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Phycology

February 16, 2024

Not to be confused with Psychology.

Phycology (from Ancient Greek φῦκος (phûkos) 'seaweed', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of algae. Also known as algology, phycology is a branch of life science.

Kelp in Hazards Bay, Freycinet National Park, Tasmania, Australia

Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are distinguished from the higher plants by a lack of true roots, stems or leaves. They do not produce flowers. Many species are single-celled and microscopic (including phytoplankton and other microalgae); many others are multicellular to one degree or another, some of these growing to large size (for example, seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum).

Phycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in lichens.

Phycologists typically focus on either freshwater or ocean algae, and further within those areas, either diatoms or soft algae.

History of phycology edit

Main article: History of phycology

While both the ancient Greeks and Romans knew of algae, and the ancient Chinese[1] even cultivated certain varieties as food, the scientific study of algae began in the late 18th century with the description and naming of Fucus maximus (now Ecklonia maxima) in 1757 by Pehr Osbeck. This was followed by the descriptive work of scholars such as Dawson Turner and Carl Adolph Agardh, but it was not until later in the 19th century that efforts were made by J.V. Lamouroux and William Henry Harvey to create significant groupings within the algae. Harvey has been called "the father of modern phycology"[2] in part for his division of the algae into four major divisions based upon their pigmentation.

It was in the late 19th and early 20th century, that phycology became a recognized field of its own. Men such as Friedrich Traugott Kützing continued the descriptive work. In Japan, beginning in 1889, Kintarô Okamura not only provided detailed descriptions of Japanese coastal algae, he also provided comprehensive analysis of their distribution.[3] Although R. K. Greville published his Algae Britannicae as early as 1830, it was not until 1902 with the publication of A Catalogue of the British Marine Algae[4] by Edward Arthur Lionel Batters that the systematic correlation of records, extensive distribution mapping and the development of identification keys began in earnest. In 1899-1900, Anna Weber-Van Bosse, a Dutch Phycologist travelled on the Siboga expedition and later in 1904, published The Corallinaceae of the Siboga-expedition.[5]

As early as 1803 Jean Pierre Étienne Vaucher had published on the isogamy (sexual conjugation) in the algae, but it was in the early 20th century that reproduction and development began to be extensively studied. The 1935 and 1945 comprehensive volumes of Felix Eugen Fritsch consolidated what was then known about the morphology and reproduction of the algae. This was followed in the 1950s by the development of area checklists, led by Mary Parke with her 1931 Manx Algae and followed in 1953 by her "A preliminary check-list of British marine algae"[6] Although Lily Newton's 1931 Handbook[7] provided the first identification key for the algae of the British Isles, it was the 1960s before the development of such keys became routine. The 1980s with the new emphasis on ecology[8] saw increased study of algal communities, and the place of algae in larger plant communities, and provided an additional tool for explaining geographical variation.[9][10]

The continent with the richest diversity of seaweeds is Australia, which has 2,000 species.[11]

Notable phycologists edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Porterfield, William M. (1922) "References to the algae in the Chinese classics" Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49: pp. 297–300
  2. ^ "About Phycology" Lance Armstrong Foundation
  3. ^ Tokida, Jun and Hirose, Hiroyuki (1975) Advance of Phycology in Japan Junk, The Hague, Netherlands, page 241, ISBN 90-6193-026-X
  4. ^ Batters, Edward Arthur Lionel (1902) A catalogue of the British Marine Algae being a list of all the species of seaweeds known to occur on the shores of the British Islands, with the localities where they are found Newman, London, OCLC 600805992, published as a supplement to Journal of Botany, British and Foreign
  5. ^ Weber-Van Bosse, A.; Foslie, M. (1904). The Corallinaceae of the Siboga-expedition. F. J. Brill.
  6. ^ Parke, Mary W. (1953) "A preliminary check-list of British marine algae" 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 32(2): pp. 497–520; revised and corrected through the third revision of 1976
  7. ^ Newton, Lily (1931) A Handbook of the British Seaweeds British Museum, London
  8. ^ Walter, Heinrich and Breckle, Siegmar-Walter (1983) Ökologie der Erde: : Geo-Biosphäre: Band 1, Ökologische Grundlagen in globaler Sicht (Ecology of the Earth: the geobiosphere: Volume 1, Ecological principles in a global perspective) Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany, ISBN 3-437-20297-9; in German
  9. ^ Stevenson, R. Jan; Bothwell, Max L. and Lowe, Rex L. (1996) Algal ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems Academic Press, San Diego, California, page 23, ISBN 0-12-668450-2
  10. ^ Figueiras, F. G.; Picher, G. C. and Estrada, M. (2008) "Chapter 10: Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics in Relation to Physical Processes" page 130 In Granéli, E. and Turner, J. T. (2008) Ecology of Harmful Algae Springer, Berlin, pp. 127–138, ISBN 3-540-74009-0
  11. ^ . Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2014.

