Para foliage-gleaner
The Para foliage-gleaner (Automolus paraensis) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil.[2]
| Para foliage-gleaner | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | