if the proper radical measures recommended are carried out. ... You must not make an excuse to clean the spot because there is plague here, but you must act solely on the ground that the district is in a filthy condition".[4] By 1904, parts of Chinatown were being demolished to improve sanitation.[5]

However, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire destroyed immigration records, resulting in the immigration of paper sons and daughters: many Chinese American residents of San Francisco claimed to have been born in the city to gain citizenship under the Fourteenth Amendment; their offspring would then be citizens as well. Numerous emigrants from China purchased papers attesting they had an American citizen as a parent.[6] At the same time, Chinatown was rebuilt but remained geographically limited by restrictive racial covenants that prevented Chinese residents from purchasing or renting outside its boundaries;[7] the transformation from what used to be a largely bachelor society of Chinese laborers through the immigration of women and the growth of families, combined with the hard borders of Chinatown, meant the population and density grew steadily through the early 20th century.

Development and construction Edit

 
[Interactive fullscreen map + nearby articles]
Ping Yuen & CHSA
1
北平園, North Ping Yuen (838 Pacific)
2
西平園, West Ping Yuen (895 Pacific)
3
中平園, Central Ping Yuen (711–795 Pacific)
4
東平園, East Ping Yuen (655 Pacific)
5
Chinese Historical Society of America
6
Mei Lun Yuen (945 Sacramento)

Local activists in Chinatown petitioned Congress to pass the Housing Act of 1937, hoping to build interest in better housing for their neighborhood, but since that act empowered city officials to select project sites, the San Francisco Housing Authority (SFHA) continued to ignore requests from Chinese Americans. However, starting in 1938, support from prominent officials (including SFHA commissioner Alice Griffith) began to build, and a location was proposed in Hunters Point, although that site was unacceptable due to its distance and poor transit connections.[8]: 93–94  An even more prominent supporter would soon emerge: Following her visit to San Francisco and Chinatown in March 1938[9] and another guided tour in April 1939, conducted by Dr. Theodore C. Lee and members of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce,[10]: 135  First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt was given a report entitled "Living Conditions in Chinatown" in July 1939,[8]: 99 [11] which detailed the challenges to everyday life in Chinatown and led her to push for funds to improve housing in the area. The report said that Chinatown was "a slum, a confined area largely unfit for human habitation ... [and] comparable to the worst in the world."[8]: 99  The San Francisco Junior Chamber of Commerce announced they would perform an independent study, which was published in October 1939 and largely confirmed the earlier report's findings.[8]: 100–101 

At the time, Chinatown had the highest rates of tuberculosis in San Francisco, and one of the arguments used to advocate for the new housing was again to prevent the spread of the disease by alleviating crowded conditions in Chinatown,[12][13] which had been a target of public health officials in the city since the 1870s.[14] President Roosevelt signed the Chinatown Housing Bill on October 30, 1939, providing almost $1.4 million to build new housing for Chinatown.[10][15]

Although federal funding had been approved, the unnamed project (then known as Cal-1-15) was unable to proceed, as the cost of land exceeded guidelines; the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed Resolution No. 852 on March 4, 1940, pledging to support the nascent project with $75,000 in local funds.[16]: 17  This was approximately 1⁄3 of the projected amount in excess of the guidelines; the United States Housing Authority had previously agreed to cover the remainder.[17] Dr. Theodore C. Lee, a dentist practicing in Chinatown and head of the Chinese American Citizens Alliance,[8]: 91–92  worked to secure support for the housing project[18] and was selected to the Chinese Advisory Committee which helped in the development of the project.[16]: 24  In February 1941, a brief news item gave notice the $1.5 million project had been approved.[19] In its annual report that year, the SFHA stated they had 70% of the land under option.[20]

 
Central Ping Yuen, viewed east along Pacific (2016)

The name Ping Yuen (Chinese: 平園; pinyin: Píng Yuán; Jyutping: Ping4 Jyun4; lit. 'Peaceful' or 'Tranquil Gardens'[21]) for the new three-building project was announced on January 15, 1942, by Albert J. Evers, Executive Director of the SFHA. Ping Yuen was derived from the Chinese translation of "Pacific Terrace"[22] and had been chosen in consultation with the local Chinese Advisory Committee.[21] The Housing Authority commission stipulated that the Chinese characters would be used to decorate the buildings.[21] At that point, the project was estimated to cost US$1,517,000 (equivalent to $27,170,000 in 2022) and was planned to add 232 units of subsidized family housing.[22] It was billed as the first Chinese public housing development.[23] However, after the United States joined World War II, further development was limited to necessary projects, and further work on Ping Yuen was suspended for the duration of the war, after the site had been acquired and plans were completed.[24]

By March 1945, the SFHA announced that Ping Yuen would be "one of the first projects [to remove] slum buildings in Chinatown".[25] Federal approval for Ping Yuen was granted in December 1949 as the first project west of Chicago to proceed under the Housing Act of 1949. The first contract was let immediately to Angus McLeod to demolish the existing buildings on the 2.6-acre (1.1 ha) site; one of the buildings to be demolished, at Grant and Pacific, was the Yerba Buena Building, originally completed in 1846. By that time, the three-building project was scheduled to complete on November 28, 1951, at a cost of $3.4 million.[26] Bidding for the construction contract was opened in late May 1950,[27] and the construction contract was awarded to Theodore G. Meyer and Sons in early August.[28] Central Ping Yuen was the first building to be completed and was dedicated in a ceremony held on October 21, 1951.[29] East and West Ping Yuen followed and were completed by 1956.

When Ping Yuen opened, it also included the North East Health Center (NEHC), a community health clinic operated by the San Francisco Department of Public Health. NEHC was at 799 Pacific on the ground floor of Central Ping Yuen, serving the Chinatown, Russian Hill, and North Beach neighborhoods.[30] The clinic moved one block northwest to a new building at the eastern portal of the Broadway Tunnel and was renamed the Chinatown-North Beach Health Center in 1970.[31]: 99–100  Anna Yuke Lee, the wife of Dr. Theodore C. Lee, was the first manager of Ping Yuen.[32]

 
San Francisco skyline from Ina Coolbrith Park, with North Ping Yuen in the foreground (2018)
 
Architectural sketch of North Ping Yuen (c.1960)

A site was chosen for an expansion by 1956, tentatively named Ping Yuen Annex, but the cost to acquire the land exceeded the allowable formula for the number of housing units that would be built.[33] The Annex project was expanded and ground was broken on February 2, 1960, during Chinese New Year festivities in a ceremony attended by Mayor George Christopher and Miss Chinatown USA Carole Ng. The Annex would add 194 units at an estimated cost of $2.3 million; the prime contractor for the Annex was Cahill.[34] North Ping Yuen was dedicated on October 29, 1961.[35]

Demand for housing at the Pings was high; by June 1968, the SFHA indicated that 778 families classified as 'other' races (97% of these were estimated to be Chinese) were on the wait list for an open apartment.[31]: 51  Additional low-income/senior housing was approved in 1977 as the Mei Lun Yuen project by the San Francisco Planning Commission, to be built near the corner of Stockton and Sacramento.[36] The project had been in planning since at least 1974.[37]

