The history of Ottoman–Safavid relations (Persian: روابط عثمانی و صفوی) started with the establishment of Safavid dynasty in Persia (Iran) in the early 16th century. The initial Ottoman–Safavid conflict culminated in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, and was followed by a century of border confrontation. In 1639, Safavid Persia and Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Zuhab which recognized Iraq in Ottoman control, and decisively parted the Caucasus in two between the two empires. For most of it, the Zuhab treaty was a consolidation of the Peace of Amasya of about a century earlier.[1]
Persian and Ottoman Empire in 1661
Until the 18th century, the struggle between the Safavid version of Shia Islam and the Ottoman Turkish version of Sunni Islam had continued to remain an important dimension of the combative relationships between the two major empires.[2] In the early 18th century, Persian–Ottoman peace negotiations introduced a new concept of inter-Muslim relations whereby sovereign states could co-exist as autonomous parts of the Islamic world community.[3] Although the further relations were guided by the mutual fear of weakness and distrust, it wasn't until 1847 when Qajar Persia and Ottoman Empire reached a substantial peace Treaty of Erzurum, starting a century of peace,[2] after centuries of rivalry.
Islam played an especially important role in defining the Ottoman–Safavid relationship. Both the Safavids and Ottomans relied on ties to Islam to help justify their individual rules. However, Islamic law prevents war of Muslims against each other, unless a religious need arises to enforce a sacred law or to check transgressions against it.[4] Thus, for one power to wage war against the other, he would have to justify the action religiously. Selim I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire in the early 1500s, looked for such justification. Religious scholars and officials in the Ottoman Empire quickly labeled Shah Ismail, and by extension his followers, a threat to Islam for the teachings they saw as heretical. As a result, Selim I ordered the execution of any sympathizers of Shah Ismail both in Constantinople and throughout Ottoman lands.[5]
Safavid threat in the Ottoman Empire
Map of the Safavid Iran. The area of Mesopotamia, permanently lost to the Ottomans in 1639 is shaded.
The severity with which Selim I addressed the Safavid Empire reflected the threat that he felt emerging within the Ottoman borders. In 1507, Shah Ismail raided Anatolia, revealing the beginnings of the threat that the newly emerging Safavid Empire represented. Uprisings in Anatolia by followers of the Shi’a sect in the Shahkulu Uprising in 1511 solidified Selim's fear of internal rebellion.[5] The uprisings and Shi’a culture retained influence from Shah Ismail and the Safavids. He embraced the same rhetoric used against the Safavids send military force to crush the rebellion.
Trade embargoes
The Ottomans used trade embargoes consistently against the Safavid Empire as a way to assert dominance over their Eastern rival. The decisive Ottoman victory over the Safavids at Chaldiran in 1514 led to Ottoman rule in Asia Minor.[6] In conjunction with invasions of Safavid lands and the capture of Baghdad, Selim I began restricting trade routes for Safavid silk traders and arresting anyone who entered the Ottoman Empire from the Safavid Empire. The restriction of trade and arrests of intellectuals associated with the Safavids were only reversed under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent. Embargoes were also used in 1603, when the rise of Safavid power in the East once again became a worrisome threat, but the embargoes were not as successful as those embraced by Selim I.[7] Safavid trade with European markets via Russia and the Caucasus often negated the blockade of trade routes through the Ottoman Empire.[8]
^Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (10 November 2004). Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. ISBN978-1-135-79837-6. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
^ abCalabrese, John (1998). "Turkey and Iran: Limits of a Stable Relationship". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 25 (1): 75–94. doi:10.1080/13530199808705655. JSTOR 195848. ProQuest 205385192.
^Tucker, Ernest (1996). "The Peace Negotiations of 1736: A conceptual turning point in Ottoman-Iranian relations". Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 20 (1): 16–37. JSTOR 43384524.
^Finkel, Caroline (2007). Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Basic Books. p. 104.
^ abHess, Andrew C. (1973). "The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1517) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth-Century World War". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 4 (1): 55–76. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027276. JSTOR 162225.
^Labib, Subhi (1979). "The Era of Suleyman the Magnificent: Crisis of Orientation". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 10 (4): 435–451. doi:10.1017/S002074380005128X. JSTOR 162212.
^Riedlmayer, Andräs (1981). "Ottoman-Safavid Relations and the Anatolian Trade Routes: 1603-1618". Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 5 (1): 7–10. JSTOR 43385090.
Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587-1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
Güngörürler, Selim (2018). "Fundamentals of Ottoman-Safavid Peacetime Relations, 1639–1722". Turkish Historical Review. 9 (2): 151–197. doi:10.1163/18775462-00902002. S2CID 149466670.
