Picea engelmannii, with the common names Engelmann spruce,[2]white spruce,[2]mountain spruce,[2] and silver spruce,[2] is a species of spruce native to western North America. It is mostly a high-elevation mountain tree but also appears in watered canyons.
Picea engelmannii is a medium-sized to large evergreen tree growing to 25–40 metres (82–131 feet) tall, exceptionally to 65 m (213 ft) tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). The reddish bark is thin and scaly,[3] flaking off in small circular plates 5–10 centimetres (2–4 in) across. The crown is narrow conic in young trees, becoming cylindric in older trees. The shoots are buff-brown to orange-brown, usually densely pubescent, and with prominent pulvini. The leaves are needle-like, 15–30 millimetres (5⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) long, flexible,[3] rhombic in cross-section, glaucous blue-green above with several thin lines of stomata, and blue-white below with two broad bands of stomata. The needles have a pungent odour when crushed.[3]
Purple cones of about 1 cm appear in spring, releasing yellow pollen when windy.[3] The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 2.5–8 cm long[3] and 1.5 cm broad when closed, opening to 3 cm broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15–20 mm long, with a wavy margin. They are reddish to dark purple, maturing to light brown[3] 4–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 2–3 mm long, with a slender, 5–8 mm long light brown wing.
The tree grows in a krummholz form along the fringe of alpine tundras.[3]
DistributionEdit
Engelmann spruce is native to western North America, primarily in the Rocky Mountains and east slopes of the Cascade range from central British Columbia to Southern Oregon in the Cascades and commonly in Montana, Idaho, and Colorado, and more sparsely towards Arizona and New Mexico in the Sky islands;[3] there are also two isolated populations in Northern Mexico. It is mostly a high-elevation mountain tree, in many areas reaching the tree line, but at lower elevations occupies cool watered canyons.[3] It grows from 520–3,650 m (1,710–11,980 ft) above sea level,[3] rarely lower towards the northwest. It appears in the canyons of the Idaho Panhandle and more limitedly in the northeastern Olympic Mountains; the latter includes exceptionally large specimens, e.g. one 2.1 m (7 ft) thick and 55 m (179 ft) tall.[3] It can be found in the Cascade Range (mostly on the eastern slopes) from elevations of 900–1,800 m (3,000–5,900 ft) and liberally in the Rocky Mountains.[3] It can also be found in the Monashee and Selkirk Mountains, as well as the highlands surrounding the Interior Plateau.
EcologyEdit
Both water uptake and water stored in roots appear to be critical for the survival of subalpine Engelmann spruce saplings that are exposed above the snowpack in later winter to early spring.[4] Transpiration is greatly reduced in small saplings while engulfed in snowpack. For exposed trees, the availability of soil water may be critical in late winter, when transpirational demands increase. Increased rates of transpiration in response to loss of snowpack, coupled with low sapwood water reserves and an extended period of soil frost in windswept areas, may prevent Engelmann spruce from regenerating in open areas both above and below the tree line. Cuticular damage by windblown ice is probably more important at the tree line,[5][6] but damage caused by desiccation is likely to be more important at lower elevations.[4]
Despite wind damage, the species tends to grow taller than others at the tree line.[3] It is shade tolerant, but not so much as subalpine fir. Thus, it is somewhat dependent on fires to outgrow competitors, although its thin bark and shallow roots make it vulnerable to fire as well.[3]Spruce bark beetles attack the tree, being particularly deadly to groups which have stood for centuries.[3] It is also susceptible to avalanches.[3]
Although older spruce forests are not very useful to animals for forage, they are so in the aftermath of fires, which allow many other plants to rise.[3] Engelmann spruce-shaded streams are exploited by trout.[3] Additionally, aphids produce galls which hang from the tree and look similar to cones when they dry out.[3]
Subspecies and hybridsEdit
Two geographical subspecies (treated as varieties by some authors, and as distinct species by others) occur:
Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii (Engelmann spruce). All of the range except as below.
Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana (Mexican spruce). Two isolated populations on high mountains in northern Mexico, on the Sierra del Carmen in Coahuila (Sierra Madre Oriental) and on Cerro Mohinora in Chihuahua (Sierra Madre Occidental). Engelmann spruces of the Madrean sky islands mountains in the extreme southeast of Arizona and southwest of New Mexico also probably belong to this subspecies, though this is disputed.
The Engelmann spruce hybridises and intergrades extensively with the closely related white spruce (Picea glauca),[3] found further north and east in the Rockies, and to a lesser extent with the closely related Sitka spruce where they meet on the western fringes of the Cascades.
