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Pathé Exchange

January 09, 2023

Pathé Exchange, commonly known as Pathé, was an American film production and distribution company, largely of Hollywood's silent era. Known for its groundbreaking newsreel and wide array of shorts, it grew out of the American division of the major French studio Pathé Frères, which began distributing films in the United States in 1904. Ten years later, it produced the enormously successful The Perils of Pauline, a twenty-episode serial that came to define the genre. The American operation was incorporated as Pathé Exchange toward the end of 1914 and spun off as an independent entity in 1921; the Merrill Lynch investment firm acquired a controlling stake. The following year, it released Robert J. Flaherty's groundbreaking documentary Nanook of the North. Other notable feature releases included the controversial drama Sex (1920) and director/producer Cecil B. DeMille's smash-hit biblical epic The King of Kings (1927). During much of the 1920s, Pathé distributed the shorts of comedy pioneers Hal Roach and Mack Sennett and innovative animator Paul Terry. For Roach and then his own production company, acclaimed comedian Harold Lloyd starred in many feature and short releases from Pathé and the closely linked Associated Exhibitors.

Poster for the comedic short Bungalow Boobs (1924), with the genre brand "Pathécomedy" and global Pathé rooster logo at the bottom

Beginning in 1927, the studio changed hands several times in quick succession, first coming under the control of the Keith-Albee-Orpheum theater chain, then financier and Hollywood maestro Joseph P. Kennedy. Under Kennedy, Pathé contracted with RCA Photophone for conversion to sound film and took over the assets of Producers Distributing Corporation, DeMille's former outlet. Finally, in January 1931, the studio was acquired by the much larger RKO Pictures. It continued making features as the semiautonomous division RKO Pathé into 1932, when all feature production was subsumed under the "RKO Radio Pictures" banner; the RKO Pathé unit and brand were maintained for short subjects and the trademark newsreel. The latter was purchased in 1947 from RKO by Warner Bros., which rebranded it Warner Pathé News. RKO Pathé, which in its final decade produced industrials and TV commercials along with theatrical shorts, closed its doors in 1956; Warners ended the newsreel the same year.

Pathé Exchange had survived as a small holding company for the few assets, including an East Coast film lab and a home-movie operation, that RKO had declined to acquire; the business was subsequently reorganized, first as Pathé Film Corporation and ultimately as Pathé Industries. The company reentered the movie production and distribution business for nearly a decade beginning in 1942 with the purchase of Poverty Row studio Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC) and Pathé's subsequent establishment of Eagle-Lion Films. Among the historically significant releases from this period are the film noir Detour (1945, PRC) and the science-fiction film Destination Moon (1950, Eagle-Lion). By 1951, Pathé Industries was out of the motion picture business. In 1961, its successor company, the America Corporation, briefly revived the brand with a distribution subsidiary, Pathé-America. It was sold the following year to Astor Pictures and soon dissolved.

History

From silents to the early sound era

 
Poster for the final episode of The Perils of Pauline (1914), the genre-defining serial

Pathé Frères, founded in 1895 and by the middle of the next decade France's leading film studio, began distributing its films in the United States in 1904. By October 1906, its films commanded as much as 50 percent of the entire U.S. market. In 1908, Pathé Frères was invited to join the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), created by a combine of production firms that aimed to lock up the American market completely.[1] As a result, Pathé utilized MPPC's General Film Company distribution company to release its films.[2] Pathé Frères established production facilities in New Jersey—first in East Bound Brook, then Jersey City—and leased an outdoor spread in Edendale, an L.A. suburb, for the shooting of Westerns.[3] In 1911, the company launched the first ever newsreel produced in the United States, the Pathé Weekly; by early 1914, the renamed Pathé News was coming out five days a week.[4] The year prior, alongside its General Film releases, Pathé also began distributing through the recently founded Eclectic Film Company, in which Pathé Frères was evidently a major investor.[5]

In March 1914, from its studio in Jersey City (with many climactic scenes shot in the nearby film hub of Fort Lee), Pathé Frères entered the market for serials. Its initial such effort, The Perils of Pauline, starring Pearl White and codirected by company veteran Louis Gasnier, was a massive success, with popular demand so great that the original plan for thirteen episodes was extended to twenty and a record-breaking number of release prints were struck to supply exhibitors around the country. Several sequels followed, as the original, in the words of film historian Richard Lewis Ward, "became the hallmark for the genre".[6] As of August 1914, Pathé's American release schedule, aside from its weekday newsreel, encompassed a Perils of Pauline chapter every other Monday, alternating with a "Cartoon Comedy or Comedy and Short Scenic Educational subjects in Natural Colors"; on Tuesdays, a one- or two-reel comedy; and on Wednesdays and Fridays, features of three reels or more.[7] Later in the year, Pathé stopped releasing its films through General Film Company, acquired the Eclectic Film distribution exchanges, and formally incorporated an American subsidiary: Pathé Exchange. Investors Charles Merrill and Edmund Lynch, then just starting their careers, joined the company's board of directors in early 1915.[8]

Released in April 1920, the drama Sex, starring Louise Glaum, was a hit across much of the country, though it caused controversy in some prudish precincts; the Pennsylvania Board of Censors required it be retitled Sex Crushed to Earth for distribution within the state.[9] Pathé Frères cofounder Charles Pathé retired from the presidency of Pathé Exchange in September, and the following year the business was spun off from its French parent company, with a controlling stake acquired by Merrill Lynch.[10] For many years, Pathé was closely associated with the distribution company Associated Exhibitors, which handled independent productions. Among Pathé's independent releases were the influential documentary feature Nanook of the North (1922), the first major commercial success in the genre.[11] Its regular release schedule during this period revolved around its newsreel (now coming out twice a week), the "Pathéserials", cartoons by animator Paul Terry, and comedy shorts from Hal Roach and Mack Sennett. Trailblazing film comedians Laurel and Hardy (Roach), the Our Gang troupe (Roach), and Harry Langdon (Sennett) all first reached movie screens under the "Pathécomedy" banner.[12]

