Perentie
The perentie (Varanus giganteus) is a type of Monitor lizard. It is one of the largest living lizards on earth, after the Komodo dragon, Asian water monitor, and the Crocodile monitor.[3][4] Found west of the Great Dividing Range in the arid areas of Australia, it is rarely seen, because of its shyness and the remoteness of much of its range from human habitation. The species is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
| Perentie | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Varanidae |
| Genus: | Varanus |
| Subgenus: | Varanus |
| Species: | V. giganteus |
| Binomial name | |
| Varanus giganteus (Gray, 1845) | |
| Distribution of the perentie | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| Hydrosaurus giganteus, Gray | |
Its status in many Aboriginal cultures is evident in the totemic relationships, and part of the Ngiṉṯaka dreaming, as well as bush tucker. It was a favoured food item among desert Aboriginal tribes, and the fat was used for medicinal and ceremonial purposes.
Taxonomy edit
British zoologist John Edward Gray described the perentie in 1845 as Hydrosaurus giganteus, calling it the "gigantic water lizard".[5] George Albert Boulenger moved it to the genus Varanus.[6]
Within the monitor genus Varanus, it lies within the subgenus Varanus. Its closest relatives belong to a lineage that gave rise to the sand goanna and the Argus monitor.
Description edit
Perenties are the largest living species of lizard in Australia. Perenties can grow to lengths of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and weigh up to 20 kg (44 lb), possibly up to 3 m (9 ft 10 in) and 40 kg (88 lb), making it the fourth-largest extant species of lizard (exceeded in size only by the Komodo dragon, Asian water monitor and Crocodile monitor).[7][8][9] However, perenties are very lean among large monitors, making it significantly less bulky than the Rock monitor at a similar size.
Venom edit
In late 2005, University of Melbourne researchers discovered that all monitors may be somewhat venomous. Previously, bites inflicted by monitors were thought to be prone to infection because of bacteria in their mouths, but the researchers showed that the immediate effects are caused by mild envenomation. Bites on the hand by Komodo dragons (V. komodensis), perenties (V. giganteus), lace monitors (V. varius), and spotted tree monitors (V. scalaris) have been observed to cause swelling within minutes, localised disruption of blood clotting, and shooting pain up to the elbow, which can often last for several hours.[10]
University of Washington biologist Kenneth V. Kardong and toxicologists Scott A. Weinstein and Tamara L. Smith have argued that the suggestion of venom glands "... has had the effect of underestimating the variety of complex roles played by oral secretions in the biology of reptiles, produced a very narrow view of oral secretions and resulted in misinterpretation of reptilian evolution". According to the scientists "... reptilian oral secretions contribute to many biological roles other than to quickly dispatch prey". They concluded, "Calling all in this clade venomous implies an overall potential danger that does not exist, misleads in the assessment of medical risks, and confuses the biological assessment of squamate biochemical systems".[11]
Distribution and habitat edit
Perenties are found in the arid desert areas of Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory, and Queensland. Their habitats consist of rocky outcroppings and gorges, with hard-packed soil and loose stones.
Behaviour and ecology edit
Perenties generally avoid human contact and often retreat before they are seen. Being able diggers, they can excavate a burrow for shelter in only minutes. Their long claws enable them to easily climb trees. They often stand on their back legs and tails to gain a better view of the surrounding terrain. This behaviour, known as "tripoding", is quite common in monitor species. Perenties are fast sprinters, and can run using either all four legs or just their hind legs.
Typical of most goannas, the perentie either freezes (lying flat on the ground, and remaining very still until the danger has passed) or runs if detected. If cornered, this powerful carnivore stands its ground and uses its arsenal of claws, teeth, and whip-like tail to defend itself. It can inflate its throat and hiss as a defensive or aggressive display, and can strike at opponents with its muscular tail. It may also lunge forward with an open mouth, either as a bluff or as an attack. The bite of a perentie can do much damage, not only from the teeth, but also because of the oral secretions.
