fbpx
Wikipedia

Peenemünde Army Research Center

March 12, 2023

For the village and the World War II Luftwaffe airfield that tested the V-1 flying bomb, see Peenemünde and Peenemünde Airfield.

The Peenemünde Army Research Center (German: Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemünde,[a] HVP) was founded in 1937 as one of five military proving grounds under the German Army Weapons Office (Heereswaffenamt).[3]: 85  Several German guided missiles and rockets of World War II were developed by the HVP, including the V-2 rocket. The works were attacked by the British in Operation Crossbow from August 1943, before falling to the Soviets in May 1945.

Peenemünde Army Research Center
Peenemünde, Germany
1943 RAF photo-recon of Test Stand VII at the Peenemünde Army Research Center
Coordinates54°08′35″N 13°47′38″E / 54.143°N 13.794°E / 54.143; 13.794Coordinates: 54°08′35″N 13°47′38″E / 54.143°N 13.794°E / 54.143; 13.794
Site history
Built1937
In useWorld War II
Battles/warsOperation Crossbow (Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II)

History

On April 2, 1936, the aviation ministry paid 750,000 reichsmarks to the town of Wolgast[3]: 41  for the whole Northern peninsula of the Baltic island of Usedom.[4]: 17  By the middle of 1938, the Army facility had been separated from the Luftwaffe facility and was nearly complete, with personnel moved from Kummersdorf.[5] The Army Research Center (Peenemünde Ost)[1] consisted of Werk Ost and Werk Süd, while Werk West (Peenemünde West) was the Luftwaffe Test Site (Erprobungsstelle der Luftwaffe),[6]: 55  one of the four test and research facilities of the Luftwaffe, with its headquarters facility at Erprobungsstelle Rechlin.

HVP organization

Wernher von Braun was the HVP technical director (Dr. Walter Thiel was deputy director) and there were nine major departments:[1]: 38 

  1. Technical Design Office (Walter J H "Papa" Riedel)
  2. Aeroballistics and Mathematics Laboratory (Dr. Hermann Steuding)
  3. Wind Tunnel (Dr. Rudolph Hermann)
  4. Materials Laboratory (Dr. Mäder)
  5. Flight, Guidance, and Telemetering Devices (German: BSM) (Dr. Ernst Steinhoff)[7]
  6. Development and Fabrication Laboratory (Arthur Rudolph)
  7. Test Laboratory (Klaus Riedel)
  8. Future Projects Office (Ludwig Roth)[8]
  9. Purchasing Office (Mr. Genthe)

The Measurements Group (Gerhard Reisig) was part of the BSM,[9] and additional departments included the Production Planning Directorate (Detmar Stahlknecht),[6]: 161  the Personnel Office (Richard Sundermeyer), and the Drawings Change Service.[10]

Guided missile and rocket development

 
A launchpad at Peenemünde as depicted in a miniature at the Deutsches Museum

Several German guided missiles and rockets of World War II were developed by the HVP, including the V-2 rocket (A-4) (see test launches), and the Wasserfall (35 Peenemünde trial firings),[11] Schmetterling, Rheintochter, Taifun, and Enzian missiles. The HVP also performed preliminary design work on very-long-range missiles for use against the United States. That project was sometimes called "V-3" and its existence is well documented.[where?] The Peenemünde establishment also developed other technologies such as the first closed-circuit television system in the world, installed at Test Stand VII to track the launching rockets.

According to Walter Dornberger, "Rockets worked under water." In the summer of 1942, led by Ernst Steinhoff, Pennemünde worked on sea launches, either from launching racks on the deck of a submerged submarine, or from towed floats. Dornberger summarized the launches from a depth of 30 to 50 feet, "A staggering sight it was when those twenty heavy powder rockets suddenly rose, with a rush and a roar, from the calm waters of the Baltic."[12]

Aerodynamic Institute

The supersonic wind tunnel at Peenemünde's "Aerodynamic Institute" eventually had nozzles for speeds up to the record speed of Mach 4.4 (in 1942 or 1943), as well as an innovative desiccant system to reduce the condensation clouding caused by the use of liquid oxygen, in 1940. Led by Rudolph Hermann, who arrived in April 1937 from the University of Aachen, the number of technical staff members reached two hundred in 1943, and it also included Hermann Kurzweg of the (University of Leipzig) and Walter Haeussermann.[13]