Crime Edit

Shortly after completion, Ping Yuen was touted as "a development that is now an added attraction to this colorful section of the City."[38] However, it soon gained a notorious reputation as dangerous place, with inadequate lighting and security.[39][40][41]

A shootout at Ping Yuen between rival youth gangs (part of the continuing feud between the Wah Ching and the Joe Boys) on July 4, 1977, over the sale of illegal fireworks left one Joe Boy dead and two wounded. One of those wounded, Melvin Yu, was one of the three gunmen who participated in the Golden Dragon massacre two months later on September 4.[42]

The next year, during the night of August 23, 1978, Julia Wong, a 19-year old resident of North Ping Yuen, was raped and murdered.[43][44] Returning from her shift late at night, she was attacked in a darkened stairway; Wong had been forced to use the stairway because the elevators were not working.[45] The killer threw Wong off a balcony to the courtyard below, but she survived, so he dragged her back up and threw her off again.[46][47]: 227–229  After Wong was killed, the SFHA installed a vandalproof panel in the elevator she would have used, but refused to similarly upgrade any of the other elevators.[48]: 386 

Rent strike Edit

 
West Ping Yuen facade (2020)

The Ping Yuen Residents Improvement Association was founded in 1966 to advocate for tenants.[48]: 373  The threat of a prior rent strike in 1977 had successfully resulted in boiler repairs,[49] and Ping Yuen residents started a rent strike on October 1, 1978, to protest the poor repair and security conditions that had contributed to Wong's murder;[45][50] striking residents were represented by public housing advocate and future Mayor Ed Lee[51] of the Asian Law Caucus.[52][53] Approximately 200 families took part in the rent strike.[48]: 376  Lee, then characterized as "angry, rebellious", and a communist, convinced residents to pay their rent into an escrow holding account which was withheld from the SFHA for several months until the residents' demands were met,[47]: 227–229 [54] and the rent strike ended in January 1979.[55] John Molinari, who represented Chinatown-North Beach on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors mediated the dispute.[48]: 385  Other SFHA properties would follow suit with rent strikes to improve conditions in their buildings, bolstered by the success of the Ping Yuen rent strike.[56]

Later reforms Edit

The SFHA first celebrated the Lunar New Year in 1993.[57] After Julie Lee, a real estate investor, was appointed to the SFHA Commission in 1999, residents of Ping Yuen protested, saying that Lee was more interested in replacing Ping Yuen than fixing issues. Lee's response was that her earlier remarks had been taken out of context; the city confirmed there were no plans to replace the Pings.[58] She was later accused of diverting state funds that had been intended to build a community resource center[59] into Kevin Shelley's campaign during his successful 2002 run for California Secretary of State,[60] and resigned as President of the SFHA Commission in 2005;[61] Lee later was sentenced to a year in prison for the diversion.[62]

 
North Ping Yuen (from Broadway), under renovation in 2018

The SFHA was placed on a list of "troubled" local agencies in early 2013 by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development after receiving 54 out of 100 possible points during an audit. Mayor Ed Lee responded by removing all but one of the SFHA Commission members, Patricia Thomas, a Ping Yuen resident appointed by Lee in December 2012.[62] San Francisco decided to implement the Rental Assistance Demonstration program for SFHA properties in 2014,[63] and by October 2016, the SFHA had sold all of them, including Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen, to private developers. Under the conditions of the sale, the new developers were responsible for renovating the properties, which had become decrepit under the SFHA.[64] Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen were sold to the nonprofit Chinatown Community Development Center (CCDC) under the leadership of Rev. Norman Fong;[65][66] the SFHA retained ownership of the land.[67][68]

Starting in 2010, the original single-pane windows and steam-heat radiators were replaced.[69] Under CCDC, the Sustainable Chinatown initiative was launched in 2017 to improve the environmental impact of the entire community, including Ping Yuen, which is scheduled to receive a photovoltaic array and additional efficiency upgrades.[70]: 8, 20 

Design Edit

Architects Mark Daniels and Henry T. Howard (son of John Galen Howard) were selected for the initial design of Ping Yuen,[16]: 18 [22] and handed over responsibility to the firm of Ward & Bolles after World War II.[27] Douglas Baylis was the landscape architect.[71] Daniels published an initial set of sketches showing a multistory building topped with fanciful pagoda roof elements in the December 1939 issue of Architect and Engineer; the work was commissioned by the San Francisco Junior Chamber of Commerce[72] and received favorable local press coverage.[73][74][75] By late 1941, the architects' concept more closely resembled the final construction.[76] At the time, Daniels described the style as originating from "western and northern China";[72] Gwendolyn Wright has called it "Chinese regionalism superimposed over a functionalist design".[77] It matched the "faux Chinese architectural style" that had already been used elsewhere in Chinatown during its reconstruction after the 1906 earthquake in the hope of attracting tourists.[21]

 
"Pailou Gate" at Central Ping Yuen (2016)
 
Monolithic sign at North Ping Yuen (2019)
Entrance markers to Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen

The "Pailou Gate" in front of Central Ping Yuen was modeled after the paifang to the Marble Pagoda of the West Yellow Temple in Beijing.[27] It was the first paifang built in the United States, according to the SFHA. The inscription above the gate (安居其鄰; Ānjū qí lín; on1 geoi1 kei4 leon4; 'Peace and prosperity among neighbors') is credited to Lao Tse.[29] Similarly, a quote credited to Confucius is on the back of the entrance monolith to North Ping Yuen at 838 Pacific: 四海之內，皆兄弟也; Sìhǎi zhī nèi, jiē xiōngdì yě.; Sei3 hoi2 zi1 noi6, gaai1 hing1 dai6 jaa5.; 'Within the four seas, all men are brothers.'[35]

The original 1955 plans for the expansion annex (eventually constructed as North Ping Yuen) were modest, at approximately 100 apartments.[78] Bolles and Ernest Born are credited with the design for North Ping Yuen, with landscape architecture again handled by Baylis.[35][79][80] By 1959, plans for the Annex had grown to be eleven stories tall (nearly twice the height of the older six-story Pings), holding 194 families (almost as many as the three original buildings combined), at a cost of $3,182,159.[81]

Security measures, including the locked fence surrounding each building, were not added until after the murder of Julia Wong and subsequent rent strike of 1978–79. The SFHA felt that a fence would make Ping Yuen resemble a concentration camp;[50] during the renovations that started in 2016, the fence around North Ping Yuen was partially demolished.[82]

Statistics Edit

Ping Yuen stock[83][84][85]
Count Ping Yuen North
Ping
Yuen
E C W Total
Studio 0 0 0 0 45
1-BR 12 22 12 46 33
2-BR[a] 24 46 22 92 100
3-BR 19 38 18 75 22
4-BR 5 11 5 21 0
Total 60 117 57 234 200
Notes
  1. ^ Two set aside as manager's units, one
    each at Ping Yuen[86] and North Ping Yuen.[87]

Ping Yuen (West, Central, and East) consists of one six-story building and two seven-story buildings, all of which are on the south side of Pacific. West Ping Yuen is at the corner of Powell and Pacific; Central is at Stockton and Pacific, and East is at Beckett (parallel to and just east of Grant) and Pacific.[83] Central Ping Yuen is the size of East and West Ping Yuen combined and has two street addresses, so it is sometimes counted as two buildings. The east side of Central Ping Yuen has more units than the west side (64 versus 53) because the west side includes a daycare and tenant association offices.[85]

