Pedro Antonio de Olañeta y Marquiegui (1774 in Elgueta, Gipuzkoa, Spain – April 2, 1825 in Tumusla, Potosí Department, Bolivia) was a Royalist commander in the army of the Spanish Empire who fought against the South American insurgency led by Simón Bolívar. His support for Spanish absolutism and rebellion against the moderate Royalists created conflicts within the Royalist army that aided the rebels. After the defeat of the main Royalist armies, he continued the resistance, becoming one of the last Royalist commanders to hold out. Olañeta was the last Viceroy of the Río de la Plata.[1]
Olañeta was born in a small mountain village in the Biscay province, Spain. His family actively engaged in the colonial trade, and several of his uncles and cousins established themselves in Chuquisaca, Tupiza and Cusco, creating a vast trade network. In 1789 he emigrated to South America with his uncle Pedro Marquegui, a merchant trading the route between Cádiz and La Plata via Buenos Aires. Olañeta settled in the area of Potosí and Salta, becoming a prosperous trader. In 1803 he became Sargent Mayor in the Cavallry of the urban militia of Santiago de Cotagaita, Potosi province. When the war of independence broke out he was ascended to Brigadier General.[2]
Royalist commanderedit
When the May Revolution occurred in 1810 he sided with the Royalists, commanded by General José Manuel de Goyeneche, and fought as an officer in campaigns against the rebels. He was promoted to colonel under the command of Joaquín Pezuela, then to brigadier general under Viceroy José de la Serna e Hinojosa in 1821. After the liberal revolution in Spain under Fernando VII, Olañeta rejected the authority of La Serna and proclaimed himself "the only defender of throne and altar". Olañeta then ordered an attack of the Upper Peruvian royalists on the constitutionalists in the Peruvian viceroyalty.[3] The Viceroy de La Serna was forced to change his plans of going down to the coast to fight Bolívar and sent Jerónimo Valdés with a force of 5,000 veterans to cross the Desaguadero River, which took place on January 22, 1824, in order to drive them to Potosí against his former subordinate "because there are indications of a meditated treason, joining the dissidents of Buenos Aires". Memorias para la historia de las armas españolas en el Perú ("Memories for the history of the Spanish armies in Peru") by peninsular official Andrés García Camba (1846) detailed the radical change that the events in Upper Peru produced in the viceroy's defensive plans. After a long campaign in the battles of Tarabuquillo, Sala, Cotagaita, and finally La Lava on August 17, 1824, both royalists forces of Viceroyalty Peru (liberals) and of the provinces of Upper Peru (absolutists) were decimated.
Continuing resistanceedit
Bolivar, having news of Olañeta's actions, took advantage of the dismantling of the royalist defensive system so that he "moved the whole month of May to Jauja", and faced José de Canterac, who was isolated in Junín on August 6 of 1824. Unrelenting prosecution of the war started, with the consequent desertion of 2700 royalists, who immediately went over to the independentists. Finally, October 7 of 1824, having his troops right in front of the doors of Cusco, Bolívar gave general Sucre the command of the new battle front, which followed the course of the Apurímac River, and he withdrew to Lima in order to negotiate more loans to keep the war going in Peru, and to receive a Colombian division of 4000 men provided by Páez, which arrived after the Battle of Ayacucho, where the patriot forces won the day.[4]
After the decisive defeat of the main royalist armies in the Battle of Ayacucho, Olañeta continued a hopeless resistance against Simón Bolívar's forces in the Campaign of Sucre in Upper Peru (today's Bolivia). On April 2, 1825, after a desperate fight, Olañeta was mortally wounded in the Battle of Tumusla, fighting with a few hundred men against many of his own ex-troops led by Colonel Carlos Medinaceli, who had defected to the patriots. He died the following day. This battle of the war of independence was the last engagement in an open field by regular armies in South America. Unaware of his death, Fernando VII appointed him Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata. After the battle Antonio José de Sucre called a congress of Upper Peru and saw the creation of a new nation, Bolivia.
Referencesedit
^Friedman, Douglas (2019). The State and Underdevelopment in Spanish America.
^"Pedro Antonio de Olañeta Marquiegui | Real Academia de la Historia". dbe.rah.es. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
^Jaime E. Rodríguez O. The Independence of Spanish America (1998), 231. ISBN0521626730
Jorge Abarca. "Los militares ante la élite Imagen y modalidades de captación en Perú y Chile (1817–1824)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Hispanianova. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
Luis Guillermo Lumbreras; Manuel Burga; Margarita Garrido (2004). Historia de América Andina (in Spanish). Publicado por Libresa.
Abarca, José. "Los militares ante la élite. Imagen y modalidades de captación en Perú y Chile. (1817–1824)". Hispania Nova: Revista de Historia Contemporánea (in Spanish). Revista Hispania Nova. Núm. 6. 2006. ISSN 1138-7319.