Heimat-Artillerie-Park 11

Initially set up under the HVP as a rocket training battery (Number 444),[2] Heimat-Artillerie-Park 11 Karlshagen/Pomerania[2]: 125  (HAP 11) also contained the A-A Research Command North[2]: 65  for the testing of anti-aircraft rockets. The chemist Magnus von Braun, the youngest brother of Wernher von Braun, was employed in the attempted development at Peenemünde of anti-aircraft rockets.[2]: 66  These were never very successful as weapons during World War II. Their development as practical weapons took another decade of development in the United States and in the U.S.S.R.

Peenemünde V-2 production plant

In November 1938, Walther von Brauchitsch ordered construction of an A-4 production plant at Peenemünde, and in January 1939, Walter Dornberger created a subsection of Wa Pruf 11 for planning the Peenemünde Production Plant project, headed by G. Schubert, a senior Army civil servant.[14] By midsummer 1943, the first trial runs of the assembly-line in the Production Works at Werke Süd were made,[15] but after the end of July 1943 when the enormous hangar Fertigungshalle 1 (F-1, "Mass Production Plant No. 1") was just about to go into operation, Operation Hydra bombed Peenemünde. On August 26, 1943, Albert Speer called a meeting with Hans Kammler, Dornberger, Gerhard Degenkolb, and Karl Otto Saur to negotiate the move of A-4 main production to an underground factory in the Harz mountains.[4]: 123 [16] In early September, Peenemünde machinery and personnel for production (including Alban Sawatzki, Arthur Rudolph, and about ten engineers)[1]: 79  were moved to the Mittelwerk, which also received machinery and personnel from the two other planned A-4 assembly sites.[17] On October 13, 1943, the Peenemünde prisoners from the small F-1 concentration camp[18] boarded rail cars bound for Kohnstein mountain.[17]

Operation Crossbow

See also: Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II and V-1 and V-2 Intelligence

Two Polish janitors[19]: 52  of Peenemünde's Camp Trassenheide in early 1943[19]: 52  provided maps,[20] sketches and reports to Polish Home Army Intelligence, and in June 1943 British intelligence had received two such reports which identified the "rocket assembly hall", "experimental pit", and "launching tower".[4]: 139  The Allies also received information about the V-1 and V-2 rockets and the production sites from the Austrian resistance group around the priest Heinrich Maier. The group later discovered by the Gestapo was in contact with Allen Dulles, the head of the US secret service OSS in Switzerland, and informed him about the research in Peenemünde.[21][22][23]

 
V-2 launch in Peenemünde (1943)
 
V2 in the Peenemünde Museum

As the opening attack of the British Crossbow operations against German rocket weapons, the Operation Hydra bombing raid attacked the HVP's "Sleeping & Living Quarters" (to specifically target scientists), then the "Factory Workshops", and finally the "Experimental Station"[24] on the night of August 17/18, 1943.[25] The Polish janitors were given advance warning of the attack, but the workers could not leave due to SS security and the facility had no air raid shelters for the prisoners.[19]: 82  Fifteen British and Canadian airmen who were killed on the raid were buried by the Germans in unmarked graves within the secure perimeter. Their recovery at the end of the war was prevented by the Russians authorities and the bodies remain there to this day.[26][page needed]

A year later on July 18,[27] August 4,[7]: 111  and August 25,[4]: 273  the U.S. Eighth Air Force[1]: 141  conducted three additional Peenemünde raids to counter suspected hydrogen peroxide production.[28]

Evacuation

As with the move of the V-2 Production Works to the Mittelwerk, the complete withdrawal of the development of guided missiles was approved by the Army and SS in October 1943.[29] On August 26, 1943, at a meeting in Albert Speer's office, Hans Kammler suggested moving the A-4 Development Works to a proposed underground site in Austria.[30] After a site survey in September by Papa Riedel and Schubert, Kammler chose the code name Zement (cement) for it in December,[29] and work to blast a cavern into a cliff in Ebensee near Lake Traunsee commenced in January 1944.[2]: 109  To build the tunnels, a concentration camp (a sub unit of Mauthausen-Gusen) was erected in the vicinity of the planned production sites. In early 1944, construction work started for the test stands and launching pads in the Austrian Alps (code name Salamander), with target areas planned for the Tatra Mountains, the Arlberg range, and the area of the Ortler mountain.[31] Other evacuation locations included:

Thuringia

For people being relocated from Peenemünde, the new organization was to be designated Entwicklungsgemeinschaft Mittelbau (English: Mittelbau Development Company)[1]: 291  and Kammler's order to relocate to Thuringia arrived by teleprinter on January 31, 1945.[1]: 288  On February 3, 1945, at the last meeting at Peenemünde held regarding the relocation, the HVP consisted of A-4 development/ modification (1940 people), A-4b development (27), Wasserfall and Taifun development (1455), support and administration (760).[1]: 289  The first train departed on February 17 with 525 people en route to Thuringia (including Bleicherode, Sangerhausen (district), and Bad Sachsa) and the evacuation was complete in mid-March.[3]: 247 

Occupied Poland

Another reaction to the aerial bombing was the creation of a back-up research test range near Blizna, in southeastern Poland. Carefully camouflaged, this secret facility was built by 2000 prisoners from the concentration camp at the SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager.[34][page needed] The Polish resistance Home Army (Armia Krajowa) captured an intact V2 rocket here in 1943. It had been launched but didn't explode and was later retrieved intact from the Bug River and transferred secretly to London.[35]

Post-war

The last V-2 launch at Peenemünde happened in February 1945, and on May 5, 1945, the soldiers of the Soviet 2nd Belorussian Front under General Konstantin Rokossovsky captured the seaport of Swinemünde and all of Usedom Island. Soviet infantrymen under the command of Major Anatole Vavilov stormed the installations at Peenemünde and found "75 percent wreckage". All of the research buildings and rocket test stands had been demolished.[36]

Although rumors spread that the Soviet space program revived Peenemünde as a test range,[37] more destruction of the technical facilities of Peenemünde took place between 1948 and 1961. Only the power station, the airport, and the railroad link to Zinnowitz remained functional. The gas plant for the production of liquid oxygen still lies in ruins at the entrance to Peenemünde. Very little remains of most of the other Nazi German facilities there.

The Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum opened in 1992 in the shelter control room and the area of the former power station and is an anchor point of ERIH, the European Route of Industrial Heritage.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ An alternative spelling is Heeresversuchsstelle Peenemünde,[1]: 36  and Heeresanstalt Peenemünde appears on a German document with Wasserfall velocity calculations.[2]: 78 