North Ping Yuen consists of a single twelve-story building that is within the block defined by Pacific, Stockton, Cordelia, and Broadway.[83][84] They are informally and collectively called the "Pings". In total, there is 160,000 square feet (15,000 m2) of residential floor space in the four Ping Yuen buildings;[70]: 20  the three original Pings occupy a site with a total area of 2.617 acres (1.059 ha), acquired at a cost of US$380,800 (equivalent to $6,440,000 in 2022)[88] and offer a total (gross) floor area of 237,838 sq ft (22,095.9 m2).[85] West and East Ping Yuen have one elevator each, Central Ping Yuen has two elevators, and North Ping Yuen has three elevators.[89]

The original three-building Ping Yuen completed in 1951 cost $3.5 million, which collectively contained 234 apartments.[29] Bedrooms and living rooms were designed to face south.[27] Priority for applicants was given to the low-income families displaced by the demolition of existing buildings and World War II veterans.[26] Under the SFHA's neighborhood policy (later ruled unconstitutional in 1952 and 1953),[90] Ping Yuen was effectively segregated and reserved for Chinese residents.[91][92]: 35  In 1999, the population of Ping Yuen remained largely Asian American.[93]

A small 60 kW natural gas-fired cogeneration unit built by GM/Tecogen was added to North Ping Yuen in 2011.[94]

Public art Edit

The SFHA commissioned James Leong to create a mural for the NEHC waiting room for $1,000.[21]: 124  One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America (completed in 1952) shows eight scenes depicting Chinese contributions to California history,[95] starting with rice fields in China, passing through the Gold Rush and Transcontinental Railroad, and ending with a family arriving at Ping Yuen. However, the SFHA censored at least one scene, which Leong had tentatively named "The Denis Kearney episode" after the notorious Workingmen's Party of California leader and the San Francisco riot of 1877.[21]: 124  After it was completed, the mural was criticized by the Chinatown community and was stored for decades; it was rediscovered in the late 1970s. Leong, stung by the reaction, moved to Europe in 1956. According to Leong, the FBI, Kuomintang, and Chinese Communist Party each suspected there were hidden messages in the mural. One Hundred Years is currently on display at the Chinese Historical Society of America museum in the former Chinatown YWCA on Clay.[96] An enlarged version was temporarily wrapped around a building near Stockton and Washington in 2012; the building was later demolished to make way for the new Chinatown station.[97]

Darryl Mar, a Los Angeles–based artist, completed the 1,400 sq ft (130 m2) Ping Yuen Mural on the Stockton Street-facing side of Central Ping Yuen in 1995,[98][99] with the assistance of Darren Acoba, Joyce Lu, and Tonia Chen.[100] It is dedicated to "Sing Kan Mah and those who have struggled to make America their home"; the faces depicted in the mural are actual people, drawn from photographs of congregation members at Mar's church, Chang Jok Lee (a Ping Yuen resident since 1952 and longtime leader in the Ping Yuen Residents Improvement Association),[101] and archived photographs of railroad and agriculture workers. The mural took approximately six weeks to complete, with support and involvement from Chinatown residents.[21]: 149  Precita Eyes restored the mural in 2018.[102]

Josie Grant (daughter of longtine Oakland Tribune editorial cartoonist Lou Grant) painted several murals on multiple Ping Yuen buildings from 1976 to 1982.[103] These include the mural that can be seen on the exterior walls behind the fences around the south end of West Ping Yuen, extending to the wall facing Trenton Alley (entitled The Bok Sen (8 Immortals), 3 Wisdoms, and the Chinese Zodiac).[104][105] Grant had also painted the Ping Yuen Tai Chi Mural in 1982,[105] but that mural was inadvertently removed in 1994 following waterproofing repairs commissioned by the SFHA. Grant sued, as her contract with the city required 60 days' notice to remove the murals;[103] as part of the settlement agreement, she was paid to paint another mural at the east end of East Ping Yuen, named Unity in Diversity.[106] Grant's daughter, Abra Brayman, is co-credited for Unity in Diversity.[107]

Jim Dong painted an untitled mural for the playground at Central Ping Yuen in 1983.[105] Dong was born in Chinatown, raised at Ping Yuen,[108] and also painted the 1986 mural overlooking Willie "Woo Woo" Wong playground in Chinatown.[109]

  •  

    Enlargement of One Hundred Years by James Leong, photographed in 2012 as a vinyl wrap on the Hogan & Vest building near Stockton and Washington.

  •  

    Ping Yuen Mural by Darryl Mar on Central Ping Yuen can be seen at the left side of this image, taken from the corner of Stockton and Pacific, facing south.

  •  

    The Bok Sen (8 Immortals), 3 Wisdoms, and the Chinese Zodiac by Josie Grant is painted on the exterior of the lower level of West Ping Yuen, taken from Trenton Alley, facing north.

References Edit

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     We had a fire in New York City's Chinatown the other day which resulted in the death of several people, and I imagine this same thing might easily happen in San Francisco. It is hard for us to realize that poor living conditions bring about such results not only in the quarters in which they exist, but frequently in other parts of the community.
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  67. ^ Wildermuth, John (February 19, 2015). "S.F. public housing to be managed by private firms". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  68. ^ "Request for Proposals for Construction Management Services: Ping Yuen & Ping Yuen North Rehabilitation" (PDF). Chinatown Community Development Center. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  69. ^ Kwong, Jessica (October 22, 2010). "Ping Yuen apartments to get energy retrofits". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
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Further reading Edit

  • Nee, Victor G.; Nee, Brett de Bary (1972). Longtime Californ': A Documentary Study of an American Chinatown. New York City: Pantheon Books. ISBN 039446138X.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ping Yuen.
  • White, Tom (2 February 1941). "Chinatown Housing". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  • Wong, Humbert (29 April 1976). "Chonks feel alienated; not accepted socially". The Express. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
Media
  • "Ping Yuen scrapbook". Online Archive of California. 1951. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  • "Folder S F Districts Chinatown Housing Ping Yuen". San Francisco Public Library. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  • Ping Yuen: Peace Garden on YouTube