External links edit

  • Algae: The World's Most Important "Plants" video lecture by Russell Chapman from 2006.
  • British Phycological Society
  • International Phycological Society
  • Algological Studies is an international journal of phycology which publishes peer reviewed scientific papers of international significance from the entire field of algology (phycology)
  • AlgaeBase
  • Seaweed Site
  • ANSP Phycology Section

February 16, 2024
phycology, confused, with, psychology, from, ancient, greek, φῦκος, phûkos, seaweed, λογία, logía, study, scientific, study, algae, also, known, algology, phycology, branch, life, science, kelp, hazards, freycinet, national, park, tasmania, australiaalgae, imp. Not to be confused with Psychology Phycology from Ancient Greek fῦkos phukos seaweed and logia logia study of is the scientific study of algae Also known as algology phycology is a branch of life science Kelp in Hazards Bay Freycinet National Park Tasmania AustraliaAlgae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems Most algae are eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment They are distinguished from the higher plants by a lack of true roots stems or leaves They do not produce flowers Many species are single celled and microscopic including phytoplankton and other microalgae many others are multicellular to one degree or another some of these growing to large size for example seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum Phycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue green algae or cyanobacteria A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in lichens Phycologists typically focus on either freshwater or ocean algae and further within those areas either diatoms or soft algae Contents 1 History of phycology 2 Notable phycologists 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory of phycology editMain article History of phycology While both the ancient Greeks and Romans knew of algae and the ancient Chinese 1 even cultivated certain varieties as food the scientific study of algae began in the late 18th century with the description and naming of Fucus maximus now Ecklonia maxima in 1757 by Pehr Osbeck This was followed by the descriptive work of scholars such as Dawson Turner and Carl Adolph Agardh but it was not until later in the 19th century that efforts were made by J V Lamouroux and William Henry Harvey to create significant groupings within the algae Harvey has been called the father of modern phycology 2 in part for his division of the algae into four major divisions based upon their pigmentation It was in the late 19th and early 20th century that phycology became a recognized field of its own Men such as Friedrich Traugott Kutzing continued the descriptive work In Japan beginning in 1889 Kintaro Okamura not only provided detailed descriptions of Japanese coastal algae he also provided comprehensive analysis of their distribution 3 Although R K Greville published his Algae Britannicae as early as 1830 it was not until 1902 with the publication of A Catalogue of the British Marine Algae 4 by Edward Arthur Lionel Batters that the systematic correlation of records extensive distribution mapping and the development of identification keys began in earnest In 1899 1900 Anna Weber Van Bosse a Dutch Phycologist travelled on the Siboga expedition and later in 1904 published The Corallinaceae of the Siboga expedition 5 As early as 1803 Jean Pierre Etienne Vaucher had published on the isogamy sexual conjugation in the algae but it was in the early 20th century that reproduction and development began to be extensively studied The 1935 and 1945 comprehensive volumes of Felix Eugen Fritsch consolidated what was then known about the morphology and reproduction of the algae This was followed in the 1950s by the development of area checklists led by Mary Parke with her 1931 Manx Algae and followed in 1953 by her A preliminary check list of British marine algae 6 Although Lily Newton s 1931 Handbook 7 provided the first identification key for the algae of the British Isles it was the 1960s before the development of such keys became routine The 1980s with the new emphasis on ecology 8 saw increased study of algal communities and the place of algae in larger plant communities and provided an