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ordway, Frederick I., III.; Sharpe, Mitchell R. The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. pp. 36, 38, 79, 117, 141, 285, 288, 289, 291, 293.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (1965) [1963]. The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. pp. 44, 65, 66, 78, 109, 117, 125.
  3. ^ a b c Dornberger, Walter (1954) [1952]. V2- Der Schuss ins Weltall: Geschichte einer grossen Erfindung [V2-The Shot into Space: History of a great invention]. Esslingen: Bechtle Verlag. pp. 41, 85, 247.
  4. ^ a b c d Irving, David (1964). The Mare's Nest. London: William Kimber and Co. pp. 17, 139, 273.
  5. ^ WGBH Educational Foundation. NOVA: Hitler's Secret Weapon (The V-2 Rocket at Peenemünde) motion picture documentary, released in 1988 by VESTRON Video as VHS video 5273, ISBN 0-8051-0631-6 (minutes 20:00-22:00)
  6. ^ a b Neufeld, Michael J. (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. pp. 55, 88, 161, 202, 204–6, 222, 247. ISBN 9780029228951.
  7. ^ a b Huzel, Dieter K. (1960). Peenemünde to Canaveral. Prentice Hall. p. 37.
  8. ^ . Peenemünde Interviews. National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on October 17, 2003. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
  9. ^ McCleskey, C.; D. Christensen. (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
  10. ^ Huzel. pp 149, 225
  11. ^ Pocock, Rowland F. (1967). German Guided Missiles of the Second World War. New York: Arco Publishing Company, Inc. p. 107.
  12. ^ Dornberger, Walter (1954). V-2. New York: The Viking Press, Inc. pp. 214–216.
  13. ^ Neufeld. 88
  14. ^ Neufeld. 1995. p119, 114
  15. ^ Middlebrook, Martin (1982). The Peenemünde Raid: The Night of 17–18 August 1943. New York: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 23.
  16. ^ Neufeld 1995 p 202
  17. ^ a b Neufeld 1995. p206
  18. ^ Neufeld. 1995 p222
  19. ^ a b c Garliński, Józef (1978). Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War against the V1 and V2. New York: Times Books. pp. 52, 82.
  20. ^ "Poland's Contribution in the Field of Intelligence to the Victory in the Second World War". Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  21. ^ Peter Broucek "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945" (2008), p 163.
  22. ^ Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996.
  23. ^ Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), pp 187.
  24. ^ "Peenemünde - 1943". Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  25. ^ Warsitz, Lutz (2009). The First Jet Pilot - The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz. England: Pen and Sword Books Ltd. p. 63.
  26. ^ McLeod, Mike; Feast, Sean (2020). The Lost Graves of Peenemünde. London: Fighting High Publications. ISBN 978-1-9998128-9-8.
  27. ^ Neufeld. 247
  28. ^ Irving. 273,309
  29. ^ a b Neufeld. p205
  30. ^ Neufeld. 204
  31. ^ Irving. 123,238,300; Klee & Merk. 109
  32. ^ Hunt, Linda (1991). Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990. New York: St.Martin's Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-312-05510-2.
  33. ^ Reuter, Claus. The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program. May 2000. S.R. Research & Publishing. 978-1894643054. pages 114-115; 137
  34. ^ Rockets and People, Boris Chertok
  35. ^ "Pustkow Concentration Camp (Poland)", jewishgen.org, retrieved May 15, 2013
  36. ^ Ley, Willy (1958) [1944]. Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel. New York: The Viking Press. p. 243.
  37. ^ Ley, Willy (October 1959). "For Your Information". Galaxy. p. 73. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  • Neufeld, Michael J. (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 9780029228951 – via archive.org.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemünde.
  • (in English)—Official site of Peenemünde and the Historical Technical Museum
  • V2 Rocket site