 
December 1930 Photoplay ad showing Pathé's top stars during the studio's final days

By far Pathé's biggest star of this era, comedian Harold Lloyd, made many shorts for Roach, originally released by Pathé and then, beginning in May 1921, Associated Exhibitors. Lloyd shifted to features with the joint Pathé/Associated Exhibitors release A Sailor-Made Man that December. After four more full-length pictures with Roach—and a return to exclusive Pathé distribution—he launched his own production company with Girl Shy (1924). Following two further Pathé releases, including the massive hit The Freshman (1925), Lloyd departed for the major Paramount studio.[13] Of the six feature films in Pathé Exchange history to reap $1 million or more in North American rentals, five were Lloyd vehicles.[14] In late 1926, the ailing Associated Exhibitors was subsumed into Pathé.[15]

In March 1927, Pathé was acquired by the Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO) theater chain, which already owned a 50 percent stake in the holding company of Cecil B. DeMille's Producers Distributing Corporation (PDC) studio.[16] The following month, Pathé—with more far-reaching distribution exchanges than PDC—released DeMille's epic about the last weeks of Jesus, The King of Kings. It was a major success, both critically and at the box office.[17] J. J. Murdock, KAO general manager and newly installed Pathé president, soon turned to financier Joseph P. Kennedy, head of midsized studio Film Booking Offices of America (FBO), to help reorganize the debt-ridden Pathé business.[18] The following year, Pathé came under Kennedy's control, and the PDC assets, including DeMille's Culver City production facility and the long-term lease on the adjacent backlot, were merged into it. For the conversion to sound film production now understood as necessary across the industry, Kennedy contracted both Pathé and FBO to RCA Photophone, run by his sometime ally David Sarnoff.[19] In April 1929, Kennedy had himself elected as chair of the Pathé board.[20] A fire at Pathé's New York production facility that December killed eleven people and precipitated a shift of the studio's short-comedy production to the West Coast.[21]

Later incarnations

In late 1930, Kennedy arranged for Pathé Exchange to be acquired by RKO Pictures, which had been built by Sarnoff in part on the bones of FBO, sold off by Kennedy and dissolved early the previous year; the official merger took place on January 31, 1931. The central assets involved were Pathé Exchange's motion picture production facilities, employee contracts, and distribution exchanges; three films completed by Pathé Exchange, two already in release, were included as well.[22] The Pathé headliners who joined the RKO roster and starred in films from the new semiautonomous RKO Pathé production unit were led by Constance Bennett, Ann Harding, Helen Twelvetrees, William Boyd, Eddie Quillan, Robert Armstrong, and James Gleason.[23] Around the time of the takeover, Pathé's range of shorts included its twice-weekly newsreel, a weekly "audio review", three biweekly series—Grantland Rice Sportlights, Aesop's Sound Fables, and Vagabond Adventure Series—the seasonal Knute Rockne Football Series, and an array of humorous two-reelers under the banners of Manhattan Comedies, Whoopee Comedies, Rainbow Comedies, Folly Comedies, Rodeo Comedies, Melody Comedies, Checker Comedies, Campus Comedies, and Capitol Comedies.[24]

 
Flyer promoting RKO Pathé's 1939 releases—at this point, most of its shorts were one-reelers. Even within this single promotional item, a hyphen came and went in the brand name.

By the beginning of 1932, feature production had been shifted almost entirely from Culver City to RKO's main Hollywood studio, and in February the company announced that as of the 1932–33 exhibition season (beginning in September 1932) all of its features would come out under the RKO Radio Pictures banner.[25] One of the last RKO Pathé releases, What Price Hollywood?, with Bennett in the lead, came out on June 24; it was the first screen version of the story that would be filmed multiple times as A Star Is Born.[26] In fact, due to extensive reshoots and recutting, the final feature release bearing the RKO Pathé emblem—the signature Pathé rooster standing proudly atop the RKO logo's spinning globe—Rockabye, didn't reach theaters until late November.[27] The RKO Pathé brand was thenceforth limited to newsreels and shorts (plus one feature-length documentary in 1953).[28] In 1947, RKO sold the Pathé newsreel operation to Warner Bros., which rebranded it Warner Pathé News.[29] RKO Pathé continued to put out a reduced roster of theatrical shorts, along with industrials and TV commercials, until early 1956, when its doors closed for good.[30] Later that year, Warners shut down the newsreel.[31]

Pathé Exchange Inc. continued as a small holding company for the few assets that had not been part of the RKO acquisition, including most of the studio's film library, a film processing lab in New Jersey, a 49 percent stake in DuPont's raw film manufacturing operation, and a nontheatrical division that focused on the production of shorts for retail customers with home projectors. Kennedy, who had originally aimed to sell the company's remnants and dissolve it, instead stepped down from the board in April 1931.[32] In 1935, the company was reorganized as Pathé Film Corporation (PFC), and most of the film library was sold to Columbia Pictures, which used the accompanying remake rights to produce such classics as The Awful Truth (1937) and Holiday (1938). The following year, after the completion of a hiatus imposed in the RKO deal, PFC reentered the filmmaking field in a small way, acquiring 8 percent of the recently established Grand National Films. The venture met with little success, and Grand National was dissolved in early 1940.[33] In 1939, Pathé Film Corporation had bought a second film processing and printing facility, in Los Angeles, and established Pathé Laboratories Inc. of California as its operating subsidiary. The following year, financier Robert Young (no relation to the actor) acquired PFC; he officially dissolved the holding company while maintaining control of its various businesses.[34]

 
Poster for sci-fi classic Destination Moon (1950), a pioneering depiction of space travel. The George Pal production was a box-office hit for Eagle-Lion in Pathé Industries' last full year in the movie distribution business.

