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Plant pathology

April 11, 2024

For the journal, see Plant Pathology (journal). For organisms that damage crops and forestry, see Pest (organism).
"Phytopathology" redirects here. For the journal, see Phytopathology (journal).

Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).[1] Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.

Life cycle of the black rot pathogen, the gram negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris

Plant pathogenicity edit

Further information: Plant disease

Plant pathogens, organisms that cause infectious plant diseases, include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants.[2] In most plant pathosystems, virulence depends on hydrolases and enzymes that degrade the cell wall. The vast majority of these act on pectins (for example, pectinesterase, pectate lyase, and pectinases). For microbes, the cell wall polysaccharides are both a food source and a barrier to be overcome. Many pathogens grow opportunistically when the host breaks down its own cell walls, most often during fruit ripening.[3] Unlike human and animal pathology, plant pathology usually focuses on a single causal organism; however, some plant diseases have been shown to be interactions between multiple pathogens.[4]

To colonize a plant, pathogens have specific pathogenicity factors, of five main types: uses of cell wall–degrading enzymes, toxins, effector proteins, phytohormones, and exopolysaccharides.

  • Cell wall-degrading enzymes: These are used to break down the plant cell wall in order to release the nutrients inside and include esterases, glycosyl hydrolases, lyases and oxidoreductases.[5]
  • Toxins: These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant.
  • Effector proteins: These can be secreted by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes[6][7] into the extracellular environment or directly into the host cell, often via the Type three secretion system. Some effectors are known to suppress host defense processes. This can include reducing the plant's internal signaling mechanisms or reduction of phytochemicals production.[8]
  • Phytohormones are chemicals used by plants for signaling; pathogens can produce these to modify plant growth to their own advantage.
  • Exopolysaccharides are mostly small chains of sugars that help pathogens to adhere to a plant's surface, enabling them to begin the process of infection.

Physiological plant disorders edit

Main article: Physiological plant disorder

Some abiotic disorders can be confused with pathogen-induced disorders. Abiotic causes include natural processes such as drought, frost, snow and hail; flooding and poor drainage; nutrient deficiency; deposition of mineral salts such as sodium chloride and gypsum; windburn and breakage by storms; and wildfires. [9]

Epidemiology edit

Main article: Plant disease epidemiology
 
Plant disease triangle

Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases.[10]

A disease triangle describes the basic factors required for plant diseases. These are the host plant, the pathogen, and the environment. Any one of these can be modified to control a disease.[11]

Disease resistance edit

Main article: Plant disease resistance

Plant disease resistance is the ability of a plant to prevent and terminate infections from plant pathogens. Structures that help plants prevent pathogens from entering are the cuticular layer, cell walls and stomata guard cells. Once pathogens have overcome these barriers, plant receptors initiate signaling pathways to create molecules to compete against the foreign molecules. These pathways are influenced and triggered by genes within the host plant and can manipulated by genetic breeding to create resistant varieties.[12]

Management edit

Further information: Antagonism (phytopathology)

Detection edit

Ancient methods of leaf examination and breaking open plant material by hand are now augmented by newer technologies. These include molecular pathology assays such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RT-PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).[13] Although PCR can detect multiple molecular targets in a single solution there are limits.[13] Bertolini et al 2001, Ito et al 2002 and Ragozzino et al 2004 developed PCR methods for multiplexing six or seven plant pathogen molecular products and Persson et al 2005 for multiplexing four with RT-PCR.[13] More extensive molecular diagnosis requires PCR arrays.[13] The primary detection method used worldwide is enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.[14]

Biological edit

Crop rotation is a traditional and sometimes effective means of preventing a parasitic population from becoming well-established. For example, protection against infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which causes gall diseases in many plants, by dipping cuttings in suspensions of Agrobacterium radiobacter before inserting them in the ground to take root.[15]

History edit

Further information: Timeline of plant pathology

Plant pathology has developed from antiquity, starting with Theophrastus in the ancient era, but scientific study began in the Early Modern period with the invention of the microscope, and developed in the 19th century.[16]