March 12, 2023
peenemünde, army, research, center, village, world, luftwaffe, airfield, that, tested, flying, bomb, peenemünde, peenemünde, airfield, german, heeresversuchsanstalt, peenemünde, founded, 1937, five, military, proving, grounds, under, german, army, weapons, off. For the village and the World War II Luftwaffe airfield that tested the V 1 flying bomb see Peenemunde and Peenemunde Airfield The Peenemunde Army Research Center German Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemunde a HVP was founded in 1937 as one of five military proving grounds under the German Army Weapons Office Heereswaffenamt 3 85 Several German guided missiles and rockets of World War II were developed by the HVP including the V 2 rocket The works were attacked by the British in Operation Crossbow from August 1943 before falling to the Soviets in May 1945 Peenemunde Army Research CenterPeenemunde Germany1943 RAF photo recon of Test Stand VII at the Peenemunde Army Research CenterCoordinates54 08 35 N 13 47 38 E 54 143 N 13 794 E 54 143 13 794 Coordinates 54 08 35 N 13 47 38 E 54 143 N 13 794 E 54 143 13 794Site historyBuilt1937In useWorld War IIBattles warsOperation Crossbow Bombing of Peenemunde in World War II Contents 1 History 2 HVP organization 3 Guided missile and rocket development 3 1 Aerodynamic Institute 3 2 Heimat Artillerie Park 11 3 3 Peenemunde V 2 production plant 4 Operation Crossbow 5 Evacuation 6 Post war 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksHistory EditOn April 2 1936 the aviation ministry paid 750 000 reichsmarks to the town of Wolgast 3 41 for the whole Northern peninsula of the Baltic island of Usedom 4 17 By the middle of 1938 the Army facility had been separated from the Luftwaffe facility and was nearly complete with personnel moved from Kummersdorf 5 The Army Research Center Peenemunde Ost 1 consisted of Werk Ost and Werk Sud while Werk West Peenemunde West was the Luftwaffe Test Site Erprobungsstelle der Luftwaffe 6 55 one of the four test and research facilities of the Luftwaffe with its headquarters facility at Erprobungsstelle Rechlin HVP organization EditWernher von Braun was the HVP technical director Dr Walter Thiel was deputy director and there were nine major departments 1 38 Technical Design Office Walter J H Papa Riedel Aeroballistics and Mathematics Laboratory Dr Hermann Steuding Wind Tunnel Dr Rudolph Hermann Materials Laboratory Dr Mader Flight Guidance and Telemetering Devices German BSM Dr Ernst Steinhoff 7 Development and Fabrication Laboratory Arthur Rudolph Test Laboratory Klaus Riedel Future Projects Office Ludwig Roth 8 Purchasing Office Mr Genthe The Measurements Group Gerhard Reisig was part of the BSM 9 and additional departments included the Production Planning Directorate Detmar Stahlknecht 6 161 the Personnel Office Richard Sundermeyer and the Drawings Change Service 10 Guided missile and rocket development Edit A launchpad at Peenemunde as depicted in a miniature at the Deutsches Museum Several German guided missiles and rockets of World War II were developed by the HVP including the V 2 rocket A 4 see test launches and the Wasserfall 35 Peenemunde trial firings 11 Schmetterling Rheintochter Taifun and Enzian missiles The HVP also performed preliminary design work on very long range missiles for use against the United States That project was sometimes called V 3 and its existence is well documented where The Peenemunde establishment also developed other technologies such as the first closed circuit television system in the world installed at Test Stand VII to track the launching rockets According to Walter Dornberger Rockets worked under water In the summer of 1942 led by Ernst Steinhoff Pennemunde worked on sea launches either from launching racks on the deck of a submerged submarine or from towed floats Dornberger summarized the launches from a depth of 30 to 50 feet A staggering sight it was when those twenty heavy powder rockets suddenly rose with a rush and a roar from the calm waters of the Baltic 12 Aerodynamic Institute Edit The supersonic wind tunnel at Peenemunde s Aerodynamic Institute eventually had nozzles for speeds up to the record speed of Mach 4 4 in 1942 or 1943 as well as an innovative desiccant system to reduce the condensation clouding caused by the use of liquid oxygen in 1940 Led by Rudolph Hermann who arrived in April 1937 from the University of Aachen the number of technical staff members reached two hundred in 1943 and it also included Hermann Kurzweg of the University of Leipzig and Walter Haeussermann 13 Heimat Artillerie Park 11 Edit Initially set up under the HVP as a rocket training battery Number 444 2 Heimat Artillerie Park 11 Karlshagen Pomerania 2 125 HAP 11 also contained the A A Research Command North 2 65 for the testing of anti aircraft rockets The chemist Magnus von Braun the youngest brother of Wernher von Braun was employed in the attempted development at Peenemunde of anti aircraft rockets 2 66 These were never very successful as weapons during World War II Their development as practical weapons took another decade of development in the United States and in the U S S R Peenemunde V 2 production plant Edit In November 1938 Walther von Brauchitsch ordered construction of an A 