October 24, 2023
ping, yuen, former, chinese, gunboat, pingyuan, 平遠, japanese, gunboat, heien, martial, arts, choreographer, director, 袁和平, yuen, ping, river, hong, kong, river, this, article, lead, section, short, adequately, summarize, points, please, consider, expanding, le. For the former Chinese gunboat Pingyuan 平遠 see Japanese gunboat Heien For the martial arts choreographer and director 袁和平 see Yuen Woo Ping For the river in Hong Kong see Ping Yuen River This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article June 2020 Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen sometimes collectively called The Pings form a four building public housing complex in the north end of Chinatown San Francisco along Pacific Avenue In total there are 434 apartments The three Pings on the south side of Pacific West Central and East Ping Yuen were dedicated in 1951 and the North Ping Yuen building followed a decade later in 1961 Some of the largest murals in Chinatown are painted on Ping Yuen which are prominent landmark buildings taller than the typical two or three story Chinatown buildings that date back to the early 1900s Ping Yuen平園Rendering of the Pacific Avenue facades of the three original Pings by Ralph Owen L R East Central and West Ping Yuen Alternative names北平園 North Ping Yuen 西平園 West Ping Yuen 中平園 Central Ping Yuen 東平園 East Ping YuenGeneral informationLocationChinatownAddressPacific Avenue 655 East 711 795 Central 838 North 895 West Town or citySan FranciscoCoordinates37 47 48 N 122 24 22 W 37 7968 N 122 4062 W 37 7968 122 4062OpenedOctober 21 1951 1951 10 21 RenovatedOctober 29 1961 1961 10 29 Design and constructionArchitect s John Bolles PY NPY Ernest Born NPY Mark Daniels PY Henry Howard PY Joseph Ward PY Douglas Baylis landscape PY amp NPY Architecture firmWard amp BollesMain contractorTheo G Meyer amp Sons 1951 Cahill 1961 The formal effort to build Ping Yuen started in 1939 after Chinatown was called the worst slum in the world it was the first public housing project completed in the neighborhood and unlike the typical single room occupancy housing of Chinatown featured private bathrooms and kitchens for each apartment when the first building opened in 1951 Like most buildings in Chinatown it was designed by western architects with Chinese thematic elements Although it was touted as potentially drawing more tourists to the area it soon became known as a dangerous place with the July 4 shooting over fireworks sales that occurred at Ping Yuen leading to the Golden Dragon massacre of 1977 The murder of Julia Wong in 1978 inspired residents to go on a rent strike led by future mayor Ed Lee for improvements to building maintenance and security Ownership of Ping Yuen passed from the city to the Chinatown Community Development Center in 2016 which is continuing to work with residents associations to improve conditions Contents 1 History 1 1 Development and construction 1 2 Crime 1 3 Rent strike 1 4 Later reforms 2 Design 2 1 Statistics 2 2 Public art 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksHistory EditIn 1893 the San Francisco Call confidently bragged that according to an agent from the United States Department of Labor there were no slums in the city Although Chinatown was mentioned as a notable exception the unsavory unsightly quarter was thought to be rapidly growing smaller and may finally reach the vanishing point as immigration had been throttled by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 1 By 1896 banks had stopped lending money to Chinatown residents 2 and the San Francisco plague of 1900 1904 dealt another blow to the population The San Jose Herald described Chinatown as a foul spreading ulcer in the center of San Francisco and encouraged its complete removal 3 even though a medical investigator hired by the Call concluded there is not the remotest danger of contagion in San Francisco if the proper radical measures recommended are carried out You must not make an excuse to clean the spot because there is plague here but you must act solely on the ground that the district is in a filthy condition 4 By 1904 parts of Chinatown were being demolished to improve sanitation 5 However the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire destroyed immigration records resulting in the immigration of paper sons and daughters many Chinese American residents of San Francisco claimed to have been born in the city to gain citizenship under the Fourteenth Amendment their offspring would then be citizens as well Numerous emigrants from China purchased papers attesting they had an American citizen as a parent 6 At the same time Chinatown was rebuilt but remained geographically limited by restrictive racial covenants that prevented Chinese residents from purchasing or renting outside its boundaries 7 the transformation from what used to be a largely bachelor society of Chinese laborers through the immigration of women and the growth of families combined with the hard borders of Chinatown meant the population and density grew steadily through the early 20th century Development and construction Edit nbsp Interactive fullscreen map nearby articles Ping Yuen amp CHSA1 北平園 North Ping Yuen 838 Pacific 2 西平園 West Ping Yuen 895 Pacific 3 中平園 Central Ping Yuen 711 795 Pacific 4 東平園 East Ping Yuen 655 Pacific 5 Chinese Historical Society of America6 Mei Lun Yuen 945 Sacramento Local activists in Chinatown petitioned Congress to pass the Housing Act of 1937 hoping to build interest in better housing for their neighborhood but since that act empowered city officials to select project sites the San Francisco Housing Authority SFHA continued to ignore requests from Chinese Americans However starting in 1938 support from prominent officials including SFHA commissioner Alice Griffith began to build and a location was proposed in Hunters Point although that site was unacceptable due to its distance and poor transit connections 8 93 94 An even more prominent supporter would soon emerge Following her visit to San Francisco and Chinatown in March 1938 9 and another guided tour in April 1939 conducted by Dr Theodore C Lee and members of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce 10 135 First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt was given a report entitled Living Conditions in Chinatown in July 1939 8 99 11 which detailed the challenges to everyday life in Chinatown and led her to push for funds to improve housing in the area The report said that Chinatown was a slum a confined area largely unfit for human habitation and comparable to the worst in the world 8 99 The San Francisco Junior Chamber of Commerce announced they would perform an independent study which was published in October 1939 and largely confirmed the earlier report s findings 8 100 101 At the time Chinatown had the highest rates of tuberculosis in San Francisco and one of the arguments used to advocate for the new housing was again to prevent the spread of the disease by alleviating crowded conditions in Chinatown 12 13 which had been a target of public health officials in the city since the 1870s 14 President Roosevelt signed the Chinatown Housing Bill on October 30 1939 providing almost 1 4 million to build new housing for Chinatown 10 15 Although federal funding had been approved the unnamed project then known as Cal 1 15 was unable to proceed as the cost of land exceeded guidelines the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed Resolution No 852 on March 4 1940 pledging to support the nascent project with 75 000 in local funds 16 17 This was approximately 1 3 of the projected amount in excess of the guidelines the United States Housing Authority had previously agreed to cover the remainder 17 Dr Theodore C Lee a dentist practicing in Chinatown and head of the Chinese American Citizens Alliance 8 91 92 worked to secure support for the housing project 18 and was selected to the Chinese Advisory Committee which helped in the development of the project 16 24 In February 1941 a brief news item gave notice the 1 5 million project had been approved 19 In its annual report that year the SFHA stated they had 70 of the land under option 20 nbsp Central Ping Yuen viewed east along Pacific 2016 The name Ping Yuen Chinese 平園 pinyin Ping Yuan Jyutping Ping4 Jyun4 lit Peaceful or Tranquil Gardens 21 for the new three building project was announced on January 15 1942 by Albert J Evers Executive Director of the SFHA Ping Yuen was