Pectinases are a group of enzymes that breaks down pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, through hydrolysis, transelimination and deesterification reactions.[1][2] Commonly referred to as pectic enzymes, they include pectolyase, pectozyme, and polygalacturonase, one of the most studied and widely used[citation needed] commercial pectinases. It is useful because pectin is the jelly-like matrix which helps cement plant cells together and in which other cell wall components, such as cellulose fibrils, are embedded. Therefore, pectinase enzymes are commonly used in processes involving the degradation of plant materials, such as speeding up the extraction of fruit juice from fruit, including apples and sapota. Pectinases have also been used in wine production since the 1960s.[3] The function of pectinase in brewing is twofold, first it helps break down the plant (typically fruit) material and so helps the extraction of flavors from the mash. Secondly the presence of pectin in finished wine causes a haze or slight cloudiness. Pectinase is used to break this down and so clear the wine.
Pectinases can be extracted from fungi such as Aspergillus niger. The fungus produces these enzymes to break down the middle lamella in plants so that it can extract nutrients from the plant tissues and insert fungal hyphae. If pectinase is boiled it is denatured (unfolded) making it harder to connect with the pectin at the active site, and produce as much juice.
Pectinase enzymes are naturally produced by various plants, fungi, yeasts, insects, bacteria and microbes, but cannot be synthesized by animal or human cells.[4] In plants, pectinase enzymes hydrolyze pectin that is found in the cell wall, allowing for new growth and changes to be made. Similarly to their role in plants, pectinases break down pectin during the developmental stage of fungi.
Characterizations
Pectinase enzymes are classified based on how their enzymatic reaction proceeds with various pectic substances (through transelimination or hydrolysis), the preferred substrate (pectin, pectic acid or oligo-n-galacturonate) and if the cleavage that occurs is random or end-wise.[4][5]
Reaction Pathway
Pectinases depolymerize pectin through hydrolysis, trans-elimination and deesterification reaction processes, breaking down the ester bond that holds together the carboxyl and methyl groups in pectin.[4]
Endo-polygalacturonase progresses through a reaction along the following pathway:[6]
All pectinase enzyme structures include a prism-shaped right-handed cylinder made up of seven to nine parallel β-helices. The three parallel β-helices that create the prism shape of the structure are referred to as PB1, PB2 and PB3, with PB1 and PB2 creating an antiparallel β and PB3 sitting perpendicularly to PB2. All substrate binding sites of the various esterases, hydrolases, and lyases are located on an outer cleft of the central parallel β-helix structure between protruding loops on the structure and PB1.[7]
Optimum environment
As with all enzymes, pectinases have an optimum temperature and pH at which they are most active. For example, a commercial pectinase might typically be activated at 45 to 55 °C and work well at a pH of 3.0 to 6.5.[8]
Industrial Uses
Pectinase enzymes play various roles in both the fruit juice and wine industries. They are used for clarification in fruit juices and also speed up fruit juice extraction through enzymatic liquefaction of fruit pulp. In addition, pectinase enzymes aid in formation of pulpy products in the fruit juice industry. Pectinase enzymes are used for extracting juice from purée. This is done when the enzyme pectinase breaks down the substrate pectin and the juice is extracted. The enzyme pectinase lowers the activation energy needed for the juice to be produced and catalyzes the reaction.
Pectinases are useful in the wine industry by extracting anthocyanin from the fruit, effectively intensifying the wine coloring.[9] Pectinase can also be used to extract juices from cell walls of plants cells.
Pectinases are also used for retting in the textile industry.[10] Addition of chelating agents or pretreatment of the plant material with acid enhance the effect of the enzyme.
References
^Sakai T, Sakamoto T, Hallaert J, Vandamme EJ (1993). "Pectin, pectinase and protopectinase: production, properties, and applications". Advances in Applied Microbiology. 39: 213–94. doi:10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70597-5. PMID 8213306.