4 production plant at Peenemunde and in January 1939 Walter Dornberger created a subsection of Wa Pruf 11 for planning the Peenemunde Production Plant project headed by G Schubert a senior Army civil servant 14 By midsummer 1943 the first trial runs of the assembly line in the Production Works at Werke Sud were made 15 but after the end of July 1943 when the enormous hangar Fertigungshalle 1 F 1 Mass Production Plant No 1 was just about to go into operation Operation Hydra bombed Peenemunde On August 26 1943 Albert Speer called a meeting with Hans Kammler Dornberger Gerhard Degenkolb and Karl Otto Saur to negotiate the move of A 4 main production to an underground factory in the Harz mountains 4 123 16 In early September Peenemunde machinery and personnel for production including Alban Sawatzki Arthur Rudolph and about ten engineers 1 79 were moved to the Mittelwerk which also received machinery and personnel from the two other planned A 4 assembly sites 17 On October 13 1943 the Peenemunde prisoners from the small F 1 concentration camp 18 boarded rail cars bound for Kohnstein mountain 17 Operation Crossbow EditSee also Bombing of Peenemunde in World War II and V 1 and V 2 Intelligence Two Polish janitors 19 52 of Peenemunde s Camp Trassenheide in early 1943 19 52 provided maps 20 sketches and reports to Polish Home Army Intelligence and in June 1943 British intelligence had received two such reports which identified the rocket assembly hall experimental pit and launching tower 4 139 The Allies also received information about the V 1 and V 2 rockets and the production sites from the Austrian resistance group around the priest Heinrich Maier The group later discovered by the Gestapo was in contact with Allen Dulles the head of the US secret service OSS in Switzerland and informed him about the research in Peenemunde 21 22 23 V 2 launch in Peenemunde 1943 V2 in the Peenemunde Museum As the opening attack of the British Crossbow operations against German rocket weapons the Operation Hydra bombing raid attacked the HVP s Sleeping amp Living Quarters to specifically target scientists then the Factory Workshops and finally the Experimental Station 24 on the night of August 17 18 1943 25 The Polish janitors were given advance warning of the attack but the workers could not leave due to SS security and the facility had no air raid shelters for the prisoners 19 82 Fifteen British and Canadian airmen who were killed on the raid were buried by the Germans in unmarked graves within the secure perimeter Their recovery at the end of the war was prevented by the Russians authorities and the bodies remain there to this day 26 page needed A year later on July 18 27 August 4 7 111 and August 25 4 273 the U S Eighth Air Force 1 141 conducted three additional Peenemunde raids to counter suspected hydrogen peroxide production 28 Evacuation EditAs with the move of the V 2 Production Works to the Mittelwerk the complete withdrawal of the development of guided missiles was approved by the Army and SS in October 1943 29 On August 26 1943 at a meeting in Albert Speer s office Hans Kammler suggested moving the A 4 Development Works to a proposed underground site in Austria 30 After a site survey in September by Papa Riedel and Schubert Kammler chose the code name Zement cement for it in December 29 and work to blast a cavern into a cliff in Ebensee near Lake Traunsee commenced in January 1944 2 109 To build the tunnels a concentration camp a sub unit of Mauthausen Gusen was erected in the vicinity of the planned production sites In early 1944 construction work started for the test stands and launching pads in the Austrian Alps code name Salamander with target areas planned for the Tatra Mountains the Arlberg range and the area of the Ortler mountain 31 Other evacuation locations included Hans Lindenmayr s valve laboratory near Friedland moved to a castle near the village of Leutenberg 10 km 6 mi south of Saalfeld near the Bavarian border 1 293 the materials testing laboratory moved to an air base at Anklam the wind tunnels moved to Kochel then after the war to the White Oak Maryland located U S Navy s Naval Ordnance Laboratory 32 Engine testing and calibration to Lehesten 33 ThuringiaFor people being relocated from Peenemunde the new organization was to be designated Entwicklungsgemeinschaft Mittelbau English Mittelbau Development Company 1 291 and Kammler s order to relocate to Thuringia arrived by teleprinter on January 31 1945 1 288 On February 3 1945 at the last meeting at Peenemunde held regarding the relocation the HVP consisted of A 4 development modification 1940 people A 4b development 27 Wasserfall and Taifun development 1455 support and administration 760 1 289 The first train departed on February 17 with 525 people en route to Thuringia including Bleicherode Sangerhausen district and Bad Sachsa and the evacuation was complete in mid March 3 247 Occupied PolandAnother reaction to the aerial bombing was the creation of a back up research test range near Blizna in southeastern Poland Carefully camouflaged this secret facility was built by 2000 prisoners from the concentration camp at the SS Truppenubungsplatz Heidelager 34 page needed The Polish resistance Home Army Armia Krajowa captured an