UsesEdit
Native Americans made various medicines from the resin and foliage.[3]
Engelmann spruce is of economic importance for its wood, being light and fairly strong.[3] It harvested for paper-making and general construction.[3] Wood from slow-grown trees at high elevation has a specialized use in making musical instruments such as acoustic guitars, harps, violins, and pianos.[3] Because it is odourless and has little resin, it has been used for food containers such as barrels.[3] It is also used to a small extent as a Christmas tree.
GalleryEdit
Young tree
Forest floor under Engelmann spruces
Forest, with mature female cones in foreground
Dangling somewhat immature (unopened) female cone
Dangling mature female cone
Purple immature cones and yellow mature cones from the previous year. No male pollen cones are visible; the brownish-golden branch tips are protective bud scales being shed from the spruce buds[7]
ReferencesEdit
^Farjon, A. (2013). "Picea engelmannii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42322A2972365. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42322A2972365.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ abcd. Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
^ abBoyce, R.L. and Lucero, S.A. 1999. Role of roots in winter water relations of Engelmann spruce saplings. Tree Physiol. 19:893–898.
^Hadley, J.L.; Smith, W.K. 1983. Influence of wind exposure on needle desiccation and mortality for timberline conifers in Wyoming, USA. Arctic Alpine Res. 15:127–135. (Cited in Coates et al. 1994).
^Hadley, J.L.; Smith, W.K. 1986. Wind effects on needles of timberline conifers seasonal influence on mortality. Ecology 67:12–19. Cited in Coates et al. (1994).
US Forest Service: Fire Effects Information System
Little, Elbert L. (1980), National Audubon Society Field Guide to Trees: Western Region
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Picea engelmannii.
Jepson Manual Treatment
Arboretum de Villardebelle – Photographs related spruce cones
CalPhotos
October 16, 2023
picea, engelmannii, with, common, names, engelmann, spruce, white, spruce, mountain, spruce, silver, spruce, species, spruce, native, western, north, america, mostly, high, elevation, mountain, tree, also, appears, watered, canyons, mature, tree, with, female,. Picea engelmannii with the common names Engelmann spruce 2 white spruce 2 mountain spruce 2 and silver spruce 2 is a species of spruce native to western North America It is mostly a high elevation mountain tree but also appears in watered canyons Picea engelmanniiMature tree with female conesConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade GymnospermsDivision PinophytaClass PinopsidaOrder PinalesFamily PinaceaeGenus PiceaSpecies P engelmanniiBinomial namePicea engelmanniiParry ex Engelm Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Ecology 4 Subspecies and hybrids 5 Uses 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksDescription EditSee also Gallery Picea engelmannii is a medium sized to large evergreen tree growing to 25 40 metres 82 131 feet tall exceptionally to 65 m 213 ft tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 5 m 4 ft 11 in The reddish bark is thin and scaly 3 flaking off in small circular plates 5 10 centimetres 2 4 in across The crown is narrow conic in young trees becoming cylindric in older trees The shoots are buff brown to orange brown usually densely pubescent and with prominent pulvini The leaves are needle like 15 30 millimetres 5 8 1 1 8 in long flexible 3 rhombic in cross section glaucous blue green above with several thin lines of stomata and blue white below with two broad bands of stomata The needles have a pungent odour when crushed 3 Purple cones of about 1 cm appear in spring releasing yellow pollen when windy 3 The cones are pendulous slender cylindrical 2 5 8 cm long 3 and 1 5 cm broad when closed opening to 3 cm broad They have thin flexible scales 15 20 mm long with a wavy margin They are reddish to dark purple maturing to light brown 3 4 7 months after pollination The seeds are black 2 3 mm long with a slender 5 8 mm long light brown wing The tree grows in a krummholz form along the fringe of alpine tundras 3 Distribution EditEngelmann spruce is native to western North America primarily in the Rocky Mountains and east slopes of the Cascade range from central British Columbia to Southern Oregon in the Cascades and commonly in Montana Idaho and Colorado and more sparsely towards Arizona and New Mexico in the Sky islands 3 there are also two isolated populations in Northern Mexico It is mostly a high elevation mountain tree in many areas reaching the tree line but at lower elevations occupies cool watered canyons 3 It grows from 520 3 650 m 1 710 11 980 ft above sea level 3 rarely lower towards the northwest It appears in the canyons of the Idaho Panhandle and more limitedly in the northeastern Olympic Mountains the latter includes exceptionally large specimens e g one 2 1 m 7 ft thick and 55 m 179 ft tall 3 It can be found in the Cascade Range mostly on the eastern slopes from elevations of 900 1 800 m 3 000 5 900 