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Picozoa

August 29, 2023

Picozoa, Picobiliphyta, Picobiliphytes, or Biliphytes are protists of a phylum of marine unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with a size of less than about 3 micrometers. They were formerly treated as eukaryotic algae and the smallest member of photosynthetic picoplankton before it was discovered they do not perform photosynthesis.[2] The first species identified therein is Picomonas judraskeda.[1] They probably belong in the Archaeplastida as sister of the Rhodophyta.[3][4][5]

Picozoa
Movement of a Picomonas judraskeda cell
Animation of the 3D structure of Picomonas judraskeda
Scientific classification
(unranked): Archaeplastida
Phylum: Picozoa
Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin, Melkonian, 2013[1]

They were formerly placed within the cryptomonads-haptophytes assemblage.[6]

Discovery Edit

At the end of the 1990s the European project "Picodiv" clarified which organisms occur in picoplankton. In addition, for a period of two years, samples were taken in the Atlantic, in the Mediterranean, before the coast of Scotland, Alaska and Norway.[7][citation needed] Picobiliphyta were found particularly within the nutrient-poor ranges from cold coastal seas, where they can constitute up to 50 percent of the biomass.[citation needed]

Affinities to other organisms Edit

 
Picomonas judraskeda

Picozoa were first detected using 18S ribosomal RNA genes in 2007.[8] The identity of new organisms was deduced from a comparison of familiar and unfamiliar gene sequences. “The gene sequences found in these algae could not be associated with any previously known group of organisms”, explain Klaus Valentin and Linda Medlin, co-authors of the study and molecular biologists at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven.[9] The algae in this study were found in plankton samples originating from various regions of the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The scientists have discovered a group of organisms which, despite being completely new to science, have a wide distribution. “This is a good indication for how much there is still to discover in the oceans, especially using molecular tools”, says Valentin.[9]

Apart from the unfamiliar gene sequences, the researchers also detected phycobiliproteins.[10] In red algae, for example, these proteins occur as pigments. But in this newly discovered group of algae, the phycobiliproteins appear to be contained inside the plastids,[11] where the photosynthesis occurs. Hence, it provides a clear indication that the researchers are dealing with previously unidentified group of algae. Referring to their small size and the presence of phycobiliproteins, the researchers named the new group "Picobiliphyta".[8]

Two studies published in 2011 found the hypothesis that biliphytes, or picobiliphytes, were photosynthetic was likely to be false. A 2011 study by an international team from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Dalhousie University and the Natural History Museum London found that cells in the Pacific Ocean did not have fluorescence indicative of photosynthetic pigments, and concluded "...biliphytes are likely not obligate photoautotrophs but rather facultative mixotrophs or phagotrophs, whereby transient detection of orange fluorescence could represent ingested prey items (e.g., the cyanobacterium Synechococcus)".[12] A study later in 2011, conducted by researchers at Rutgers University and Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, used whole genome shotgun sequence data from three individual picobiliphyte cells to show absence of plastid-targeted or photosystem proteins within the fragments of nuclear genome sequence they reconstructed. This again suggested that picobiliphytes are heterotrophs.[13][14]