intact V2 rocket here in 1943 It had been launched but didn t explode and was later retrieved intact from the Bug River and transferred secretly to London 35 Post war EditThe last V 2 launch at Peenemunde happened in February 1945 and on May 5 1945 the soldiers of the Soviet 2nd Belorussian Front under General Konstantin Rokossovsky captured the seaport of Swinemunde and all of Usedom Island Soviet infantrymen under the command of Major Anatole Vavilov stormed the installations at Peenemunde and found 75 percent wreckage All of the research buildings and rocket test stands had been demolished 36 Although rumors spread that the Soviet space program revived Peenemunde as a test range 37 more destruction of the technical facilities of Peenemunde took place between 1948 and 1961 Only the power station the airport and the railroad link to Zinnowitz remained functional The gas plant for the production of liquid oxygen still lies in ruins at the entrance to Peenemunde Very little remains of most of the other Nazi German facilities there The Peenemunde Historical Technical Museum opened in 1992 in the shelter control room and the area of the former power station and is an anchor point of ERIH the European Route of Industrial Heritage See also EditAggregate rocket family Mikhail DevyatayevNotes Edit An alternative spelling is Heeresversuchsstelle Peenemunde 1 36 and Heeresanstalt Peenemunde appears on a German document with Wasserfall velocity calculations 2 78 References Edit a b c d e f g h i Ordway Frederick I III Sharpe Mitchell R The Rocket Team Apogee Books Space Series 36 pp 36 38 79 117 141 285 288 289 291 293 a b c d e f Klee Ernst Merk Otto 1965 1963 The Birth of the Missile The Secrets of Peenemunde Hamburg Gerhard Stalling Verlag pp 44 65 66 78 109 117 125 a b c Dornberger Walter 1954 1952 V2 Der Schuss ins Weltall Geschichte einer grossen Erfindung V2 The Shot into Space History of a great invention Esslingen Bechtle Verlag pp 41 85 247 a b c d Irving David 1964 The Mare s Nest London William Kimber and Co pp 17 139 273 WGBH Educational Foundation NOVA Hitler s Secret Weapon The V 2 Rocket at Peenemunde motion picture documentary released in 1988 by VESTRON Video as VHS video 5273 ISBN 0 8051 0631 6 minutes 20 00 22 00 a b Neufeld Michael J 1995 The Rocket and the Reich Peenemunde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era New York The Free Press pp 55 88 161 202 204 6 222 247 ISBN 9780029228951 a b Huzel Dieter K 1960 Peenemunde to Canaveral Prentice Hall p 37 Dahm Werner Karl Peenemunde Interviews National Air and Space Museum Archived from the original on October 17 2003 Retrieved October 23 2008 McCleskey C D Christensen Dr Kurt H Debus Launching a Vision PDF NASA Archived from the original PDF on September 17 2008 Retrieved October 23 2008 Huzel pp 149 225 Pocock Rowland F 1967 German Guided Missiles of the Second World War New York Arco Publishing Company Inc p 107 Dornberger Walter 1954 V 2 New York The Viking Press Inc pp 214 216 Neufeld 88 Neufeld 1995 p119 114 Middlebrook Martin 1982 The Peenemunde Raid The Night of 17 18 August 1943 New York Bobbs Merrill p 23 Neufeld 1995 p 202 a b Neufeld 1995 p206 Neufeld 1995 p222 a b c Garlinski Jozef 1978 Hitler s Last Weapons The Underground War against the V1 and V2 New York Times Books pp 52 82 Poland s Contribution in the Field of Intelligence to the Victory in the Second World War Retrieved November 9 2008 Peter Broucek Die osterreichische Identitat im Widerstand 1938 1945 2008 p 163 Hansjakob Stehle Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus German The spy from the rectory In Die Zeit 5 January 1996 Christoph Thurner The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria A History of the OSS s Maier Messner Group 2017 pp 187 Peenemunde 1943 Weapons of Mass Destruction WMD GlobalSecurity org Retrieved November 15 2006 Warsitz Lutz 2009 The First Jet Pilot The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz England Pen and Sword Books Ltd p 63 McLeod Mike Feast Sean 2020 The Lost Graves of Peenemunde London Fighting High Publications ISBN 978 1 9998128 9 8 Neufeld 247 Irving 273 309 a b Neufeld p205 Neufeld 204 Irving 123 238 300 Klee amp Merk 109 Hunt Linda 1991 Secret Agenda The United States Government Nazi Scientists and Project Paperclip 1945 to 1990 New York St Martin s Press p 31 ISBN 0 312 05510 2 Reuter Claus The V2 and the German Russian and American Rocket Program May 2000 S R Research amp Publishing 978 1894643054 pages 114 115 137 Rockets and People Boris Chertok Pustkow Concentration Camp Poland jewishgen org retrieved May 15 2013 Ley Willy 1958 1944 Rockets Missiles and Space Travel New York The Viking Press p 243 Ley Willy October 1959 For Your Information Galaxy p 73 Retrieved June 14 2014 Neufeld Michael J 1995 The Rocket and the Reich Peenemunde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era New York The Free Press ISBN 9780029228951 via archive org External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemunde in English Official site of Peenemunde and the Historical Technical Museum V2 Rocket site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Peenemunde Army Research Center amp oldid 1139264676, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.