See also edit

Notes edit

References edit

  1. ^ Agrios GN (1972). Plant Pathology (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
  2. ^ Nazarov PA, Baleev DN, Ivanova MI, Sokolova LM, Karakozova MV (2020-10-27). "Infectious Plant Diseases: Etiology, Current Status, Problems and Prospects in Plant Protection". Acta Naturae. 12 (3): 46–59. doi:10.32607/actanaturae.11026. PMC 7604890. PMID 33173596.
  3. ^ Cantu D, Vicente AR, Labavitch JM, Bennett AB, Powell AL (November 2008). "Strangers in the matrix: plant cell walls and pathogen susceptibility". Trends in Plant Science. 13 (11). Cell Press: 610–617. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.09.002. hdl:11336/148749. PMID 18824396. (ARV ORCID: 0000-0003-1289-9554).
  4. ^ Lamichhane JR, Venturi V (2015). "Synergisms between microbial pathogens in plant disease complexes: a growing trend". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6 (385): 385. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00385. PMC 4445244. PMID 26074945.
  5. ^ Giovannoni M, Gramegna G, Benedetti M, Mattei B (2020). "Industrial Use of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes: The Fine Line Between Production Strategy and Economic Feasibility". Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 8: 356. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00356. PMC 7200985. PMID 32411686.
  6. ^ Davis N (September 9, 2009). "Genome of Irish potato famine pathogen decoded". Haas et al. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  7. ^ . Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. July 29, 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  8. ^ Ma, Winbo (March 28, 2011). "How do plants fight disease? Breakthrough research by UC Riverside plant pathologist offers a clue". UC Riverside.
  9. ^ Schutzki, R.E.; Cregg, B. (2007). (PDF). Michigan State University Department of Horticulture. Michigan State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  10. ^ "American Phytopathological Society". American Phytopathological Society. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
  11. ^ "Disease Triangle". Oregon State University. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  12. ^ Andersen EJ, Ali S, Byamukama E, Yen Y, Nepal MP (July 2018). "Disease Resistance Mechanisms in Plants". Genes. 9 (7): 339. doi:10.3390/genes9070339. PMC 6071103. PMID 29973557.
  13. ^ a b c d Mumford R, Boonham N, Tomlinson J, Barker I (2006-07-13). "Advances in molecular phytodiagnostics - new solutions for old problems". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 116 (1). European Foundation for Plant Pathology (Springer): 1–19. Bibcode:2006EJPP..116....1M. doi:10.1007/s10658-006-9037-0. PMC 7087944. PMID 32214677.
  14. ^ Current and emerging trends in techniques for plant pathogen detection Frontiers in Plant Science
  15. ^ Ryder MH, Jones DA (1991-10-01). "Biological Control of Crown Gall Using Using Agrobacterium Strains K84 and K1026". Functional Plant Biology. 18 (5): 571–579. doi:10.1071/pp9910571.
  16. ^ Aisnworth GC (1981). Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23032-2.

External links edit

  • International Society for Plant Pathology
  • American Phytopathological Society
  • British Society for Plant Pathology
  • Index to papers of Smith (1854–1927) who was considered the "father of bacterial plant pathology" and worked for the United States Department of Agriculture for over 40 years.
  • Plant Health Progress, Online journal of applied plant pathology
  • Pacific Northwest Fungi, online mycology journal with papers on fungal plant pathogens
  • New Mexico State University Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science
  • Pathogen Host Interactions Database (PHI-base)
  • Grape Virology
  • Facebook page for Asian Association of Societies for Plant Pathology