Pathé returned more fully to filmmaking in 1942, when Pathé Laboratories of California acquired Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC), a struggling Poverty Row studio notorious for the threadbare production values of its output. While PRC relied on independent producers for its release slate, Pathé management wanted to focus on in-house production, and a Sunset Boulevard production facility was purchased. PRC's initial "directly produced" feature, Jive Junction, was released in December 1943. Its director, Edgar G. Ulmer, already responsible for multiple PRC releases from outside producers, would make several more films at the studio, including the now renowned film noir Detour (1945).[35] In June 1944, Young set up a new holding company, Pathé Industries, for the Pathé and PRC assets.[36] Late the following year, Pathé Industries arranged to collaborate with British movie magnate J. Arthur Rank on the reciprocal release of Pathé and Rank productions; Pathé set up a new production subsidiary distinct from PRC, Eagle-Lion Films, while the American distribution firm Rank had established in 1944 under that name relinquished it.[37]

The new Eagle-Lion Films was officially established in April 1946; entertainment lawyer Arthur B. Krim was brought on as studio president. An ambitious program of A-level productions was promised, although it was the former head of Warners' B unit, Bryan Foy, who was hired as studio chief. The first Eagle-Lion picture, It's a Joke, Son!, reached theaters in January 1947 and the firm soon became Pathé Industries' sole Hollywood flagship, with the announcement in August that PRC would be absorbed into Eagle-Lion.[38] The studio's rare hits included an overachieving noir, Anthony Mann's T-Men (1947), and a Rank import, Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's The Red Shoes (1948). In late 1949, Eagle-Lion announced that it was ending in-house production, as Krim departed. N. Peter Rathvon, former president of RKO, joined the company to handle financing for the independent producers who would now provide all of its domestic output, such as George Pal, whose Destination Moon, released in June 1950, was a major success.[39] That same month, Pathé merged Eagle-Lion with an independent distributor that focused on reissues, Film Classics, to create Eagle-Lion Classics. In October, the company sued the RKO and Loew's exhibition circuits for keeping its product out of New York theaters. With the suit still pending, in March 1951, Eagle-Lion Classics reported that 1950–51 would be its first profitable year, with the prospect that in-house production would resume. The next month, however, the studio was sold to United Artists, which had come under the control of Krim and his partner Robert Benjamin, former head of Rank's U.S. operations. Pathé was once again out of the movies.[40] In 1953, Young replaced the Pathé Industries name with that of Chesapeake Industries.[41] Three years later, the suit against the theater chains was dismissed.[42]

After Young's death in 1958, Chesapeake was acquired by real estate developer William Zeckendorf. Redubbed the America Corporation, the firm revived the Pathé brand with a distribution subsidiary, Pathé-America, that handled independent productions from both the U.S. and Great Britain. During its brief 1961–62 existence, it released seven films under America Corporation ownership, including Sam Peckinpah's feature directorial debut, The Deadly Companions (1961), and Roger Corman's pathbreaking drama about racial bigotry, The Intruder (1962). In late June 1962, Pathé-America was sold to Astor Pictures; after one more release in December, the brand was dropped.[43]

Filmography

Main article: List of Pathé Exchange films

The List of RKO Pictures films includes all of the RKO Pathé feature releases, but does not distinguish them from the films made by RKO's main production division, then branded as "Radio Pictures".

See also: List of Producers Releasing Corporation films § 1942–1948

Pathé Laboratories Inc. acquired a controlling interest in PRC in early January 1942 and purchased it outright by late February.[44]

See also: List of Eagle-Lion films

List of Pathé-America films

References

  1. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 9780809334964.
  2. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 5–11. ISBN 9780809334964.
  3. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780809334964.
  4. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780809334964.
  5. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780809334964.
  6. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9780809334964. Koszarski, Richard (2004). Fort Lee: The Film Town. Rome and Bloomington: John Libbey Publishing/Indiana University Press. pp. 142–49. ISBN 0-86196-653-8.
  7. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780809334964.
  8. ^ Codori, Jeff (2020). Film History through Trade Journal Art, 1916–1920. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 41–42. ISBN 9780801883989. Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 12–17. ISBN 9780809334964.
  9. ^ Aronson, Michael (2009). "1920: Movies, Margarine, and Main Street". In Fischer, Lucy (ed.). American Cinema of the 1920s: Themes and Variations. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 33–36. ISBN 978-0-8135-4484-7. "Sex (1920)". AFI Catalog. American Film Institute. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  10. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 63–68. ISBN 9780809334964. Wilkins, Mira (2004). The History of Foreign Investment in the United States, 1914–1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-674-01308-5.
  11. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 3, 58, 76, 78. ISBN 9780809334964.
  12. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 71, 170, see also 54–59, 62, 76–80. ISBN 9780809334964.
  13. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 52, 54, 57–59, 76–79. ISBN 9780809334964.
  14. ^ Finler, Joel W. (2003). The Hollywood Story (3d ed.). London: Wallflower Press. p. 356. ISBN 1-903364-66-3.
  15. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN 9780809334964.
  16. ^ Codori, Jeff (2020). Film History through Trade Journal Art, 1916–1920. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 41–42. ISBN 9780801883989.
  17. ^ Birchard, Robert S. (2004). Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 216–26. ISBN 978-0-8131-2636-4.
  18. ^ Nasaw, David (2012). The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 112–13. ISBN 978-1-59420-376-3.
  19. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 107–14. ISBN 9780809334964. Nasaw, David (2012). The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 115–17, 119–20. ISBN 978-1-59420-376-3.
  20. ^ Nasaw, David (2012). The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 141–42. ISBN 978-1-59420-376-3.
  21. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 131–34. ISBN 9780809334964.
  22. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 141–46. ISBN 9780809334964. Nasaw, David (2012). The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 159–61. ISBN 978-1-59420-376-3. Crafton, Donald (1997). The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926–1931. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 208, 210. ISBN 0-684-19585-2.
  23. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 145–48. ISBN 9780809334964.
  24. ^ Alicoate, Jack, ed. (1931). The 1931 Film Daily Year Book of Motion Pictures. New York: The Film Daily. p. 442.
  25. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 148–50. ISBN 9780809334964. Jewell, Richard B. (2012). RKO Radio Pictures: A Titan Is Born. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 43, 56. ISBN 978-0-520-27178-4.
  26. ^ McNally, Karen (2021). The Stardom Film: Creating the Hollywood Fairy Tale. New York: Wallflower Press. pp. 24–29. ISBN 978-0-520-27178-4. "What Price Hollywood? (1932)". AFI Catalog. American Film Institute. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  27. ^ Jewell, Richard B. (1982). The RKO Story. New York: Arlington House/Crown. p. 54. ISBN 0-517-54656-6. "Rockabye (1932)". AFI Catalog. American Film Institute. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  28. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 149–50. ISBN 9780809334964. Jewell, Richard B. (2012). RKO Radio Pictures: A Titan Is Born. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 43, 56. ISBN 978-0-520-27178-4.
  29. ^ "Warner Brothers Buys Pathe News; Transfer of the RKO Newsreel Takes Place Next Month—Short Subjects Excluded". New York Times. July 28, 1947. Retrieved January 28, 2019. Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 149–50. ISBN 9780809334964.
  30. ^ "Doors Closing: East RKO-Pathe Due to Wind Up Business", Billboard, March 3, 1956.
  31. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 151. ISBN 9780809334964.
  32. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 142, 152. ISBN 9780809334964.
  33. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 152–53. ISBN 9780809334964.
  34. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 153–54. ISBN 9780809334964.
  35. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 154–55. ISBN 9780809334964. Isenberg, Noah (2014). Edgar G. Ulmer: A Filmmaker at the Margins. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. pp. 283–91. ISBN 978-0-520-23577-9.
  36. ^ "PRC Sets Deal With NBC for Telev. Film; $7,385,000 Budget" (PDF). Variety. July 5, 1944. p. 9. Retrieved December 31, 2022. Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 155, 163. ISBN 9780809334964.
  37. ^ "Rank Signs Another 2-Way Deal, This Time with Young". Motion Picture Herald. December 22, 1945. p. 13. Retrieved January 1, 2023. Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780809334964. "Rank Starts Triple Play for American Market". Motion Picture Herald. February 19, 1944. p. 33. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
  38. ^ Slide, Anthony (1998). The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-579-58056-8. Schauer, Bradley (2017). Escape Velocity: American Science Fiction Film, 1950–1982. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780819576583. "Thomas' PRC Tie to End Shortly". Motion Picture Daily. August 5, 1947. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Note that the date of "1946" on page 1 is a clear misprint. Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780809334964.
  39. ^ Schauer, Bradley (2017). Escape Velocity: American Science Fiction Film, 1950–1982. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 32–39. ISBN 9780819576583.
  40. ^ Slide, Anthony (1998). The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-579-58056-8. Davis, Blair (2012). The Battle for the Bs: 1950s Hollywood and the Rebirth of Low-Budget Cinema. New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Rutgers University Press. pp. 53–56. ISBN 978-1-579-58056-8. "2 Movie Concerns Announce Merger". New York Times. May 22, 1950. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "ELC Files Big Suit Against Loew's, RKO". Motion Picture Daily. October 4, 1950. pp. 1, 6. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "1950-51 Will Be ELC's First 'Profit' Year". Motion Picture Daily. March 26, 1951. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "Eagle Lion Is Sold to U.A. Film Firm". New York Times. April 12, 1951. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
    Davis—echoing mistakes made by others—incorrectly describes Rank as controlling the Eagle-Lion Films production company and "acquiring" PRC (p. 50). Among the abundant contemporaenous evidence to the contrary, see the Pathé Industries Inc. copyright on the Destination Moon poster here and the description of Pathé Industries Inc. as Eagle-Lion Classics' "parent company" in the April 12, 1951 New York Times article cited in this note. See also "Pathe, Boston Bank Loan 'Progressing'". Motion Picture Daily. July 28, 1947. p. 1. Retrieved January 3, 2023. (Pathé "[p]roducing affiliates include Eagle-Lion and PRC.") "$8,500,000 Pathe Boston Bank Loan Is Transfer Deal". Motion Picture Daily. August 5, 1947. p. 3. Retrieved January 3, 2023. ("Eagle-Lion and PRC, both Pathe Industries subsidiaries.")
  41. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 165. ISBN 9780809334964.
  42. ^ Schauer, Bradley (2017). Escape Velocity: American Science Fiction Film, 1950–1982. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 39–40. ISBN 9780819576583.
  43. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 165–66. ISBN 9780809334964. Pitts, Michael R. (2019). Astor Pictures: A Filmography and History of the Reissue King, 1933–1965. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4766-7649-4. "Pathe-America Sold to Astor Pictures". New York Times. June 27, 1962. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "Astor Takes Full Control of Pathe-America Co". Boxoffice. July 2, 1962. p. 5. Retrieved January 3, 2023. The Pathé-America slate included the inaugural full release of Paradise Alley, which initially screened in 1958 as supposedly "the first picture ever to premiere without distribution." "Paradise Alley (1962)". AFI Catalog. American Film Institute. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  44. ^ Ward, Richard Lewis (2016). When the Cock Crows: A History of the Pathé Exchange. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 154. ISBN 9780809334964. "Pathe Lab Buys PRC". Motion Picture Herald. January 10, 1942. p. 8. Retrieved December 30, 2022. "Pathé Now Owns 100 Per Cent of PRC Stock". Motion Picture Herald. February 28, 1942. p. 46. Retrieved December 30, 2022.

External link

 
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  • Producers Releasing Corporation Early Television Rights close analysis of PRC/Pathé rights and business history

January 09, 2023
pathé, exchange, commonly, known, pathé, american, film, production, distribution, company, largely, hollywood, silent, known, groundbreaking, newsreel, wide, array, shorts, grew, american, division, major, french, studio, pathé, frères, which, began, distribu. Pathe Exchange commonly known as Pathe was an American film production and distribution company largely of Hollywood s silent era Known for its groundbreaking newsreel and wide array of shorts it grew out of the American division of the major French studio Pathe Freres which began distributing films in the United States in 1904 Ten years later it produced the enormously successful The Perils of Pauline a twenty episode serial that came to define the genre The American operation was incorporated as Pathe Exchange toward the end of 1914 and spun off as an independent entity in 1921 the Merrill Lynch investment firm acquired a controlling stake The following year it released Robert J Flaherty s groundbreaking documentary Nanook of the North Other notable feature releases included the controversial drama Sex 1920 and director producer Cecil B DeMille s smash hit biblical epic The King of Kings 1927 During much of the 1920s Pathe distributed the shorts of comedy pioneers Hal Roach and Mack Sennett and innovative animator Paul Terry For Roach and then his own production company acclaimed comedian Harold Lloyd starred in many feature and short releases from Pathe and the closely linked Associated Exhibitors Poster for the comedic short Bungalow Boobs 1924 with the genre brand Pathecomedy and global Pathe rooster logo at the bottom Beginning in 1927 the studio changed hands several times in quick succession first coming under the control of the Keith Albee Orpheum theater chain then financier and Hollywood maestro Joseph P Kennedy Under Kennedy Pathe contracted with RCA Photophone for conversion to sound film and took over the assets of Producers Distributing Corporation DeMille s former outlet Finally in January 1931 the studio was acquired by the much larger RKO Pictures It continued making features as the semiautonomous division RKO Pathe into 1932 when all feature production was subsumed under the RKO Radio Pictures banner the RKO Pathe unit and brand were maintained for short subjects and the trademark newsreel The latter was purchased in 1947 from RKO by Warner Bros which rebranded it Warner Pathe News RKO Pathe which in its final decade produced industrials and TV commercials along with theatrical shorts closed its doors in 1956 Warners ended the newsreel the same year Pathe Exchange had survived as a small holding company for the few assets including an East Coast film lab and a home movie operation that RKO had declined to acquire the business was subsequently reorganized first as Pathe Film Corporation and ultimately as Pathe Industries The company reentered the movie production and distribution business for nearly a decade beginning in 1942 with the purchase of Poverty Row studio Producers Releasing Corporation PRC and Pathe s subsequent establishment of Eagle Lion Films Among the historically significant releases from this period are the film noir Detour 1945 PRC and the science fiction film Destination Moon 1950 Eagle Lion By 1951 Pathe Industries was out of the motion picture business In 1961 its successor company the America Corporation briefly revived the brand with a distribution subsidiary Pathe America It was sold the following year to Astor Pictures and soon dissolved Contents 1 History 1 1 From silents to the early sound era 1 2 Later incarnations 2 Filmography 2 1 List of Pathe America films 3 References 4 External linkHistory EditFrom silents to the early sound era Edit Poster for the final episode of The Perils of Pauline 1914 the genre defining serial Pathe Freres founded in 1895 and by the middle of the next decade France s leading film studio began distributing its films in the United States in 1904 By October 1906 its films commanded as much as 50 percent of the entire U S market In 1908 Pathe Freres was invited to join the Motion Picture Patents Company MPPC created by a combine of production firms that aimed to lock up the American market completely 1 As a result Pathe utilized MPPC s General Film Company distribution company to release its films 2 Pathe Freres established production facilities in New Jersey first in East Bound Brook then Jersey City and leased an outdoor spread in Edendale an L A suburb for the shooting of Westerns 3 In 1911 the company launched the first ever newsreel produced in the United States the Pathe Weekly by early 1914 the renamed Pathe News was coming out five days a week 4 The year prior alongside its General Film releases Pathe also began distributing through the recently founded Eclectic Film Company in which Pathe Freres was evidently a major investor 5 In March 1914 from its studio in Jersey City with many climactic scenes shot in the nearby film hub of Fort Lee Pathe Freres entered the market for serials Its initial such effort The Perils of Pauline starring Pearl White and codirected by company veteran Louis Gasnier was a massive success with popular demand so great that the original plan for thirteen episodes was extended to twenty and a record breaking number of release prints were struck to supply exhibitors around the country Several sequels followed as the original in the words of film historian Richard Lewis Ward became the hallmark for the genre 6 As of August 1914 Pathe s American release schedule aside from its weekday newsreel encompassed a Perils of Pauline chapter every other Monday alternating with a Cartoon Comedy or Comedy and Short Scenic Educational subjects in Natural Colors on Tuesdays a one or two reel comedy and on Wednesdays and Fridays features of three reels or more 7 Later in the year Pathe stopped releasing its films through General Film Company acquired the Eclectic Film distribution exchanges and formally incorporated an American subsidiary Pathe Exchange Investors Charles Merrill and Edmund Lynch then just starting their careers joined the company s board of directors in early 1915 8 Released in April 1920 the drama Sex starring Louise Glaum was a hit across much of the country though it caused controversy in some prudish precincts the Pennsylvania Board of Censors required it be retitled Sex Crushed to Earth for distribution within the state 9 Pathe Freres cofounder Charles Pathe retired from the presidency of Pathe Exchange in September and the following year the business was spun off from its French parent company with a controlling stake acquired by Merrill Lynch 10 For many years Pathe was closely associated with the distribution company Associated Exhibitors which handled independent productions Among Pathe s independent releases were the influential documentary feature Nanook of the North 1922 the first major commercial success in the genre 11 Its regular release schedule during this period revolved around its newsreel now coming out twice a week the Patheserials cartoons by animator Paul Terry and comedy shorts from Hal Roach and Mack Sennett Trailblazing film comedians Laurel and Hardy Roach the Our Gang troupe Roach and Harry Langdon Sennett all first reached movie screens under the Pathecomedy banner 12 December 1930 Photoplay ad showing Pathe s top stars during the studio s final days By far Pathe s biggest star of this era comedian Harold Lloyd made many shorts for Roach originally released by Pathe and then beginning in May 1921 Associated Exhibitors Lloyd shifted to features with the joint Pathe Associated Exhibitors release A Sailor Made Man that December After four more full length pictures with Roach and a return to exclusive Pathe distribution he launched his own production company with Girl Shy 1924 Following two further Pathe releases including the massive hit The Freshman 1925 Lloyd departed for the major Paramount studio 13 Of the six feature films in Pathe Exchange history to reap 1 million or more in North American rentals five were Lloyd vehicles 14 In late 1926 the ailing Associated Exhibitors was subsumed into Pathe 15 In March 1927 Pathe was acquired by the Keith Albee Orpheum KAO theater chain which already owned a 50 percent stake in the holding company of Cecil B DeMille s Producers Distributing Corporation PDC studio 16 The following month Pathe with more far reaching distribution exchanges than PDC released DeMille s epic about the last weeks of Jesus The King of Kings It was a major success both critically and at the box office 17 J J Murdock KAO general manager and newly installed Pathe president soon turned to financier Joseph P Kennedy head of midsized studio Film Booking Offices of America FBO to help reorganize the debt ridden Pathe business 18 The following year Pathe came under Kennedy s control and the PDC assets including DeMille s Culver City production facility and the long term lease on the adjacent backlot were merged into it For the conversion to sound film production now understood as necessary across the industry Kennedy contracted both Pathe and FBO to RCA Photophone run by his sometime ally David Sarnoff 19 In April 1929 Kennedy had himself elected as chair of the Pathe board 20 A fire at Pathe s New York production facility that December killed eleven people and precipitated a shift of the studio s short comedy production to the West Coast 21 Later incarnations Edit In late 1930 Kennedy arranged for Pathe Exchange to be acquired by RKO Pictures which had been built by Sarnoff in part on the bones of FBO sold off by Kennedy and dissolved early the previous year the official merger took place on January 31 1931 The central assets involved were Pathe Exchange s motion picture production facilities employee contracts and distribution exchanges three films completed by Pathe Exchange two already in release were included as well 22 The Pathe headliners who joined the RKO roster and starred in films from the new semiautonomous RKO Pathe production unit were led by Constance Bennett Ann Harding Helen Twelvetrees William Boyd Eddie Quillan Robert Armstrong and James Gleason 23 Around the time of the takeover Pathe s range of shorts included its twice weekly newsreel a weekly audio review three biweekly series Grantland Rice Sportlights Aesop s Sound Fables and Vagabond Adventure Series the seasonal Knute Rockne Football Series and an array of humorous two reelers under the banners of Manhattan Comedies Whoopee Comedies Rainbow Comedies Folly Comedies Rodeo Comedies Melody Comedies Checker Comedies Campus Comedies and Capitol Comedies 24 Flyer promoting RKO Pathe s 1939 releases at this point most of its shorts were one reelers Even within this single promotional item a hyphen came and went in the brand name By the beginning of 1932 feature production had been shifted almost entirely from Culver City to RKO s main Hollywood studio and in February the company announced that as of the 1932 33 exhibition season beginning in September 1932 all of its features would come out under the RKO Radio Pictures banner 25 One of the last RKO Pathe releases What Price Hollywood with Bennett in the lead came out on June 24 it was the first screen version of the story that would be filmed multiple times as A Star Is Born 26 In fact due to extensive reshoots and recutting the final feature release bearing the RKO Pathe emblem the signature Pathe rooster standing proudly atop the RKO logo s spinning globe Rockabye didn t reach theaters until late November 27 The RKO Pathe brand was thenceforth limited to newsreels and shorts plus one feature length documentary in 1953 28 In 1947 RKO sold the Pathe newsreel operation to Warner Bros which rebranded it Warner Pathe News 29 RKO Pathe continued to put out a reduced roster of theatrical shorts along with industrials and TV commercials until early 1956 when its doors closed for good 30 Later that year Warners shut down the newsreel 31 Pathe Exchange Inc continued as a small holding company for the few assets that had not been part of the RKO acquisition including most of the studio s film library a film processing lab in New Jersey a 49 percent stake in DuPont s raw film manufacturing operation and a nontheatrical division that focused on the production of shorts for retail customers with home projectors Kennedy who had originally aimed to sell the company s remnants and dissolve it instead stepped down from the board in April 1931 32 In 1935 the company was reorganized as Pathe Film Corporation PFC and most of the film library was sold to Columbia Pictures which used the accompanying remake rights to produce such classics as The Awful Truth 1937 and Holiday 1938 The following year after the completion of a hiatus imposed in the RKO deal PFC reentered the filmmaking field in a small way acquiring 8 percent of the recently established Grand National Films The venture met with little success and Grand National was dissolved in early 1940 33 In 1939 Pathe Film Corporation had bought a second film processing and printing facility in Los Angeles and established Pathe Laboratories Inc of California as its operating subsidiary The following year financier Robert Young no relation to the actor acquired PFC he officially dissolved the holding company while maintaining control of its various businesses 34 Poster for sci fi classic Destination Moon 1950 a pioneering