ft and liberally in the Rocky Mountains 3 It can also be found in the Monashee and Selkirk Mountains as well as the highlands surrounding the Interior Plateau Ecology EditBoth water uptake and water stored in roots appear to be critical for the survival of subalpine Engelmann spruce saplings that are exposed above the snowpack in later winter to early spring 4 Transpiration is greatly reduced in small saplings while engulfed in snowpack For exposed trees the availability of soil water may be critical in late winter when transpirational demands increase Increased rates of transpiration in response to loss of snowpack coupled with low sapwood water reserves and an extended period of soil frost in windswept areas may prevent Engelmann spruce from regenerating in open areas both above and below the tree line Cuticular damage by windblown ice is probably more important at the tree line 5 6 but damage caused by desiccation is likely to be more important at lower elevations 4 Despite wind damage the species tends to grow taller than others at the tree line 3 It is shade tolerant but not so much as subalpine fir Thus it is somewhat dependent on fires to outgrow competitors although its thin bark and shallow roots make it vulnerable to fire as well 3 Spruce bark beetles attack the tree being particularly deadly to groups which have stood for centuries 3 It is also susceptible to avalanches 3 Although older spruce forests are not very useful to animals for forage they are so in the aftermath of fires which allow many other plants to rise 3 Engelmann spruce shaded streams are exploited by trout 3 Additionally aphids produce galls which hang from the tree and look similar to cones when they dry out 3 Subspecies and hybrids EditTwo geographical subspecies treated as varieties by some authors and as distinct species by others occur Picea engelmannii subsp engelmannii Engelmann spruce All of the range except as below Picea engelmannii subsp mexicana Mexican spruce Two isolated populations on high mountains in northern Mexico on the Sierra del Carmen in Coahuila Sierra Madre Oriental and on Cerro Mohinora in Chihuahua Sierra Madre Occidental Engelmann spruces of the Madrean sky islands mountains in the extreme southeast of Arizona and southwest of New Mexico also probably belong to this subspecies though this is disputed The Engelmann spruce hybridises and intergrades extensively with the closely related white spruce Picea glauca 3 found further north and east in the Rockies and to a lesser extent with the closely related Sitka spruce where they meet on the western fringes of the Cascades Uses EditNative Americans made various medicines from the resin and foliage 3 Engelmann spruce is of economic importance for its wood being light and fairly strong 3 It harvested for paper making and general construction 3 Wood from slow grown trees at high elevation has a specialized use in making musical instruments such as acoustic guitars harps violins and pianos 3 Because it is odourless and has little resin it has been used for food containers such as barrels 3 It is also used to a small extent as a Christmas tree Gallery Edit nbsp Young tree nbsp Forest floor under Engelmann spruces nbsp Forest with mature female cones in foreground nbsp Dangling somewhat immature unopened female cone nbsp Dangling mature female cone nbsp Purple immature cones and yellow mature cones from the previous year No male pollen cones are visible the brownish golden branch tips are protective bud scales being shed from the spruce buds 7 References Edit Farjon A 2013 Picea engelmannii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T42322A2972365 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T42322A2972365 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 a b c d Montana Plant Life Archived from the original on 2016 06 26 Retrieved 2013 06 09 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Arno Stephen F Hammerly Ramona P 2020 1977 Northwest Trees Identifying amp Understanding the Region s Native Trees field guide ed Seattle Mountaineers Books pp 91 96 ISBN 1 68051 329 X OCLC 1141235469 a b Boyce R L and Lucero S A 1999 Role of roots in winter water relations of Engelmann spruce saplings Tree Physiol 19 893 898 Hadley J L Smith W K 1983 Influence of wind exposure on needle desiccation and mortality for timberline conifers in Wyoming USA Arctic Alpine Res 15 127 135 Cited in Coates et al 1994 Hadley J L Smith W K 1986 Wind effects on needles of timberline conifers seasonal influence on mortality Ecology 67 12 19 Cited in Coates et al 1994 Picea engelmannii Engelmann spruce description Further reading EditThe Gymnosperm Database US Forest Service Fire Effects Information System Little Elbert L 1980 National Audubon Society Field Guide to Trees Western RegionExternal links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Picea engelmannii Jepson Manual Treatment Arboretum de Villardebelle Photographs related spruce cones CalPhotos Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Picea engelmannii amp oldid 1150943449, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
