Paraceratheriidae

Paraceratheriidae is an extinct family of long-limbed, hornless rhinocerotoids native to Asia and Eastern Europe^[3] that originated in the Eocene epoch and lived until the end of the Oligocene.

Paraceratheriidae Temporal range: Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene, 47–23 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Skeleton of Paraceratherium
Skeleton of Juxia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Superfamily:	Rhinocerotoidea
Family:	†Paraceratheriidae Osborn, 1923
Subgroups
†Forstercooperiinae? †Forstercooperia †Pappaceras †Paraceratheriinae †Aralotherium †Dzungariotherium †Juxia †Paraceratherium †Urtinotherium
Synonyms^[1]
Baluchitheriinae Osborn, 1923 Indricotheriinae Borissiak, 1923 Forstercooperiidae? Kretzoi, 1940^[2]

Artist's reconstruction of Paraceratherium transouralicum. It stood about 4.8 metres (15.7 feet) tall at the shoulder and weighed 15 to 20 tonnes (33,000 to 44,000 lb).

The earliest paraceratheres like Juxia were comparable in size with living rhinoceroses with a body mass of three quarters to one and a half tons, while later members grew substantially larger, with the largest representatives (Paraceratherium, Dzungariotherium) estimated to have a body mass of 17 to possibly over 20 tonnes, making them the largest land mammals to have ever lived.^[4][5]

Their range spanned from Eastern Europe in the west, the Indian subcontinent in the south, to Northern China in the east.^[3]

They are thought to have been primarily browsers.^[6]

Size comparison of a large Paraceratherium individual compared to a human

Although considered a subfamily of the family Hyracodontidae by some authors, recent authors treat the paraceratheres as a distinct family, Paraceratheriidae (Wang et al. 2016 recover hyracodonts as more basal than paraceratheres).^[7][8] Paraceratheriidae is generally recovered as the sister group of Rhinocerotidae, the group which contains modern rhinoceroses.^[3]

References

1. Lucas, S.G.; Sobus, J.C. (1989). "The Systematics of Indricotheres". In Prothero, D. R.; Schoch, R. M. (eds.). The Evolution of Perissodactyls. New York, New York & Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 358–378. ISBN 978-0-19-506039-3. OCLC 19268080.
2. Wood, H.E. (1963). "A Primitive Rhinoceros from the Late Eocene of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (2146): 1–12.
3. Deng, Tao; Lu, Xiaokang; Wang, Shiqi; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Sun, Danhui; He, Wen; Chen, Shanqin (2021-06-17). "An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 639. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02170-6. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8211792. PMID 34140631.
4. Larramendi, A. (2016). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014.
5. Li, Shijie; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Deng, Tao (2022-07-06). "Body mass of the giant rhinos (Paraceratheriinae, Mammalia) and its tendency in evolution". Historical Biology: 1–12. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2095908. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 250366746.
6. Martin, C.; Bentaleb, I.; Antoine, P. -O. (2011). "Pakistan mammal tooth stable isotopes show paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes since the early Oligocene". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 311 (1–2): 19–29. Bibcode:2011PPP...311...19M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.07.010.
7. Z. Qiu and B. Wang. 2007. Paracerathere Fossils of China. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series C 193(29):1-396
8. Wang, H.; Bai, B.; Meng, J.; Wang, Y. (2016). "Earliest known unequivocal rhinocerotoid sheds new light on the origin of Giant Rhinos and phylogeny of early rhinocerotoids". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 39607. Bibcode:2016NatSR...639607W. doi:10.1038/srep39607. PMC 5175171. PMID 28000789.