Philippa Fawcett
Philippa Garrett Fawcett (4 April 1868 – 10 June 1948) was an English mathematician and educationalist. She was the first woman to obtain the top score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams. She taught at Newnham College, Cambridge, and at the normal school (teacher training college) in Johannesburg, and she became an administrator for the London County Council.
Philippa Fawcett | |
|---|---|
Fawcett in 1891 | |
| Born | Philippa Garrett Fawcett 4 April 1868 Pimlico, England |
| Died | 10 June 1948 (aged 80) |
| Alma mater | Newnham College, Cambridge & Bedford College, London |
| Known for | First woman ranked "above Senior Wrangler" |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | London County Council |
| Academic advisors | Ernest William Hobson |
Family
Philippa Garrett Fawcett was born on 4 April 1868,[1] the daughter of the suffragist Millicent Fawcett (née Garrett) and Henry Fawcett MP, Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge and Postmaster General in Gladstone's second government.[citation needed] Her aunt was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, the first English female doctor. When her father died, she and her mother went to live with Millicent's sister Agnes Garrett, who had set up an interior design business on Gower Street, Bloomsbury.[2]
Education
Philippa Fawcett was educated at Bedford College, London[3] (now Royal Holloway) and Newnham College, Cambridge which had been co-founded by her mother.
In 1890, she became the first woman to obtain the top score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams. The results were highly publicised, with the top scorers receiving great acclaim. Her score was 13% higher than the second highest, but she did not receive the title of Senior Wrangler (Geoffrey T. Bennett in 1890), as only men were then ranked and women were listed separately. Women had been allowed to take the Tripos since 1880, after Charlotte Angas Scott was unofficially ranked as eighth wrangler. When the women's list was announced, Fawcett was described as "above the senior wrangler". No woman was officially awarded the first position until Ruth Hendry in 1992.[citation needed]
An anonymous poem written in 1890 paying tribute to Fawcett's great achievement climaxes with the following two stanzas, mentioning the other respected mathematicians Arthur Cayley and George Salmon:[4]
Curve and angle let her con and
Parallelopipedon and
Parallelogram
Few can equal, none can beat her
At eliminating theta
By the river Cam.
May she increase in knowledge daily
Till the great Professor Cayley
Owns himself surpassed
Till the great Professor Salmon
Votes his own achievements gammon
And admires aghast.
Coming amidst the women's suffrage movement, Fawcett's feat gathered worldwide media coverage, spurring much discussion about women's capacities and rights. The lead story in the Telegraph the following day said:
Once again has woman demonstrated her superiority in the face of an incredulous and somewhat unsympathetic world... And now the last trench has been carried by Amazonian assault, and the whole citadel of learning lies open and defenceless before the victorious students of Newnham and Girton. There is no longer any field of learning in which the lady student does not excel.[5]
Career
Following Fawcett's achievement in the Tripos, she won the Marion Kennedy scholarship at Cambridge[6] through which she conducted research in fluid dynamics. Her published papers include "Note on the Motion of Solids in a Liquid".[7] She was appointed a college lecturer in mathematics at Newnham College, a position she held for 10 years.[8] In this capacity, her teaching abilities received considerable praise. One student wrote:
What I remember most vividly of Miss Fawcett's coaching was her concentration, speed, and infectious delight in what she was teaching. She was ruthless towards mistakes and carelessness... My deepest debt to her is a sense of the unity of all truth, from the smallest detail to the highest that we know[9]
Fawcett left Cambridge in 1902, when she was appointed as a lecturer to train mathematics teachers at the Normal School (teacher training college) in Johannesburg, then in Transvaal Colony,[10] now part of the University of Pretoria, South Africa. She remained there, setting up schools throughout the country, until 1905, when she returned to Britain to take a position in the administration of education for London County Council. At the LCC, in her work developing secondary schools, she attained a high rank. Denied a Cambridge degree by reason of her sex, she was one of the steamboat ladies who travelled to Ireland between 1904 and 1907 to receive an ad eundem University of Dublin degree at Trinity College.[11]
Fawcett maintained strong links with Newnham College throughout her life. The Fawcett building (1938) was named in recognition of her contribution to the college, and that of her family. She died on 10 June 1948, two months after her 80th birthday, a month after the Grace that allowed women to be awarded the Cambridge BA degree received royal assent (see women's education at the University of Cambridge).[12]
Legacy
The Philippa Fawcett Internship Programme is a summer research program at the Centre for Mathematical Sciences in the University of Cambridge. It received its first group of interns in 2020.[13]
On the University of Cambridge's West Cambridge site, there exists Philippa Fawcett Drive, alongside roads named after other notable contributors to STEM subjects, such as Ada Lovelace, Charles Babbage, and J. J. Thomson.[14]
See also
- Sarah Woodhead, the first woman to attempt, and to pass, the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exam
- Timeline of women in mathematics
- Timeline of women in science
References
- ^ "Fawcett, Philippa Garrett". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39169. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Crawford, Elizabeth. "Spirited Women of Gower Street: The Garretts and their Circle" (PDF). Bloomsbury Project. University College London. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ Ashton, Rosemary (13 November 2012). Victorian Bloomsbury by Rosemary Ashton. ISBN 9780300154474. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^ "Philippa Garrett Fawcett". www.agnesscott.edu. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ Series, Caroline. "And what became of the women?", Mathematical Spectrum, Vol. 30 (1997/8), 49-52
- ^ Marion Kennedy, Newnham College, Retrieved 22 June 2017
- ^ Fawcett, Philippa (1893). "Note on the Motion of Solids in a Liquid". Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 26: 231–258. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ "Philippa Fawcett", Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Agnes Scott College
- ^ Newnham College Roll Letter, February 1949, 46-54. Newnham College Archives.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2014.
- ^ Parkes, Susan M. "Steamboat ladies (act. 1904–1907)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Stephen Siklos, official Newnham biography of Philippa Fawcett, 2004.
- ^ "Philippa Fawcett Internship Programme | Philippa Fawcett Internship Programme". www.maths.cam.ac.uk.
- ^ "West Cambridge Site: Map of the University of Cambridge". map.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
Further reading
- "Philippa Fawcett", Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Agnes Scott College
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Philippa Fawcett", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
- Rita McWilliams Tullberg, "Philippa Fawcett," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- "Philippa Fawcett and the Mathematical Tripos", S.T.C. Siklos, Published 1990
External links
- The Woman Who Bested the Men at Math
- Philippa Fawcett
- Portrait of Phillipa Fawcett at William Morris Gallery