depiction of space travel The George Pal production was a box office hit for Eagle Lion in Pathe Industries last full year in the movie distribution business Pathe returned more fully to filmmaking in 1942 when Pathe Laboratories of California acquired Producers Releasing Corporation PRC a struggling Poverty Row studio notorious for the threadbare production values of its output While PRC relied on independent producers for its release slate Pathe management wanted to focus on in house production and a Sunset Boulevard production facility was purchased PRC s initial directly produced feature Jive Junction was released in December 1943 Its director Edgar G Ulmer already responsible for multiple PRC releases from outside producers would make several more films at the studio including the now renowned film noir Detour 1945 35 In June 1944 Young set up a new holding company Pathe Industries for the Pathe and PRC assets 36 Late the following year Pathe Industries arranged to collaborate with British movie magnate J Arthur Rank on the reciprocal release of Pathe and Rank productions Pathe set up a new production subsidiary distinct from PRC Eagle Lion Films while the American distribution firm Rank had established in 1944 under that name relinquished it 37 The new Eagle Lion Films was officially established in April 1946 entertainment lawyer Arthur B Krim was brought on as studio president An ambitious program of A level productions was promised although it was the former head of Warners B unit Bryan Foy who was hired as studio chief The first Eagle Lion picture It s a Joke Son reached theaters in January 1947 and the firm soon became Pathe Industries sole Hollywood flagship with the announcement in August that PRC would be absorbed into Eagle Lion 38 The studio s rare hits included an overachieving noir Anthony Mann s T Men 1947 and a Rank import Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger s The Red Shoes 1948 In late 1949 Eagle Lion announced that it was ending in house production as Krim departed N Peter Rathvon former president of RKO joined the company to handle financing for the independent producers who would now provide all of its domestic output such as George Pal whose Destination Moon released in June 1950 was a major success 39 That same month Pathe merged Eagle Lion with an independent distributor that focused on reissues Film Classics to create Eagle Lion Classics In October the company sued the RKO and Loew s exhibition circuits for keeping its product out of New York theaters With the suit still pending in March 1951 Eagle Lion Classics reported that 1950 51 would be its first profitable year with the prospect that in house production would resume The next month however the studio was sold to United Artists which had come under the control of Krim and his partner Robert Benjamin former head of Rank s U S operations Pathe was once again out of the movies 40 In 1953 Young replaced the Pathe Industries name with that of Chesapeake Industries 41 Three years later the suit against the theater chains was dismissed 42 After Young s death in 1958 Chesapeake was acquired by real estate developer William Zeckendorf Redubbed the America Corporation the firm revived the Pathe brand with a distribution subsidiary Pathe America that handled independent productions from both the U S and Great Britain During its brief 1961 62 existence it released seven films under America Corporation ownership including Sam Peckinpah s feature directorial debut The Deadly Companions 1961 and Roger Corman s pathbreaking drama about racial bigotry The Intruder 1962 In late June 1962 Pathe America was sold to Astor Pictures after one more release in December the brand was dropped 43 Filmography EditMain article List of Pathe Exchange films The List of RKO Pictures films includes all of the RKO Pathe feature releases but does not distinguish them from the films made by RKO s main production division then branded as Radio Pictures See also List of Producers Releasing Corporation films 1942 1948 Pathe Laboratories Inc acquired a controlling interest in PRC in early January 1942 and purchased it outright by late February 44 See also List of Eagle Lion films List of Pathe America films Edit The Deadly Companions June 1961 Carousel Productions Run Across the River November 1961 Cameo Productions Fear No More November 1961 Scaramouche Productions Victim February 1962 Allied Film Makers AFM UK Whistle Down the Wind April 1962 AFM Beaver Films UK Paradise Alley c April May 1962 Sutton Pictures The Intruder May 1962 Los Altos Productions Out of the Tiger s Mouth December 1962 Ruggles Whelan Enterprises References Edit Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 4 6 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 5 11 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press p 6 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press p 9 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press p 12 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 8 9 ISBN 9780809334964 Koszarski Richard 2004 Fort Lee The Film Town Rome and Bloomington John Libbey Publishing Indiana University Press pp 142 49 ISBN 0 86196 653 8 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press p 13 ISBN 9780809334964 Codori Jeff 2020 Film History through Trade Journal Art 1916 1920 Jefferson NC McFarland pp 41 42 ISBN 9780801883989 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 12 17 ISBN 9780809334964 Aronson Michael 2009 1920 Movies Margarine and Main Street In Fischer Lucy ed American Cinema of the 1920s Themes and Variations New Brunswick NJ Rutgers University Press pp 33 36 ISBN 978 0 8135 4484 7 Sex 1920 AFI Catalog American Film Institute Retrieved January 3 2023 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 63 68 ISBN 9780809334964 Wilkins Mira 2004 The History of Foreign Investment in the United States 1914 1945 Cambridge MA Harvard University Press p 89 ISBN 0 674 01308 5 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 3 58 76 78 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 71 170 see also 54 59 62 76 80 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 52 54 57 59 76 79 ISBN 9780809334964 Finler Joel W 2003 The Hollywood Story 3d ed London Wallflower Press p 356 ISBN 1 903364 66 3 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 85 87 ISBN 9780809334964 Codori Jeff 2020 Film History through Trade Journal Art 1916 1920 Jefferson NC McFarland pp 41 42 ISBN 9780801883989 Birchard Robert S 2004 Cecil B DeMille s Hollywood Lexington University Press of Kentucky pp 216 26 ISBN 978 0 8131 2636 4 Nasaw David 2012 The Patriarch The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P Kennedy New York Penguin Press pp 112 13 ISBN 978 1 59420 376 3 