^. Enzyme India. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
^ abcSaranaj, P; Naidu, M.A. (2014). "Microbial Pectinases: A Review". ResearchGate.
^Sakai T, Sakamoto T, Hallaert J, Vandamme EJ (1993). "Pectin, pectinase and protopectinase: production, properties, and applications". Advances in Applied Microbiology. 39: 213–94. doi:10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70597-5. PMID 8213306.
^"BRENDA - Information on EC 3.2.1.15 - endo-polygalacturonase". brenda-enzymes.org. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
^Gummadi, Sathyanarayana N.; Manoj, N.; Kumar, D. Sunil (2007), Polaina, Julio; MacCabe, Andrew P. (eds.), "Structural and Biochemical Properties of Pectinases", Industrial Enzymes: Structure, Function and Applications, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 99–115, doi:10.1007/1-4020-5377-0_7, ISBN978-1-4020-5377-1, retrieved 2021-10-20
^. Enzyme India. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
^Saranaj, P; Naidu, M.A. (2014). "Microbial Pectinases: A Review". ResearchGate.
^Rebello, Sharrel; Anju, Mohandas; Aneesh, Embalil Mathachan; Sindhu, Raveendran; Binod, Parameswaran; Pandey, Ashok (13 July 2017). "Recent advancement sin the production and application of microbial pectinases: an overview" (PDF). Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 16 (3): 381–394. doi:10.1007/s11157-017-9437-y. S2CID 90607593.
January 21, 2023
pectinase, group, enzymes, that, breaks, down, pectin, polysaccharide, found, plant, cell, walls, through, hydrolysis, transelimination, deesterification, reactions, commonly, referred, pectic, enzymes, they, include, pectolyase, pectozyme, polygalacturonase, . Pectinases are a group of enzymes that breaks down pectin a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls through hydrolysis transelimination and deesterification reactions 1 2 Commonly referred to as pectic enzymes they include pectolyase pectozyme and polygalacturonase one of the most studied and widely used citation needed commercial pectinases It is useful because pectin is the jelly like matrix which helps cement plant cells together and in which other cell wall components such as cellulose fibrils are embedded Therefore pectinase enzymes are commonly used in processes involving the degradation of plant materials such as speeding up the extraction of fruit juice from fruit including apples and sapota Pectinases have also been used in wine production since the 1960s 3 The function of pectinase in brewing is twofold first it helps break down the plant typically fruit material and so helps the extraction of flavors from the mash Secondly the presence of pectin in finished wine causes a haze or slight cloudiness Pectinase is used to break this down and so clear the wine Endopolygalacturonase IIdentifiersOrganismAspergillus nigerSymbolpgaIUniProtP26213Other dataEC number3 2 1 15Search forStructuresSwiss modelDomainsInterProPectinases can be extracted from fungi such as Aspergillus niger The fungus produces these enzymes to break down the middle lamella in plants so that it can extract nutrients from the plant tissues and insert fungal hyphae If pectinase is boiled it is denatured unfolded making it harder to connect with the pectin at the active site and produce as much juice Contents 1 Pectinase in Nature 2 Characterizations 3 Reaction Pathway 4 Crystal Structures 5 Optimum environment 6 Industrial Uses 7 ReferencesPectinase in Nature EditPectinase enzymes are naturally produced by various plants fungi yeasts insects bacteria and microbes but cannot be synthesized by animal or human cells 4 In plants pectinase enzymes hydrolyze pectin that is found in the cell wall allowing for new growth and changes to be made Similarly to their role in plants pectinases break down pectin during the developmental stage of fungi Characterizations EditPectinase enzymes are classified based on how their enzymatic reaction proceeds with various pectic substances through transelimination or hydrolysis the preferred substrate pectin pectic acid or oligo n galacturonate and if the cleavage that occurs