April 11, 2024
plant, pathology, journal, plant, pathology, journal, organisms, that, damage, crops, forestry, pest, organism, phytopathology, redirects, here, journal, phytopathology, journal, phytopathology, scientific, study, plant, diseases, caused, pathogens, infectious. For the journal see Plant Pathology journal For organisms that damage crops and forestry see Pest organism Phytopathology redirects here For the journal see Phytopathology journal Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens infectious organisms and environmental conditions physiological factors 1 Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification disease etiology disease cycles economic impact plant disease epidemiology plant disease resistance how plant diseases affect humans and animals pathosystem genetics and management of plant diseases Life cycle of the black rot pathogen the gram negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris Contents 1 Plant pathogenicity 2 Physiological plant disorders 3 Epidemiology 4 Disease resistance 5 Management 5 1 Detection 5 2 Biological 6 History 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksPlant pathogenicity editFurther information Plant disease Plant pathogens organisms that cause infectious plant diseases include fungi oomycetes bacteria viruses viroids virus like organisms phytoplasmas protozoa nematodes and parasitic plants 2 In most plant pathosystems virulence depends on hydrolases and enzymes that degrade the cell wall The vast majority of these act on pectins for example pectinesterase pectate lyase and pectinases For microbes the cell wall polysaccharides are both a food source and a barrier to be overcome Many pathogens grow opportunistically when the host breaks down its own cell walls most often during fruit ripening 3 Unlike human and animal pathology plant pathology usually focuses on a single causal organism however some plant diseases have been shown to be interactions between multiple pathogens 4 To colonize a plant pathogens have specific pathogenicity factors of five main types uses of cell wall degrading enzymes toxins effector proteins phytohormones and exopolysaccharides Cell wall degrading enzymes These are used to break down the plant cell wall in order to release the nutrients inside and include esterases glycosyl hydrolases lyases and oxidoreductases 5 Toxins These can be non host specific which damage all plants or host specific which cause damage only on a host plant Effector proteins These can be secreted by pathogens such as bacteria fungi and oomycetes 6 7 into the extracellular environment or directly into the host cell often via the Type three secretion system Some effectors are known to suppress host defense processes This can include reducing the plant s internal signaling mechanisms or reduction of phytochemicals production 8 Phytohormones are chemicals used by plants for signaling pathogens can produce these to modify plant growth to their own advantage Exopolysaccharides are mostly small chains of sugars that help pathogens to adhere to a plant s surface enabling them to begin the process of infection Physiological plant disorders editMain article Physiological plant disorder Some abiotic disorders can be confused with pathogen induced disorders Abiotic causes include natural processes such as drought frost snow and hail flooding and poor drainage nutrient deficiency deposition of mineral salts such as sodium chloride and gypsum windburn and breakage by storms and wildfires 9 Epidemiology editMain article Plant disease epidemiology nbsp Plant disease triangleEpidemiology is the study of factors affecting the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases 10 A disease triangle describes the basic factors required for plant diseases These are the host plant the pathogen and the environment Any one of these can be modified to control a disease 11 Disease resistance editMain article Plant disease resistance Plant disease resistance is the ability of a plant to prevent and terminate infections from plant pathogens Structures that help plants prevent pathogens from entering are the cuticular layer cell walls and stomata guard cells Once pathogens have overcome these barriers plant receptors initiate signaling pathways to create molecules to compete against the foreign molecules These pathways are influenced and triggered by genes within the host plant and can manipulated by genetic breeding to create resistant varieties 12 Management editFurther information Antagonism phytopathology Detection edit Ancient methods of leaf examination and breaking open plant material by hand are now augmented by newer technologies These include molecular pathology assays such as polymerase chain reaction PCR RT PCR and loop mediated isothermal amplification LAMP 13 Although PCR can detect multiple molecular targets in a single solution there are limits 13 Bertolini et al 2001 Ito et al 2002 and Ragozzino et al 2004 developed PCR methods for multiplexing six or seven plant pathogen molecular products and Persson et al 2005 