additional tool for explaining geographical variation 9 10 The continent with the richest diversity of seaweeds is Australia which has 2 000 species 11 Notable phycologists editIsabella Abbott 1919 2010 Carl Adolph Agardh 1785 1859 Jacob Georg Agardh 1813 1901 M S Balakrishnan 1917 1990 Elsie M Burrows 1913 1986 Margaret Constance Helen Blackler 1902 1981 Elsie Conway 1902 1992 President of the British Phycological Society 1965 1967 E Yale Dawson 1918 1966 Giovanni Battista de Toni 1864 1924 Kathleen Mary Drew Baker 1901 1957 Sylvia Alice Earle 1935 Nathaniel Lyon Gardner 1864 1937 Robert Kaye Greville 1794 1866 Michael D Guiry 1949 Lena Tracy Hanks 1879 1944 M O P Iyengar 1886 1986 Eifion Jones 1925 2004 Vasudeva Krishnamurthy 1921 2014 Friedrich Traugott Kutzing 1807 1893 Marie Lemoine 1887 1984 Diane S Littler 1945 Hans Christian Lyngbye 1782 1837 Carola Ivena Meikle 1900 1970 Irene Manton 1904 1988 Valerie May 1916 2007 Carl Nageli 1817 1891 Lily Newton 1893 1981 Friedrich Oltmanns 1860 1945 William J Oswald 1919 2005 Mary Parke 1908 1989 Franz Josef Ruprecht 1814 1870 William Albert Setchell 1864 1943 Paul Silva 1922 2014 Gilbert Morgan Smith 1885 1959 John Stackhouse 1742 1819 William Randolph Taylor 1895 1990 Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint Leon 1818 1897 Gavino Trono 1931 Filipino marine biologist noted for research on seaweeds Mairin de Valera 1912 1984 Anna Weber van Bosse 1852 1942 George Stephen West 1876 1919 William West 1848 1914 William West Jr 1875 1901 Carl Ludwig Willdenow 1765 1812 See also editAlgaculture Aquaculture involving the farming of algae Algae fuel Use of algae as a source of energy rich oils History of phycology History of the scientific study of algae Paleophycology Study and identification of fossil algae Phycological Society of America Professional society for the advancement the study of algaeReferences edit Porterfield William M 1922 References to the algae in the Chinese classics Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49 pp 297 300 About Phycology Lance Armstrong Foundation Tokida Jun and Hirose Hiroyuki 1975 Advance of Phycology in Japan Junk The Hague Netherlands page 241 ISBN 90 6193 026 X Batters Edward Arthur Lionel 1902 A catalogue of the British Marine Algae being a list of all the species of seaweeds known to occur on the shores of the British Islands with the localities where they are found Newman London OCLC 600805992 published as a supplement to Journal of Botany British and Foreign Weber Van Bosse A Foslie M 1904 The Corallinaceae of the Siboga expedition F J Brill Parke Mary W 1953 A preliminary check list of British marine algae Archived 2011 08 26 at the Wayback Machine Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 32 2 pp 497 520 revised and corrected through the third revision of 1976 Newton Lily 1931 A Handbook of the British Seaweeds British Museum London Walter Heinrich and Breckle Siegmar Walter 1983 Okologie der Erde Geo Biosphare Band 1 Okologische Grundlagen in globaler Sicht Ecology of the Earth the geobiosphere Volume 1 Ecological principles in a global perspective Fischer Stuttgart Germany ISBN 3 437 20297 9 in German Stevenson R Jan Bothwell Max L and Lowe Rex L 1996 Algal ecology freshwater benthic ecosystems Academic Press San Diego California page 23 ISBN 0 12 668450 2 Figueiras F G Picher G C and Estrada M 2008 Chapter 10 Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics in Relation to Physical Processes page 130 In Graneli E and Turner J T 2008 Ecology of Harmful Algae Springer Berlin pp 127 138 ISBN 3 540 74009 0 Marine algae Royal Botanic Gardens amp Domain Trust Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 Retrieved 21 September 2014 External links editAlgae The World s Most Important Plants video lecture by Russell Chapman from 2006 British Phycological Society International Phycological Society Algological Studies is an international journal of phycology which publishes peer reviewed scientific papers of international significance from the entire field of algology phycology AlgaeBase Seaweed Site ANSP Phycology Section Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Phycology amp oldid 1178900233, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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