is random or end wise 4 5 Reaction Pathway EditPectinases depolymerize pectin through hydrolysis trans elimination and deesterification reaction processes breaking down the ester bond that holds together the carboxyl and methyl groups in pectin 4 Endo polygalacturonase progresses through a reaction along the following pathway 6 1 4 alpha D galacturonosyl n m H2O 1 4 alpha D galacturonosyl n 1 4 alpha D galacturonosyl mCrystal Structures EditAll pectinase enzyme structures include a prism shaped right handed cylinder made up of seven to nine parallel b helices The three parallel b helices that create the prism shape of the structure are referred to as PB1 PB2 and PB3 with PB1 and PB2 creating an antiparallel b and PB3 sitting perpendicularly to PB2 All substrate binding sites of the various esterases hydrolases and lyases are located on an outer cleft of the central parallel b helix structure between protruding loops on the structure and PB1 7 Optimum environment EditAs with all enzymes pectinases have an optimum temperature and pH at which they are most active For example a commercial pectinase might typically be activated at 45 to 55 C and work well at a pH of 3 0 to 6 5 8 Industrial Uses EditPectinase enzymes play various roles in both the fruit juice and wine industries They are used for clarification in fruit juices and also speed up fruit juice extraction through enzymatic liquefaction of fruit pulp In addition pectinase enzymes aid in formation of pulpy products in the fruit juice industry Pectinase enzymes are used for extracting juice from puree This is done when the enzyme pectinase breaks down the substrate pectin and the juice is extracted The enzyme pectinase lowers the activation energy needed for the juice to be produced and catalyzes the reaction Pectinases are useful in the wine industry by extracting anthocyanin from the fruit effectively intensifying the wine coloring 9 Pectinase can also be used to extract juices from cell walls of plants cells Pectinases are also used for retting in the textile industry 10 Addition of chelating agents or pretreatment of the plant material with acid enhance the effect of the enzyme References Edit Sakai T Sakamoto T Hallaert J Vandamme EJ 1993 Pectin pectinase and protopectinase production properties and applications Advances in Applied Microbiology 39 213 94 doi 10 1016 s0065 2164 08 70597 5 PMID 8213306 Singh Ram Sarup Singh Taranjeet Pandey Ashok 2019 01 01 Singh Ram Sarup Singhania Reeta Rani Pandey Ashok Larroche Christian eds Chapter 1 Microbial Enzymes An Overview Advances in Enzyme Technology Biomass Biofuels Biochemicals Elsevier pp 1 40 ISBN 978 0 444 64114 4 retrieved 2021 10 20 Pectinase Enzyme India Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 Retrieved 26 March 2010 a b c Saranaj P Naidu M A 2014 Microbial Pectinases A Review ResearchGate Sakai T Sakamoto T Hallaert J Vandamme EJ 1993 Pectin pectinase and protopectinase production properties and applications Advances in Applied Microbiology 39 213 94 doi 10 1016 s0065 2164 08 70597 5 PMID 8213306 BRENDA Information on EC 3 2 1 15 endo polygalacturonase brenda enzymes org Retrieved 2021 10 20 Gummadi Sathyanarayana N Manoj N Kumar D Sunil 2007 Polaina Julio MacCabe Andrew P eds Structural and Biochemical Properties of Pectinases Industrial Enzymes Structure Function and Applications Dordrecht Springer Netherlands pp 99 115 doi 10 1007 1 4020 5377 0 7 ISBN 978 1 4020 5377 1 retrieved 2021 10 20 Pectinase Enzyme India Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 Retrieved 26 March 2010 Saranaj P Naidu M A 2014 Microbial Pectinases A Review ResearchGate Rebello Sharrel Anju Mohandas Aneesh Embalil Mathachan Sindhu Raveendran Binod Parameswaran Pandey Ashok 13 July 2017 Recent advancement sin the production and application of microbial pectinases an overview PDF Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio Technology 16 3 381 394 doi 10 1007 s11157 017 9437 y S2CID 90607593 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pectinase amp oldid 1072501639, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