External links
OTTOMAN-PERSIAN RELATIONS i. UNDER SULTAN SELIM I AND SHAH ESMĀʿIL I (Encyclopædia Iranica)
January 18, 2023
ottoman, safavid, relations, history, persian, روابط, عثمانی, صفوی, started, with, establishment, safavid, dynasty, persia, iran, early, 16th, century, initial, ottoman, safavid, conflict, culminated, battle, chaldiran, 1514, followed, century, border, confron. The history of Ottoman Safavid relations Persian روابط عثمانی و صفوی started with the establishment of Safavid dynasty in Persia Iran in the early 16th century The initial Ottoman Safavid conflict culminated in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 and was followed by a century of border confrontation In 1639 Safavid Persia and Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Zuhab which recognized Iraq in Ottoman control and decisively parted the Caucasus in two between the two empires For most of it the Zuhab treaty was a consolidation of the Peace of Amasya of about a century earlier 1 Persian and Ottoman Empire in 1661 Until the 18th century the struggle between the Safavid version of Shia Islam and the Ottoman Turkish version of Sunni Islam had continued to remain an important dimension of the combative relationships between the two major empires 2 In the early 18th century Persian Ottoman peace negotiations introduced a new concept of inter Muslim relations whereby sovereign states could co exist as autonomous parts of the Islamic world community 3 Although the further relations were guided by the mutual fear of weakness and distrust it wasn t until 1847 when Qajar Persia and Ottoman Empire reached a substantial peace Treaty of Erzurum starting a century of peace 2 after centuries of rivalry Contents 1 Emergence of a rivalry 16th century 1 1 Role of religion 1 2 Safavid threat in the Ottoman Empire 1 3 Trade embargoes 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksEmergence of a rivalry 16th century EditRole of religion Edit Islam played an especially important role in defining the Ottoman Safavid relationship Both the Safavids and Ottomans relied on ties to Islam to help justify their individual rules However Islamic law prevents war of Muslims against each other unless a religious need arises to enforce a sacred law or to check transgressions against it 4 Thus for one power to wage war against the other he would have to justify the action religiously Selim I sultan of the Ottoman Empire in the early 1500s looked for such justification Religious scholars and officials in the Ottoman Empire quickly labeled Shah Ismail and by extension his followers a threat to Islam for the teachings they saw as heretical As a result Selim I ordered the execution of any sympathizers of Shah Ismail both in Constantinople and throughout Ottoman lands 5 Safavid threat in the Ottoman Empire Edit Map of the Safavid Iran The area of Mesopotamia permanently lost to the Ottomans in 1639 is shaded The severity with which Selim I addressed the Safavid Empire reflected the threat that he felt emerging within the Ottoman borders In 1507 Shah Ismail raided Anatolia revealing the beginnings of the threat that the newly emerging Safavid Empire represented Uprisings in Anatolia by followers of the Shi a sect in the Shahkulu Uprising in 1511 solidified Selim s fear of internal rebellion 5 The uprisings and Shi a culture retained influence from Shah Ismail and the Safavids He embraced the same rhetoric used against the Safavids send military force to crush the rebellion Trade embargoes Edit The Ottomans used trade embargoes consistently against the Safavid Empire as a way to assert dominance over their Eastern rival The decisive Ottoman victory over the Safavids at Chaldiran in 1514 led to Ottoman rule in Asia Minor 6 In conjunction with invasions of Safavid lands and the capture of Baghdad Selim I began restricting trade routes for Safavid silk traders and arresting anyone who entered the Ottoman Empire from the Safavid Empire The restriction of trade and arrests of intellectuals associated with the Safavids were only reversed under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent Embargoes were also used in 1603 when the rise of Safavid power in the East once again became a worrisome threat but the embargoes were not as successful as those embraced by Selim I 7 Safavid trade with European markets via Russia and the Caucasus often negated the blockade of trade routes through the Ottoman Empire 8 See also EditOttoman Persian Wars Iran Turkey relations Shia Sunni relations Habsburg Persian allianceReferences Edit Herzig Edmund Kurkchiyan Marina 10 November 2004 Armenians Past and Present in the Making of National Identity ISBN 978 1 135 79837 6 Retrieved 30 December 2014 a b Calabrese John 1998 Turkey and Iran Limits of a Stable Relationship British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 25 1 75 94 doi 10 1080 13530199808705655 JSTOR 195848 ProQuest 205385192 Tucker Ernest 1996 The Peace Negotiations of 1736 A conceptual turning point in Ottoman Iranian relations Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 20 1 16 37 JSTOR 43384524 Finkel Caroline 2007 Osman s Dream The History of the Ottoman Empire New York Basic Books p 104 a b Hess Andrew C 1973 The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt 1517 and the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century World War International Journal of Middle East Studies 4 1 55 76 doi 10 1017 S0020743800027276 JSTOR 162225 Labib Subhi 1979 The Era of Suleyman the Magnificent Crisis of Orientation International Journal of Middle East Studies 10 4 435 451 doi 10 1017 S002074380005128X JSTOR 162212 Riedlmayer Andras 1981 Ottoman Safavid Relations and the Anatolian Trade Routes 1603 1618 Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 5 1 7 10 JSTOR 43385090 Relations between Tehran and Moscow 1979 2014 self published source Further reading EditYves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi Shah Abbas Emperor of Persia 1587 1629 2017 ed Ketab Corporation Los Angeles ISBN 978 1595845672 English translation by Azizeh Azodi Gungorurler Selim 2018 Fundamentals of Ottoman Safavid Peacetime Relations 1639 1722 Turkish Historical Review 9 2 151 197 doi 10 1163 18775462 00902002 S2CID 149466670 External links EditOTTOMAN PERSIAN RELATIONS i UNDER SULTAN SELIM I AND SHAH ESMAʿIL I Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ottoman Safavid relations amp oldid 1112594516, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