derived from the Chinese translation of Pacific Terrace 22 and had been chosen in consultation with the local Chinese Advisory Committee 21 The Housing Authority commission stipulated that the Chinese characters would be used to decorate the buildings 21 At that point the project was estimated to cost US 1 517 000 equivalent to 27 170 000 in 2022 and was planned to add 232 units of subsidized family housing 22 It was billed as the first Chinese public housing development 23 However after the United States joined World War II further development was limited to necessary projects and further work on Ping Yuen was suspended for the duration of the war after the site had been acquired and plans were completed 24 By March 1945 the SFHA announced that Ping Yuen would be one of the first projects to remove slum buildings in Chinatown 25 Federal approval for Ping Yuen was granted in December 1949 as the first project west of Chicago to proceed under the Housing Act of 1949 The first contract was let immediately to Angus McLeod to demolish the existing buildings on the 2 6 acre 1 1 ha site one of the buildings to be demolished at Grant and Pacific was the Yerba Buena Building originally completed in 1846 By that time the three building project was scheduled to complete on November 28 1951 at a cost of 3 4 million 26 Bidding for the construction contract was opened in late May 1950 27 and the construction contract was awarded to Theodore G Meyer and Sons in early August 28 Central Ping Yuen was the first building to be completed and was dedicated in a ceremony held on October 21 1951 29 East and West Ping Yuen followed and were completed by 1956 When Ping Yuen opened it also included the North East Health Center NEHC a community health clinic operated by the San Francisco Department of Public Health NEHC was at 799 Pacific on the ground floor of Central Ping Yuen serving the Chinatown Russian Hill and North Beach neighborhoods 30 The clinic moved one block northwest to a new building at the eastern portal of the Broadway Tunnel and was renamed the Chinatown North Beach Health Center in 1970 31 99 100 Anna Yuke Lee the wife of Dr Theodore C Lee was the first manager of Ping Yuen 32 nbsp San Francisco skyline from Ina Coolbrith Park with North Ping Yuen in the foreground 2018 nbsp Architectural sketch of North Ping Yuen c 1960 A site was chosen for an expansion by 1956 tentatively named Ping Yuen Annex but the cost to acquire the land exceeded the allowable formula for the number of housing units that would be built 33 The Annex project was expanded and ground was broken on February 2 1960 during Chinese New Year festivities in a ceremony attended by Mayor George Christopher and Miss Chinatown USA Carole Ng The Annex would add 194 units at an estimated cost of 2 3 million the prime contractor for the Annex was Cahill 34 North Ping Yuen was dedicated on October 29 1961 35 Demand for housing at the Pings was high by June 1968 the SFHA indicated that 778 families classified as other races 97 of these were estimated to be Chinese were on the wait list for an open apartment 31 51 Additional low income senior housing was approved in 1977 as the Mei Lun Yuen project by the San Francisco Planning Commission to be built near the corner of Stockton and Sacramento 36 The project had been in planning since at least 1974 37 Crime Edit Shortly after completion Ping Yuen was touted as a development that is now an added attraction to this colorful section of the City 38 However it soon gained a notorious reputation as dangerous place with inadequate lighting and security 39 40 41 A shootout at Ping Yuen between rival youth gangs part of the continuing feud between the Wah Ching and the Joe Boys on July 4 1977 over the sale of illegal fireworks left one Joe Boy dead and two wounded One of those wounded Melvin Yu was one of the three gunmen who participated in the Golden Dragon massacre two months later on September 4 42 The next year during the night of August 23 1978 Julia Wong a 19 year old resident of North Ping Yuen was raped and murdered 43 44 Returning from her shift late at night she was attacked in a darkened stairway Wong had been forced to use the stairway because the elevators were not working 45 The killer threw Wong off a balcony to the courtyard below but she survived so he dragged her back up and threw her off again 46 47 227 229 After Wong was killed the SFHA installed a vandalproof panel in the elevator she would have used but refused to similarly upgrade any of the other elevators 48 386 Rent strike Edit nbsp West Ping Yuen facade 2020 The Ping Yuen Residents Improvement Association was founded in 1966 to advocate for tenants 48 373 The threat of a prior rent strike in 1977 had successfully resulted in boiler repairs 49 and Ping Yuen residents started a rent strike on October 1 1978 to protest the poor repair and security conditions that had contributed to Wong s murder 45 50 striking residents were represented by public housing advocate and future Mayor Ed Lee 51 of the Asian Law Caucus 52 53 Approximately 200 families took part in the rent strike 48 376 Lee then characterized as angry rebellious and a communist convinced residents to pay their rent into an escrow holding account which was withheld from the SFHA for several months until the residents demands were met 47 227 229 54 and the rent strike ended in January 1979 55 John Molinari who represented Chinatown North Beach on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors mediated the dispute 48 385 Other SFHA properties would follow suit with rent strikes to improve conditions in their buildings bolstered by the success of the Ping Yuen rent strike 56 Later reforms Edit The SFHA first celebrated the Lunar New Year in 1993 57 After Julie Lee a real estate investor was appointed to the SFHA Commission in 1999 residents of Ping Yuen protested saying that Lee was more interested in replacing Ping Yuen than fixing issues Lee s response was that her earlier remarks had been taken out of context the city confirmed there were no plans to replace the Pings 58 She was later accused of diverting state funds that had been intended to build a community resource center 59 into Kevin Shelley s campaign during his successful 2002 run for California Secretary of State 60 and resigned as President of the SFHA Commission in 2005 61 Lee later was sentenced to a year in prison for the diversion 62 nbsp North Ping Yuen from Broadway under renovation in 2018The SFHA was placed on a list of troubled local agencies in early 2013 by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development after receiving 54 out of 100 possible points during an audit Mayor Ed Lee responded by removing all but one of the SFHA Commission members Patricia Thomas a Ping Yuen resident appointed by Lee in December 2012 62 San Francisco decided to implement the Rental Assistance Demonstration program for SFHA properties in 2014 63 and by October 2016 the SFHA had sold all of them including Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen to private developers Under the conditions of the sale the new developers were responsible for renovating the properties which had become decrepit under the SFHA 64 Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen were sold to the nonprofit Chinatown Community Development Center CCDC under the leadership of Rev Norman Fong 65 66 the SFHA retained ownership of the land 67 68 Starting in 2010 the original single pane windows and steam heat radiators were replaced 69 Under CCDC the Sustainable Chinatown initiative was launched in 2017 to improve the environmental impact of the entire community including Ping Yuen which is scheduled to receive a photovoltaic array and additional efficiency upgrades 70 8 20 Design EditArchitects Mark Daniels and Henry T Howard son of John Galen Howard were selected for the initial design of Ping Yuen 16 18 22 and handed over responsibility to the firm of Ward amp Bolles after World War II 27 Douglas Baylis was the landscape architect 71 Daniels published an initial set of sketches showing a multistory building topped with fanciful pagoda roof elements in the December 1939 issue of Architect and Engineer the work was commissioned by the San Francisco Junior Chamber of Commerce 72 and received favorable local press coverage 73 74 75 By late 1941 the architects concept more closely resembled the final construction 76 At the time Daniels described the style as