Feeding edit
The perenties are apex predators that do not have natural predators in their range.[12] They are highly active carnivores that feed on mostly reptiles, small mammals, and less commonly birds such as diamond doves.[13] They hunt live prey, but also scavenge carrion. Reptilian prey includes mostly lizards (such as skinks and agamids) and more seldom snakes, but this species also displays a notable example of intraguild predation, as it eats an unusually large number of other monitor lizard species such as ridge-tailed monitors, black-headed monitors, Gould's monitors, and even Argus monitors.[14][15][16] Perenties also eat smaller members of their own species; such is the case of a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) perentie killing and eating a 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) perentie.[17] Other lizard prey include central bearded dragons and long-nosed water dragons. Coastal and island individuals often eat a large number of sea turtle eggs and hatchlings, and hide under vehicles to ambush scavenging gulls. Mammalian prey includes bats, young kangaroos & other small marsupials, and rodents. They have also been occasionally seen foraging for food in shallow water. They are able to kill kangaroos and dismember those too large to be swallowed whole using their powerful forelimbs and claws.[18] Although adults feed predominantly on vertebrate prey, young perenties eat mostly arthropods, especially grasshoppers and centipedes.[19][17][20]
Prey is typically swallowed whole, but if the food item is too large, chunks are ripped off for ease of consumption.[21]
Breeding edit
The perentie can lay its eggs in termite mounds or in the soil.[22]
Gallery edit
- A perentie in the Perth Zoo, Western Australia
- Closeup of a adult perentie in the wild
- In Australia's Red Centre
- Pair of juvenile perenties in Perth Zoo
References edit
- ^ Shea, G.; Ellis, R.; Wilson, S.; Oliver, P. (2018). "Varanus giganteus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T83777786A101752310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T83777786A101752310.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Australian Biological Resources Study (16 August 2012). "Species Varanus giganteus (Gray, 1845)". Australian Faunal Directory. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ Wegmann, Ute; Helman, Anthony (2011). Wild Whiskers and Tender Tales: Close Encounters with Australian Wildlife Rescue & Conservation. Wakefield Press. ISBN 978-1-86254-831-2.
- ^ Taylor, Chris (28 July 2023). A Cattleman in Disguise. LCT Productions Pty Limited. ISBN 978-1-925441-17-8.
- ^ Gray, John Edward (1845). Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 13.
- ^ Weavers, Brian (2004). King, Ruth Allen; Pianka, Eric R.; King, Dennis (eds.). Varanoid lizards of the world. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-253-34366-6.
- ^ A Cold look at the warm-blooded dinosaurs. Boulder, Colo. : Published by Westview Press for the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1980. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-89158-464-3.
- ^ Eberhart, George M. (17 December 2002). Mysterious Creatures [2 volumes]: A Guide to Cryptozoology [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-57607-764-1.
- ^ Taylor, Chris (28 July 2023). A Cattleman in Disguise. LCT Productions Pty Limited. ISBN 978-1-925441-17-8.
- ^ Fry, Bryan G.; Vidal, Nicolas; Norman, Janette A.; Vonk, Freek J.; Scheib, Holger; Ramjan, S. F. Ryan; Kuruppu, Sanjaya; Fung, Kim; Hedges, S. Blair (16 November 2005). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes". Nature. 439 (7076): 584–588. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..584F. doi:10.1038/nature04328. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16292255. S2CID 4386245.
- ^ Weinstein, Scott A.; Smith, Tamara L.; Kardong, Kenneth V. (14 July 2009). "Reptile Venom Glands Form, Function, and Future". In Stephen P. Mackessy (ed.). Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles. Taylor & Francis. pp. 76–84. ISBN 978-1-4200-0866-1. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ [1]. Edited by Kari F. Soennichsen, Brett Bartek, Cody Davis Godwin, Simon Clulow, David Rhind, Christopher J L Murray and Jean Sean Doody
- ^ Fisher, Scott (22 April 2018). "Perentie and a diamond dove". Flickr.
- ^ Macdonald, Stewart (August 2007). "Observations on the Stomach Contents of a Road-killed Perentie, Varanus giganteus in Western Queensland". Biawak. 1.
- ^ Naish, Darren (18 May 2012). "Goanna-eating goannas: an evolutionary story of intraguild predation, dwarfism, gigantism, copious walking and reckless thermoregulation". Scientific American.
- ^ "Varanus Giganteus".
- ^ a b Losos, Jonathan B.; Greene, Harry W. (1988-12-01). "Ecological and evolutionary implications of diet in monitor lizards". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 35 (4): 379–407. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00477.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
- ^ "Varanus Giganteus". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ King, D.; Green, B.; Butler, H. (March 15, 1989). "The Activity Pattern, Temperature Regulation and Diet of Varanus-Giganteus on Barrow-Island, Western-Australia". Wildlife Research. 16 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1071/wr9890041 – via www.publish.csiro.au.
- ^ "Varanus Giganteus".
- ^ King & Green 1999, p. 18.
- ^ King & Green 1999, p. 33.
- King, Dennis; Green, Brian (1999). Goannas: The Biology of Varanid Lizards. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-456-1.
Further reading edit
- Cogger, H. (1967). Australian Reptiles in Colour. Sydney: A. H. & A. W. Reed, ISBN 0-589-07012-6