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 107 14 ISBN 9780809334964 Nasaw David 2012 The Patriarch The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P Kennedy New York Penguin Press pp 115 17 119 20 ISBN 978 1 59420 376 3 Nasaw David 2012 The Patriarch The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P Kennedy New York Penguin Press pp 141 42 ISBN 978 1 59420 376 3 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 131 34 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 141 46 ISBN 9780809334964 Nasaw David 2012 The Patriarch The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P Kennedy New York Penguin Press pp 159 61 ISBN 978 1 59420 376 3 Crafton Donald 1997 The Talkies American Cinema s Transition to Sound 1926 1931 New York Charles Scribner s Sons pp 208 210 ISBN 0 684 19585 2 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 145 48 ISBN 9780809334964 Alicoate Jack ed 1931 The 1931 Film Daily Year Book of Motion Pictures New York The Film Daily p 442 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 148 50 ISBN 9780809334964 Jewell Richard B 2012 RKO Radio Pictures A Titan Is Born Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press pp 43 56 ISBN 978 0 520 27178 4 McNally Karen 2021 The Stardom Film Creating the Hollywood Fairy Tale New York Wallflower Press pp 24 29 ISBN 978 0 520 27178 4 What Price Hollywood 1932 AFI Catalog American Film Institute Retrieved January 3 2023 Jewell Richard B 1982 The RKO Story New York Arlington House Crown p 54 ISBN 0 517 54656 6 Rockabye 1932 AFI Catalog American Film Institute Retrieved December 30 2022 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 149 50 ISBN 9780809334964 Jewell Richard B 2012 RKO Radio Pictures A Titan Is Born Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press pp 43 56 ISBN 978 0 520 27178 4 Warner Brothers Buys Pathe News Transfer of the RKO Newsreel Takes Place Next Month Short Subjects Excluded New York Times July 28 1947 Retrieved January 28 2019 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 149 50 ISBN 9780809334964 Doors Closing East RKO Pathe Due to Wind Up Business Billboard March 3 1956 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press p 151 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 142 152 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 152 53 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 153 54 ISBN 9780809334964 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 154 55 ISBN 9780809334964 Isenberg Noah 2014 Edgar G Ulmer A Filmmaker at the Margins Berkeley Los Angeles and London University of California Press pp 283 91 ISBN 978 0 520 23577 9 PRC Sets Deal With NBC for Telev Film 7 385 000 Budget PDF Variety July 5 1944 p 9 Retrieved December 31 2022 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 155 163 ISBN 9780809334964 Rank Signs Another 2 Way Deal This Time with Young Motion Picture Herald December 22 1945 p 13 Retrieved January 1 2023 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press p 163 ISBN 9780809334964 Rank Starts Triple Play for American Market Motion Picture Herald February 19 1944 p 33 Retrieved January 1 2023 Slide Anthony 1998 The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry Abingdon and New York Routledge p 61 ISBN 978 1 579 58056 8 Schauer Bradley 2017 Escape Velocity American Science Fiction Film 1950 1982 Middletown CT Wesleyan University Press p 32 ISBN 9780819576583 Thomas PRC Tie to End Shortly Motion Picture Daily August 5 1947 pp 1 8 Retrieved January 3 2023 Note that the date of 1946 on page 1 is a clear misprint Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press p 164 ISBN 9780809334964 Schauer Bradley 2017 Escape Velocity American Science Fiction Film 1950 1982 Middletown CT Wesleyan University Press pp 32 39 ISBN 9780819576583 Slide Anthony 1998 The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry Abingdon and New York Routledge p 61 ISBN 978 1 579 58056 8 Davis Blair 2012 The Battle for the Bs 1950s Hollywood and the Rebirth of Low Budget Cinema New Brunswick NJ and London Rutgers University Press pp 53 56 ISBN 978 1 579 58056 8 2 Movie Concerns Announce Merger New York Times May 22 1950 Retrieved January 3 2023 ELC Files Big Suit Against Loew s RKO Motion Picture Daily October 4 1950 pp 1 6 Retrieved January 3 2023 1950 51 Will Be ELC s First Profit Year Motion Picture Daily March 26 1951 pp 1 3 Retrieved January 3 2023 Eagle Lion Is Sold to U A Film Firm New York Times April 12 1951 Retrieved January 1 2023 Davis echoing mistakes made by others incorrectly describes Rank as controlling the Eagle Lion Films production company and acquiring PRC p 50 Among the abundant contemporaenous evidence to the contrary see the Pathe Industries Inc copyright on the Destination Moon poster here and the description of Pathe Industries Inc as Eagle Lion Classics parent company in the April 12 1951 New York Times article cited in this note See also Pathe Boston Bank Loan Progressing Motion Picture Daily July 28 1947 p 1 Retrieved January 3 2023 Pathe p roducing affiliates include Eagle Lion and PRC 8 500 000 Pathe Boston Bank Loan Is Transfer Deal Motion Picture Daily August 5 1947 p 3 Retrieved January 3 2023 Eagle Lion and PRC both Pathe Industries subsidiaries Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press p 165 ISBN 9780809334964 Schauer Bradley 2017 Escape Velocity American Science Fiction Film 1950 1982 Middletown CT Wesleyan University Press pp 39 40 ISBN 9780819576583 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press pp 165 66 ISBN 9780809334964 Pitts Michael R 2019 Astor Pictures A Filmography and History of the Reissue King 1933 1965 Jefferson NC McFarland p 33 ISBN 978 1 4766 7649 4 Pathe America Sold to Astor Pictures New York Times June 27 1962 Retrieved January 3 2023 Astor Takes Full Control of Pathe America Co Boxoffice July 2 1962 p 5 Retrieved January 3 2023 The Pathe America slate included the inaugural full release of Paradise Alley which initially screened in 1958 as supposedly the first picture ever to premiere without distribution Paradise Alley 1962 AFI Catalog American Film Institute Retrieved January 3 2023 Ward Richard Lewis 2016 When the Cock Crows A History of the Pathe Exchange Carbondale Southern Illinois University Press p 154 ISBN 9780809334964 Pathe Lab Buys PRC Motion Picture Herald January 10 1942 p 8 Retrieved December 30 2022 Pathe Now Owns 100 Per Cent of PRC Stock Motion Picture Herald February 28 1942 p 46 Retrieved December 30 2022 External link Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pathe Exchange films Producers Releasing Corporation Early Television Rights close analysis of PRC Pathe rights and business history Retrieved from https en 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