originating from western and northern China 72 Gwendolyn Wright has called it Chinese regionalism superimposed over a functionalist design 77 It matched the faux Chinese architectural style that had already been used elsewhere in Chinatown during its reconstruction after the 1906 earthquake in the hope of attracting tourists 21 nbsp Pailou Gate at Central Ping Yuen 2016 nbsp Monolithic sign at North Ping Yuen 2019 Entrance markers to Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen The Pailou Gate in front of Central Ping Yuen was modeled after the paifang to the Marble Pagoda of the West Yellow Temple in Beijing 27 It was the first paifang built in the United States according to the SFHA The inscription above the gate 安居其鄰 Anju qi lin on1 geoi1 kei4 leon4 Peace and prosperity among neighbors is credited to Lao Tse 29 Similarly a quote credited to Confucius is on the back of the entrance monolith to North Ping Yuen at 838 Pacific 四海之內 皆兄弟也 Sihǎi zhi nei jie xiōngdi ye Sei3 hoi2 zi1 noi6 gaai1 hing1 dai6 jaa5 Within the four seas all men are brothers 35 The original 1955 plans for the expansion annex eventually constructed as North Ping Yuen were modest at approximately 100 apartments 78 Bolles and Ernest Born are credited with the design for North Ping Yuen with landscape architecture again handled by Baylis 35 79 80 By 1959 plans for the Annex had grown to be eleven stories tall nearly twice the height of the older six story Pings holding 194 families almost as many as the three original buildings combined at a cost of 3 182 159 81 Security measures including the locked fence surrounding each building were not added until after the murder of Julia Wong and subsequent rent strike of 1978 79 The SFHA felt that a fence would make Ping Yuen resemble a concentration camp 50 during the renovations that started in 2016 the fence around North Ping Yuen was partially demolished 82 Statistics Edit Ping Yuen stock 83 84 85 Count Ping Yuen NorthPingYuenE C W TotalStudio 0 0 0 0 451 BR 12 22 12 46 332 BR a 24 46 22 92 1003 BR 19 38 18 75 224 BR 5 11 5 21 0Total 60 117 57 234 200Notes Two set aside as manager s units oneeach at Ping Yuen 86 and North Ping Yuen 87 Ping Yuen West Central and East consists of one six story building and two seven story buildings all of which are on the south side of Pacific West Ping Yuen is at the corner of Powell and Pacific Central is at Stockton and Pacific and East is at Beckett parallel to and just east of Grant and Pacific 83 Central Ping Yuen is the size of East and West Ping Yuen combined and has two street addresses so it is sometimes counted as two buildings The east side of Central Ping Yuen has more units than the west side 64 versus 53 because the west side includes a daycare and tenant association offices 85 North Ping Yuen consists of a single twelve story building that is within the block defined by Pacific Stockton Cordelia and Broadway 83 84 They are informally and collectively called the Pings In total there is 160 000 square feet 15 000 m2 of residential floor space in the four Ping Yuen buildings 70 20 the three original Pings occupy a site with a total area of 2 617 acres 1 059 ha acquired at a cost of US 380 800 equivalent to 6 440 000 in 2022 88 and offer a total gross floor area of 237 838 sq ft 22 095 9 m2 85 West and East Ping Yuen have one elevator each Central Ping Yuen has two elevators and North Ping Yuen has three elevators 89 The original three building Ping Yuen completed in 1951 cost 3 5 million which collectively contained 234 apartments 29 Bedrooms and living rooms were designed to face south 27 Priority for applicants was given to the low income families displaced by the demolition of existing buildings and World War II veterans 26 Under the SFHA s neighborhood policy later ruled unconstitutional in 1952 and 1953 90 Ping Yuen was effectively segregated and reserved for Chinese residents 91 92 35 In 1999 the population of Ping Yuen remained largely Asian American 93 A small 60 kW natural gas fired cogeneration unit built by GM Tecogen was added to North Ping Yuen in 2011 94 Public art Edit The SFHA commissioned James Leong to create a mural for the NEHC waiting room for 1 000 21 124 One Hundred Years History of the Chinese in America completed in 1952 shows eight scenes depicting Chinese contributions to California history 95 starting with rice fields in China passing through the Gold Rush and Transcontinental Railroad and ending with a family arriving at Ping Yuen However the SFHA censored at least one scene which Leong had tentatively named The Denis Kearney episode after the notorious Workingmen s Party of California leader and the San Francisco riot of 1877 21 124 After it was completed the mural was criticized by the Chinatown community and was stored for decades it was rediscovered in the late 1970s Leong stung by the reaction moved to Europe in 1956 According to Leong the FBI Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party each suspected there were hidden messages in the mural One Hundred Years is currently on display at the Chinese Historical Society of America museum in the former Chinatown YWCA on Clay 96 An enlarged version was temporarily wrapped around a building near Stockton and Washington in 2012 the building was later demolished to make way for the new Chinatown station 97 Darryl Mar a Los Angeles based artist completed the 1 400 sq ft 130 m2 Ping Yuen Mural on the Stockton Street facing side of Central Ping Yuen in 1995 98 99 with the assistance of Darren Acoba Joyce Lu and Tonia Chen 100 It is dedicated to Sing Kan Mah and those who have struggled to make America their home the faces depicted in the mural are actual people drawn from photographs of congregation members at Mar s church Chang Jok Lee a Ping Yuen resident since 1952 and longtime leader in the Ping Yuen Residents Improvement Association 101 and archived photographs of railroad and agriculture workers The mural took approximately six weeks to complete with support and involvement from Chinatown residents 21 149 Precita Eyes restored the mural in 2018 102 Josie Grant daughter of longtine Oakland Tribune editorial cartoonist Lou Grant painted several murals on multiple Ping Yuen buildings from 1976 to 1982 103 These include the mural that can be seen on the exterior walls behind the fences around the south end of West Ping Yuen extending to the wall facing Trenton Alley entitled The Bok Sen 8 Immortals 3 Wisdoms and the Chinese Zodiac 104 105 Grant had also painted the Ping Yuen Tai Chi Mural in 1982 105 but that mural was inadvertently removed in 1994 following waterproofing repairs commissioned by the SFHA Grant sued as her contract with the city required 60 days notice to remove the murals 103 as part of the settlement agreement she was paid to paint another mural at the east end of East Ping Yuen named Unity in Diversity 106 Grant s daughter Abra Brayman is co credited for Unity in Diversity 107 Jim Dong painted an untitled mural for the playground at Central Ping Yuen in 1983 105 Dong was born in Chinatown raised at Ping Yuen 108 and also painted the 1986 mural overlooking Willie Woo Woo Wong playground in Chinatown 109 nbsp Enlargement of One Hundred Years by James Leong photographed in 2012 as a vinyl wrap on the Hogan amp Vest building near Stockton and Washington nbsp Ping Yuen Mural by Darryl Mar on Central Ping Yuen can be seen at the left side of this image taken from the corner of Stockton and Pacific facing south nbsp The Bok Sen 8 Immortals 3 Wisdoms and the Chinese Zodiac by Josie Grant is painted on the exterior of the lower level of West Ping Yuen taken from Trenton Alley facing north References Edit No Slums Here San Francisco Call May 24 1893 Retrieved 17 April 2020 No Money for Chinese San Francisco Call February 8 1896 Retrieved 23 April 2020 San Francisco s Chinatown San Jose Herald June 29 1900 Retrieved 23 April 2020 The End of the Bubonic Scare San Francisco Call June 3 1900 Retrieved 23 April 2020 Will Abolish Chinese Filth San Francisco Call February 7 1904 Retrieved 23 April 2020 Chong Raymond Douglas October 3 2019 The journey of a paper son AsAm News Retrieved 22 April 2020 Williams Jr Norman October 1949 Discrimination and Segregation in Minority Housing The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 9 1 85 102 doi 10 1111 j 1536 7150 1949 tb01495 x JSTOR 3483731 a b c d e Brooks Charlotte 2009 Alien Neighbors Foreign Friends Chicago Illinois