Most recently, Seenivasan working in conjunction with Michael Melkonian (University of Cologne) and Linda Medlin (Marine Biological Association of the UK) formally described the picobiliphytes as the heterotrophic nanoflagellate phylum, Picozoa, and published thin sections of the cells.[1] Several unique features in the cell, such as a feeding organelle, substantiate their unique phylogenetic position, an unusual movement, and heterotrophic mode of nutrition. No traces of viral or bacterial particles were found inside these heterotrophic cells, which prompted these authors to suggest that they feed on very small organic particles.[1]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d Seenivasan R, Sausen N, Medlin LK, Melkonian M (2013). Waller RF (ed.). "Picomonas judraskeda gen. et sp. nov.: the first identified member of the Picozoa phylum nov., a widespread group of picoeukaryotes, formerly known as 'picobiliphytes'". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e59565. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859565S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059565. PMC 3608682. PMID 23555709.
  2. ^ Moreira D, López-García P (May 2014). "The rise and fall of Picobiliphytes: how assumed autotrophs turned out to be heterotrophs". BioEssays. 36 (5): 468–474. doi:10.1002/bies.201300176. PMC 4133654. PMID 24615955.
  3. ^ Burki F, Kaplan M, Tikhonenkov DV, Zlatogursky V, Minh BQ, Radaykina LV, et al. (January 2016). "Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 283 (1823): 20152802. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2802. PMC 4795036. PMID 26817772.
  4. ^ Lax G, Eglit Y, Eme L, Bertrand EM, Roger AJ, Simpson AG (December 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564 (7736): 410–414. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..410L. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0708-8. PMID 30429611. S2CID 205570993.
  5. ^ Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Lewis R (December 2015). "Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 331–362. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004. PMID 26234272.
  6. ^ Keeling P, Leander BS (28 October 2009) [8 September 2000]. "Eukaryotes". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
  7. ^ Massana R, Guillou L, Díez B, Pedrós-Alió C (September 2002). "Unveiling the organisms behind novel eukaryotic ribosomal DNA sequences from the ocean". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68 (9): 4554–4558. Bibcode:2002ApEnM..68.4554M. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.9.4554-4558.2002. PMC 124113. PMID 12200313.
  8. ^ a b Not F, Valentin K, Romari K, Lovejoy C, Massana R, Töbe K, et al. (January 2007). "Picobiliphytes: A Marine Picoplanktonic Algal Group with Unknown Affinities to Other Eukaryotes" (PDF). Science. 315 (5809): 253–255. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..253N. doi:10.1126/science.1136264. PMID 17218530. S2CID 22285394.
  9. ^ a b "New Group Of Algae Discovered: Picobiliphytes". ScienceDaily. January 15, 2007. Retrieved 2021-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Hearn K (11 January 2007). . National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
  11. ^ Aronsson H, Sandelius AS (2008). The Chloroplast: Interactions with the Environment (Plant Cell Monographs). Berlin: Springer. p. 9. ISBN 978-3-540-68692-7.
  12. ^ Kim E, Harrison JW, Sudek S, Jones MD, Wilcox HM, Richards TA, et al. (January 2011). "Newly identified and diverse plastid-bearing branch on the eukaryotic tree of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (4): 1496–1500. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.1496K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1013337108. PMC 3029697. PMID 21205890.
  13. ^ Yoon HS, Price DC, Stepanauskas R, Rajah VD, Sieracki ME, Wilson WH, et al. (May 2011). "Single-cell genomics reveals organismal interactions in uncultivated marine protists". Science. 332 (6030): 714–717. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..714Y. doi:10.1126/science.1203163. PMID 21551060. S2CID 34343205.
  14. ^ Worden AZ, Dupont C, Allen AE (June 2011). "Genomes of uncultured eukaryotes: sorting FACS from fiction". Genome Biology. 12 (6): 117. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-117. PMC 3218834. PMID 21722350.

External links Edit

  •   Media related to Picozoa at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Picozoa at Wikispecies
  • Neue Algengruppe entdeckt: Picobiliphyta (in German)
  • New Group Of Algae Discovered: Picobiliphytes (in English)
  • Tree of Life: Biliphytes