April 13, 2024
pedro, antonio, olañeta, pedro, antonio, olañeta, marquiegui, 1774, elgueta, gipuzkoa, spain, april, 1825, tumusla, potosí, department, bolivia, royalist, commander, army, spanish, empire, fought, against, south, american, insurgency, simón, bolívar, support, . Pedro Antonio de Olaneta y Marquiegui 1774 in Elgueta Gipuzkoa Spain April 2 1825 in Tumusla Potosi Department Bolivia was a Royalist commander in the army of the Spanish Empire who fought against the South American insurgency led by Simon Bolivar His support for Spanish absolutism and rebellion against the moderate Royalists created conflicts within the Royalist army that aided the rebels After the defeat of the main Royalist armies he continued the resistance becoming one of the last Royalist commanders to hold out Olaneta was the last Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata 1 Pedro Antonio Oleneta in 1865Contents 1 Early life 2 Royalist commander 3 Continuing resistance 4 ReferencesEarly life editOlaneta was born in a small mountain village in the Biscay province Spain His family actively engaged in the colonial trade and several of his uncles and cousins established themselves in Chuquisaca Tupiza and Cusco creating a vast trade network In 1789 he emigrated to South America with his uncle Pedro Marquegui a merchant trading the route between Cadiz and La Plata via Buenos Aires Olaneta settled in the area of Potosi and Salta becoming a prosperous trader In 1803 he became Sargent Mayor in the Cavallry of the urban militia of Santiago de Cotagaita Potosi province When the war of independence broke out he was ascended to Brigadier General 2 Royalist commander editWhen the May Revolution occurred in 1810 he sided with the Royalists commanded by General Jose Manuel de Goyeneche and fought as an officer in campaigns against the rebels He was promoted to colonel under the command of Joaquin Pezuela then to brigadier general under Viceroy Jose de la Serna e Hinojosa in 1821 After the liberal revolution in Spain under Fernando VII Olaneta rejected the authority of La Serna and proclaimed himself the only defender of throne and altar Olaneta then ordered an attack of the Upper Peruvian royalists on the constitutionalists in the Peruvian viceroyalty 3 The Viceroy de La Serna was forced to change his plans of going down to the coast to fight Bolivar and sent Jeronimo Valdes with a force of 5 000 veterans to cross the Desaguadero River which took place on January 22 1824 in order to drive them to Potosi against his former subordinate because there are indications of a meditated treason joining the dissidents of Buenos Aires Memorias para la historia de las armas espanolas en el Peru Memories for the history of the Spanish armies in Peru by peninsular official Andres Garcia Camba 1846 detailed the radical change that the events in Upper Peru produced in the viceroy s defensive plans After a long campaign in the battles of Tarabuquillo Sala Cotagaita and finally La Lava on August 17 1824 both royalists forces of Viceroyalty Peru liberals and of the provinces of Upper Peru absolutists were decimated Continuing resistance editBolivar having news of Olaneta s actions took advantage of the dismantling of the royalist defensive system so that he moved the whole month of May to Jauja and faced Jose de Canterac who was isolated in Junin on August 6 of 1824 Unrelenting prosecution of the war started with the consequent desertion of 2700 royalists who immediately went over to the independentists Finally October 7 of 1824 having his troops right in front of the doors of Cusco Bolivar gave general Sucre the command of the new battle front which followed the course of the Apurimac River and he withdrew to Lima in order to negotiate more loans to keep the war going in Peru and to receive a Colombian division of 4000 men provided by Paez which arrived after the Battle of Ayacucho where the patriot forces won the day 4 After the decisive defeat of the main royalist armies in the Battle of Ayacucho Olaneta continued a hopeless resistance against Simon Bolivar s forces in the Campaign of Sucre in Upper Peru today s Bolivia On April 2 1825 after a desperate fight Olaneta was mortally wounded in the Battle of Tumusla fighting with a few hundred men against many of his own ex troops led by Colonel Carlos Medinaceli who had defected to the patriots He died the following day This battle of the war of independence was the last engagement in an open field by regular armies in South America Unaware of his death Fernando VII appointed him Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata After the battle Antonio Jose de Sucre called a congress of Upper Peru and saw the creation of a new nation Bolivia References edit Friedman Douglas 2019 The State and Underdevelopment in Spanish America Pedro Antonio de Olaneta Marquiegui Real Academia de la Historia dbe rah es Retrieved 2022 09 22 Jaime E Rodriguez O The Independence of Spanish America 1998 231 ISBN 0521626730 Bolivar Jorge Abarca Los militares ante la elite Imagen y modalidades de captacion en Peru y Chile 1817 1824 PDF in Spanish Hispanianova Retrieved 2009 05 09 Luis Guillermo Lumbreras Manuel Burga Margarita Garrido 2004 Historia de America Andina in Spanish Publicado por Libresa Abarca Jose Los militares ante la elite Imagen y modalidades de captacion en Peru y Chile 1817 1824 Hispania Nova Revista de Historia Contemporanea in Spanish Revista Hispania Nova Num 6 2006 ISSN 1138 7319 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pedro Antonio Olaneta amp oldid 1212469036, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