University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 07597 6 Roosevelt Eleanor March 16 1938 My Day George Washington University Retrieved 10 December 2018 We reached San Francisco about noon yesterday On the way home we visited a nursery school conducted in the Chinese YMCA for little Chinese Americans Characteristic arrangements of water and flowers which only oriental people seem to be able to produce have given their building great charm The children seemed happy and the same regime is carried as in any other nursery school All their mothers work so this school is a real help to them We left the nursery school shed all our protective and formal escorts and wandered through Chinatown a b Yu Connie Young 1980 Lim Genny ed From Tents to Federal Projects Chinatown s Housing History The Chinese American Experience Second National Conference on Chinese American Studies Chinese Historical Society of America ISBN 9789997874122 Roosevelt Eleanor July 6 1939 My Day George Washington University Retrieved 10 December 2018 I have just received a most interesting report prepared by a study group of fifteen in the school of social studies in San Francisco California It is called Living Conditions in Chinatown and I should think it would make San Francisco officials anxious to obtain a more detailed report and then take some action I always enjoy my trips to Chinatown when I am in San Francisco but I have always been conscious that just as in our own rather picturesque Chinese quarter in New York City there are undoubtedly dangers to the whole city there because of poor housing and living conditions We had a fire in New York City s Chinatown the other day which resulted in the death of several people and I imagine this same thing might easily happen in San Francisco It is hard for us to realize that poor living conditions bring about such results not only in the quarters in which they exist but frequently in other parts of the community Opinion Modernize Chinatown Organized Labor November 18 1939 Retrieved 16 April 2020 OAC To Hear of Tragedies Behind Chinatown s Gay Fronts Thursday Mill Valley Record 28 November 1939 Retrieved 10 December 2018 Trauner Joan B Spring 1978 The Chinese as Medical Scapegoats in San Francisco 1870 1905 California History University of California Press 57 1 70 87 doi 10 2307 25157817 JSTOR 25157817 Ng Johnny December 15 1989 Ping Yuen s Construction Was a Long Fought Battle AsianWeek a b c Second Annual Report Report Housing Authority of the City and County of San Francisco 1940 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Adopted Pledging Financial Support for Low Cost Housing Project in San Francisco s Chinatown During Next Fiscal Year Journal of Proceedings San Francisco Board of Supervisors 35 475 477 March 4 1940 Retrieved 10 December 2018 In Memoriam Dr Theodore Lee U C Dental Alum News Fall 1983 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Court Briefs Santa Cruz Sentinel 27 February 1941 Retrieved 10 December 2018 A federal housing project costing 1 500 000 has been approved for San Francisco s Chinatown Third Annual Report Report Housing Authority of the City and County of San Francisco 1941 Retrieved 17 April 2020 a b c d e f g Howard Amy Lynne May 2014 More Than Shelter Activism and Community in San Francisco Public Housing Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 6581 5 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Excerpt Earlier thesis 2005 More than shelter Community identity and spatial politics in San Francisco public housing 1938 2000 PhD College of William and Mary Retrieved 15 April 2020 a b c Chinatown housing project will contain 3 buildings Organized Labor January 31 1942 Retrieved 15 April 2020 Sixth Annual Report Report Housing Authority of the City and County of San Francisco 1944 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Fourth Annual Report Report Housing Authority of the City and County of San Francisco 1942 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Postwar Housing Plans Draw Editorial Praise Organized Labor March 31 1945 Retrieved 17 April 2020 a b Chinatown Housing OK d Contracts Let Organized Labor December 23 1949 Retrieved 15 April 2020 a b c d Call for Bids on Ping Yuen Housing Job Organized labor June 2 1950 Retrieved 15 April 2020 Ping Yuen Job Will Start Soon Organized Labor August 4 1950 Retrieved 15 April 2020 a b c San Francisco housing unit follows Far Eastern motif Madera Tribune U P 17 October 1951 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Report on a plan for the location of Public Health Centers in San Francisco Report San Francisco Department of City Planning April 1960 Retrieved 17 April 2020 a b Report of Subcommittees Housing Report of the San Francisco Chinese Community Citizens Survey and Fact Finding Committee Report Abridged ed H J Carle amp Sons 1969 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Lee Anna Yuke San Francisco Chronicle August 13 2001 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Mailloux Al F August 24 1956 San Francisco Public Housing A Two Way Avenue of Profit to Labor Organized Labor Retrieved 15 April 2020 Break Ground for Ping Yuen Annex Housing Project Organized Labor February 15 1960 Retrieved 15 April 2020 a b c New Housing unit for Chinatown San Francisco Examiner October 29 1961 Retrieved 16 April 2020 S F Housing Commission approves building project Organized Labor January 24 1977 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Overcrowded Desert Sun UPI April 24 1974 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Mailloux Al F June 17 1957 San Francisco low rent housing comes of age Organized Labor Retrieved 16 April 2020 Blindfolded Dope Addict Dies After 6 Story Plunge San Bernardino Sun AP 29 June 1956 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Double Shooting In S F Santa Cruz Sentinel AP 15 April 1969 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Chinatown Gang War Continues Santa Cruz Sentinel AP 14 June 1972 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Kamiya Gary 8 July 2016 Chinatown gang feud ignited one of SF s worst mass homicides San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 8 April 2020 The incident that triggered the Golden Dragon massacre took place at the Ping Yuen housing projects on Pacific Avenue near Stockton Street For years the gangs had made large sums of money selling illegal fireworks out of the projects In SF s Chinatown a 19 yr old girl was raped amp murdered in the hallway of her apt complex CBS5 KPIX TV August 24 1978 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Ping Yeun Talks Of a Rent Strike San Francisco Chronicle September 16 1978 Retrieved 15 April 2020 a b Security proposals for Ping Yuen San Francisco Examiner December 21 1978 Retrieved 15 April 2020 La Ganga Maria Romney Lee January 19 2011 Chinese American mayors overcoming Bay Area s history of discrimination Los Angeles Times Retrieved 16 April 2020 a b Talbot David May 8 2012 Season of the Witch Enchantment Terror and Deliverance in the City of Love Free Press ISBN 9781439127872 Retrieved 15 April 2020 a b c d Pedersen Mary Catherine November 1978 Chinatown Neighborhood Improvement Resource Center People Building Neighborhoods Case Study Appendix Vol 1 Report The National Commission on Neighborhoods pp 370 397 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Ping Yuen Rent Strike to Begin San Francisco Chronicle September 30 1978 Retrieved 15 April 2020 a b Ping Yuen tenants starting rent strike San Francisco Examiner September 28 1978 Retrieved 15 April 2020 Tucker Jill Ma Annie Lee Wendy December 12 2017 SF s Chinese community adopted Ed Lee as a native son San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 15 April 2020 Ramirez Raul October 25 1978 Two week ultimatum for Ping Yuen tenants San Francisco Examiner Retrieved 15 April 2020 SF Chinatown Tenants Told To Pay Rents Santa Cruz Sentinel AP 26 October 1978 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Nevius C W May 19 2012 New book reminds us of angry rebellious Ed Lee San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 15 April 2020 Ramirez Raul January 12 1979 Trouble brewing at other project as Ping Yuen tenant rent strike ends San Francisco Examiner Retrieved 16 April 2020 Baranski John 2019 7 All Housing Is Public Housing the City by the Bay Tenant Activism Civil Rights and Class Politics in San Francisco Stanford California Stanford