for multiplexing four with RT PCR 13 More extensive molecular diagnosis requires PCR arrays 13 The primary detection method used worldwide is enzyme linked immunosorbent assay 14 Biological edit Crop rotation is a traditional and sometimes effective means of preventing a parasitic population from becoming well established For example protection against infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens which causes gall diseases in many plants by dipping cuttings in suspensions of Agrobacterium radiobacter before inserting them in the ground to take root 15 History editFurther information Timeline of plant pathology Plant pathology has developed from antiquity starting with Theophrastus in the ancient era but scientific study began in the Early Modern period with the invention of the microscope and developed in the 19th century 16 See also editAmerican Phytopathological Society Australasian Plant Pathology Society British Society for Plant Pathology Forest pathology Gene for gene relationship Global Plant Clinic Glossary of phytopathology Horsfall Barratt scale List of phytopathology journals Microbial inoculant Phytopharmacology Plant disease forecasting StuntingNotes editReferences edit Agrios GN 1972 Plant Pathology 3rd ed Academic Press Nazarov PA Baleev DN Ivanova MI Sokolova LM Karakozova MV 2020 10 27 Infectious Plant Diseases Etiology Current Status Problems and Prospects in Plant Protection Acta Naturae 12 3 46 59 doi 10 32607 actanaturae 11026 PMC 7604890 PMID 33173596 Cantu D Vicente AR Labavitch JM Bennett AB Powell AL November 2008 Strangers in the matrix plant cell walls and pathogen susceptibility Trends in Plant Science 13 11 Cell Press 610 617 doi 10 1016 j tplants 2008 09 002 hdl 11336 148749 PMID 18824396 ARV ORCID 0000 0003 1289 9554 Lamichhane JR Venturi V 2015 Synergisms between microbial pathogens in plant disease complexes a growing trend Frontiers in Plant Science 6 385 385 doi 10 3389 fpls 2015 00385 PMC 4445244 PMID 26074945 Giovannoni M Gramegna G Benedetti M Mattei B 2020 Industrial Use of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes The Fine Line Between Production Strategy and Economic Feasibility Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8 356 doi 10 3389 fbioe 2020 00356 PMC 7200985 PMID 32411686 Davis N September 9 2009 Genome of Irish potato famine pathogen decoded Haas et al Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Retrieved 24 July 2012 1st large scale map of a plant s protein network addresses evolution disease process Dana Farber Cancer Institute July 29 2011 Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 Retrieved 24 July 2012 Ma Winbo March 28 2011 How do plants fight disease Breakthrough research by UC Riverside plant pathologist offers a clue UC Riverside Schutzki R E Cregg B 2007 Abiotic plant disorders Symptoms signs and solutions A diagnostic guide to problem solving PDF Michigan State University Department of Horticulture Michigan State University Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 10 April 2015 American Phytopathological Society American Phytopathological Society Retrieved 2019 03 26 Disease Triangle Oregon State University 25 April 2014 Retrieved 31 December 2023 Andersen EJ Ali S Byamukama E Yen Y Nepal MP July 2018 Disease Resistance Mechanisms in Plants Genes 9 7 339 doi 10 3390 genes9070339 PMC 6071103 PMID 29973557 a b c d Mumford R Boonham N Tomlinson J Barker I 2006 07 13 Advances in molecular phytodiagnostics new solutions for old problems European Journal of Plant Pathology 116 1 European Foundation for Plant Pathology Springer 1 19 Bibcode 2006EJPP 116 1M doi 10 1007 s10658 006 9037 0 PMC 7087944 PMID 32214677 Current and emerging trends in techniques for plant pathogen detection Frontiers in Plant Science Ryder MH Jones DA 1991 10 01 Biological Control of Crown Gall Using Using Agrobacterium Strains K84 and K1026 Functional Plant Biology 18 5 571 579 doi 10 1071 pp9910571 Aisnworth GC 1981 Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 23032 2 External links editInternational Society for Plant Pathology Australasian Plant Pathology Society American Phytopathological Society British Society for Plant Pathology Erwin Frink Smith Papers Index to papers of Smith 1854 1927 who was considered the father of bacterial plant pathology and worked for the United States Department of Agriculture for over 40 years Plant Health Progress Online journal of applied plant pathology Pacific Northwest Fungi online mycology journal with papers on fungal plant pathogens Rothamsted Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department New Mexico State University Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science Pathogen Host Interactions Database PHI base Grape Virology Opportunity in Plant Pathology Facebook page for Asian Association of Societies for Plant Pathology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plant pathology amp oldid 1218201012 Management, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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