August 29, 2023
picozoa, picobiliphyta, picobiliphytes, biliphytes, protists, phylum, marine, unicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes, with, size, less, than, about, micrometers, they, were, formerly, treated, eukaryotic, algae, smallest, member, photosynthetic, picoplankton, . Picozoa Picobiliphyta Picobiliphytes or Biliphytes are protists of a phylum of marine unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with a size of less than about 3 micrometers They were formerly treated as eukaryotic algae and the smallest member of photosynthetic picoplankton before it was discovered they do not perform photosynthesis 2 The first species identified therein is Picomonas judraskeda 1 They probably belong in the Archaeplastida as sister of the Rhodophyta 3 4 5 Picozoa source source source source source source source source source source Movement of a Picomonas judraskeda cell source source source source source source source source source source source source Animation of the 3D structure of Picomonas judraskedaScientific classification unranked ArchaeplastidaPhylum PicozoaSeenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 1 They were formerly placed within the cryptomonads haptophytes assemblage 6 Contents 1 Discovery 2 Affinities to other organisms 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksDiscovery EditAt the end of the 1990s the European project Picodiv clarified which organisms occur in picoplankton In addition for a period of two years samples were taken in the Atlantic in the Mediterranean before the coast of Scotland Alaska and Norway 7 citation needed Picobiliphyta were found particularly within the nutrient poor ranges from cold coastal seas where they can constitute up to 50 percent of the biomass citation needed Affinities to other organisms Edit Picomonas judraskedaPicozoa were first detected using 18S ribosomal RNA genes in 2007 8 The identity of new organisms was deduced from a comparison of familiar and unfamiliar gene sequences The gene sequences found in these algae could not be associated with any previously known group of organisms explain Klaus Valentin and Linda Medlin co authors of the study and molecular biologists at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven 9 The algae in this study were found in plankton samples originating from various regions of the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean The scientists have discovered a group of organisms which despite being completely new to science have a wide distribution This is a good indication for how much there is still to discover in the oceans especially using molecular tools says Valentin 9 Apart from the unfamiliar gene sequences the researchers also detected phycobiliproteins 10 In red algae for example these proteins occur as pigments But in this newly discovered group of algae the phycobiliproteins appear to be contained inside the plastids 11 where the photosynthesis occurs Hence it provides a clear indication that the researchers are dealing with previously unidentified group of algae Referring to their small size and the presence of phycobiliproteins the researchers named the new group Picobiliphyta 8 Two studies published in 2011 found the hypothesis that biliphytes or picobiliphytes were photosynthetic was likely to be false A 2011 study by an international team from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Dalhousie University and the Natural History Museum London found that cells in the Pacific Ocean did not have fluorescence indicative of photosynthetic pigments and concluded biliphytes are likely not obligate photoautotrophs but rather facultative mixotrophs or phagotrophs whereby transient detection of orange fluorescence could represent ingested prey items e g the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 12 A study later in 2011 conducted by researchers at Rutgers University and Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences used whole genome shotgun sequence data from three individual picobiliphyte cells to show absence of plastid targeted or photosystem proteins within the fragments of nuclear genome sequence they reconstructed This again suggested that picobiliphytes are heterotrophs 13 14 Most recently Seenivasan working in conjunction with Michael Melkonian University of Cologne and Linda Medlin Marine Biological Association of the UK formally described the picobiliphytes as the heterotrophic nanoflagellate phylum Picozoa and published thin sections of the cells 1 Several unique features in the cell such as a feeding organelle substantiate their unique phylogenetic position an unusual movement and heterotrophic mode of nutrition No traces of viral or bacterial particles were found inside these heterotrophic cells which prompted these authors to suggest that they feed on very small organic particles 1 See also EditMicrophyte Picoeukaryote BiliphytaReferences Edit a b c d Seenivasan R Sausen N Medlin LK Melkonian M 2013 Waller RF ed Picomonas judraskeda gen et sp nov the first identified member of the Picozoa phylum nov a widespread group of picoeukaryotes formerly known as picobiliphytes PLOS ONE 8 3 e59565 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 859565S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0059565 PMC 3608682 PMID 23555709 Moreira D Lopez Garcia P May 2014 The rise and fall of Picobiliphytes how assumed autotrophs turned out to be heterotrophs BioEssays 36 5 468 474 doi 10 1002 bies 201300176 PMC 4133654 PMID 24615955 Burki F Kaplan M Tikhonenkov DV Zlatogursky V Minh BQ Radaykina LV et al January 2016 Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida Haptophyta and Cryptista Proceedings Biological Sciences 283 1823 20152802 doi 10 1098 rspb 2015 2802 PMC 4795036 PMID 26817772 Lax G Eglit Y Eme L Bertrand EM Roger AJ Simpson AG December 2018 Hemimastigophora is a novel supra kingdom level lineage of eukaryotes Nature 564 7736 410 414 Bibcode 2018Natur 564 410L doi 10 1038 s41586 018 0708 8 PMID 30429611 S2CID 205570993 Cavalier Smith T Chao EE Lewis R December 2015 Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia superclass Corbistoma and monophyly of Haptista Cryptista Hacrobia and Chromista Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93 331 362 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2015 07 004 PMID 26234272 Keeling P Leander BS 28 October 2009 8 September 2000 Eukaryotes Tree of Life Web Project Retrieved 2009 06 17 Massana R Guillou L Diez B Pedros Alio C September 2002 Unveiling the organisms behind novel eukaryotic ribosomal DNA sequences from the ocean Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 9 4554 4558 Bibcode 2002ApEnM 68 4554M doi 10 1128 AEM 68 9 4554 4558 2002 PMC 124113 PMID 12200313 a b Not F Valentin K Romari K Lovejoy C Massana R Tobe K et al January 2007 Picobiliphytes A Marine Picoplanktonic Algal Group with Unknown Affinities to Other Eukaryotes PDF Science 315 5809 253 255 Bibcode 2007Sci 315 253N doi 10 1126 science 1136264 PMID 17218530 S2CID 22285394 a b New Group Of Algae Discovered Picobiliphytes ScienceDaily January 15 2007 Retrieved 2021 11 01 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Hearn K 11 January 2007 Bizarre New Form of Life Found in Arctic Ocean Scientists Announce National Geographic News Archived from the original on 11 February 2008 Retrieved 2009 06 17 Aronsson H Sandelius AS 2008 The Chloroplast Interactions with the Environment Plant Cell Monographs Berlin Springer p 9 ISBN 978 3 540 68692 7 Kim E Harrison JW Sudek S Jones MD Wilcox HM Richards TA et al January 2011 Newly identified and diverse plastid bearing branch on the eukaryotic tree of life Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 4 1496 1500 Bibcode 2011PNAS 108 1496K doi 10 1073 pnas 1013337108 PMC 3029697 PMID 21205890 Yoon HS Price DC Stepanauskas R Rajah VD Sieracki ME Wilson WH et al May 2011 Single cell genomics reveals organismal interactions in uncultivated marine protists Science 332 6030 714 717 Bibcode 2011Sci 332 714Y doi 10 1126 science 1203163 PMID 21551060 S2CID 34343205 Worden AZ Dupont C Allen AE June 2011 Genomes of uncultured eukaryotes sorting FACS from fiction Genome Biology 12 6 117 doi 10 1186 gb 2011 12 6 117 PMC 3218834 PMID 21722350 External links Edit Media related to Picozoa at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Picozoa at Wikispecies Neue Algengruppe entdeckt Picobiliphyta in German New Group Of Algae Discovered Picobiliphytes in English Tree of Life Biliphytes Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Picozoa amp oldid 1149025514, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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