University Press ISBN 9781503607620 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Gilmore David 1993 The Recovery Years Executive Director s Final Report to the San Francisco Housing AuthorityCommission May 8 1989 to August 27 1993 Report Housing Authority City and County of San Francisco p 31 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Johnson Jason B January 29 1999 Chinatown Tenants Demand Housing Improvements Ping Yuen project residents greet new housing board member with noisy protest San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 15 April 2020 Russell Ron November 22 2006 Fall Gal SF Weekly Retrieved 15 April 2020 Hetter Katia August 27 2004 SAN FRANCISCO Julie Lee faces new problem Protest over her eviction of blind tenant San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 15 April 2020 Hua Vanessa April 12 2005 SAN FRANCISCO Julie Lee pleads not guilty to charges She also resigns post overseeing city housing board San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 15 April 2020 a b Knight Heather Cote John Wildermuth John February 8 2013 S F s Lee purges Housing Commission San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 15 April 2020 Knight Heather Cote John March 2 2014 S F wins spot in new federal public housing program San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 20 April 2020 Green Emily November 4 2016 SF s public housing is now all privately run San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 15 April 2020 Our Portfolio Ping Yuen Chinatown Community Development Center Retrieved 15 April 2020 Our Portfolio North Ping Yuen Chinatown Community Development Center Retrieved 15 April 2020 Wildermuth John February 19 2015 S F public housing to be managed by private firms San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 20 April 2020 Request for Proposals for Construction Management Services Ping Yuen amp Ping Yuen North Rehabilitation PDF Chinatown Community Development Center Retrieved 17 July 2018 Kwong Jessica October 22 2010 Ping Yuen apartments to get energy retrofits San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 15 April 2020 a b Strategies for a Sustainable Chinatown PDF Report City and County of San Francisco June 2017 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Paper Rock Pixels Ping Yuen Housing UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design Retrieved 17 July 2018 a b Daniels Jr Mark December 1939 Oriental Architecture for Chinatown Housing Unit PDF Architect and Engineer pp 35 38 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Streamlined Chinatown Urged In S F Santa Cruz Evening News U P 15 November 1939 Retrieved 10 December 2018 Chinatown Housing Drive Madera Daily Tribune 25 November 1939 Retrieved 10 December 2018 Vast Housing Project Proposed for S F s Chinatown Calexico Chronicle 30 November 1939 Retrieved 10 December 2018 U S will attack world s worst slum San Bernardino Sun 2 November 1941 Retrieved 10 December 2018 Scott Diana May 17 1995 Features of early projects withstand test of time San Francisco Examiner Retrieved 17 April 2020 Mailloux Al F August 26 1955 Year of Accomplishment in Housing Organized Labor Retrieved 15 April 2020 Carey amp Co Inc July 26 2001 Potrero Annex San Francisco California Historic Resource Evaluation PDF Report San Francisco Planning commission Retrieved 16 April 2020 Docomomo US Tour Day Modern Chinatown docomomo noca Retrieved 16 April 2020 Mailloux Al August 31 1959 Mailloux Tells Building Plans By Housing Organized Labor Retrieved 15 April 2020 King John January 12 2019 Small changes can have big architectural impact San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 17 April 2020 a b c How to Get a Home with the Housing Authority Report Housing Authority of the City and County of San Francisco 1970 Retrieved 17 April 2020 a b San Francisco Housing Authority Annual Plan 2017 PDF Report U S Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Public Housing 2017 p 29 Retrieved 10 December 2018 a b c Request for proposals for solar design build services Ping Yuen PDF Chinatown Community Development Center 2016 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Project Staff Report Ping Yuen PDF Report California Tax Credit Allocation Committee May 18 2016 Project Staff Report Ping Yuen North PDF Report California Tax Credit Allocation Committee May 18 2016 Fifth Annual Report Report Housing Authority of the City and County of San Francisco 1943 Retrieved 17 April 2020 15 610 RFP 0018 Request for Proposals for full elevator preventive maintenance and related services for the San Francisco Housing Authority PDF San Francisco Housing Authority February 9 2015 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Banks v Housing Authority 120 Cal App 2d 1 California Court of Appeals 1973 S F Housing Authority Told to End Racial Code San Bernardino Sun AP 3 February 1965 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Dellums deplored the heavy concentration of minorities in some areas and said the Ping Yuen project is 100 per cent Oriental while the Holly Courts project is 94 1 Caucasian and Yerba Buena Plaza is 94 2 Negro Brown Mary January 12 2011 San Francisco Modern Architecture and Landscape Design 1935 1970 Historic Context Statement PDF Report Planning Department City and County of San Francisco Retrieved 16 April 2020 Wilson Yumi July 19 1999 Consent Decree Ends Asians Housing Bias Case Accord settles suit over racial strife in projects San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 17 April 2020 Engineering Evaluation Ping Yuen North Apartments Application No 23681 Plant No 20914 PDF Bay Area Air Quality Management District Retrieved 19 April 2020 Artist James Leong pointing to his mural at the Ping Yuen Housing Project San Francisco Public Library October 28 1952 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Javier Liza August 4 2006 James Leong San Francisco s forgotten son returns home International Examiner Retrieved 17 April 2020 Mural from CHSA collection Featured at Central Subway Project Site Press release Chinese Historical Society of America February 24 2012 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Chinatown s Miraculous Mural San Francisco Examiner October 27 1995 Retrieved 17 April 2020 The Chinatown Public Art Map published by CCDC in 2018 states the mural was painted in 1999 Casey Cindy July 20 2011 Chinatown Murals Art and Architecture SF Retrieved 15 April 2020 Chang Jok Lee 1989 From Homemaker to Housing Advocate An Interview with Mrs Chang Jok Lee Team Lee A Family Adventure Interviewed by Nancy Diao Retrieved 15 April 2020 Newsletter Restoring Cherished Murals Keeps These Community Stories Vibrantly Alive Precita Eyes December 2018 Retrieved 17 April 2020 a b Art bureaucracy tilt over murals Pittsburgh Post Gazette San Francisco Chronicle July 22 1994 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Casey Cindy July 20 2011 Chinatown 8 Immortals Art and Architecture SF Retrieved 15 April 2020 a b c Graham Nancy Tokeshi Rich 1984 San Francisco Mural Map San Francisco Neighborhood Arts Program Retrieved 17 April 2020 Gledhill Lynda September 24 1998 Wall of Colors Emerges Out of Whitewashing Artist finally gets chance to replace one of her murals in Chinatown San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 16 April 2020 Unity in Diversity Mural Guide Retrieved 17 April 2020 Jim Dong Papers UC Santa Barbara Library 26 November 2018 Retrieved 8 January 2021 Casey Cindy November 19 2012 Willie Woo Woo Art and Architecture SF Retrieved 8 January 2021 Further reading EditNee Victor G Nee Brett de Bary 1972 Longtime Californ A Documentary Study of an American Chinatown New York City Pantheon Books ISBN 039446138X External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ping Yuen White Tom 2 February 1941 Chinatown Housing The New York Times Retrieved 10 December 2018 Wong Humbert 29 April 1976 Chonks feel alienated not accepted socially The Express Retrieved 17 July 2018 Media Ping Yuen scrapbook Online Archive of California 1951 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Folder S F Districts Chinatown Housing Ping Yuen San Francisco Public Library Retrieved 17 July 2018 Ping Yuen Peace Garden on YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ping Yuen amp oldid 1176664629, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, 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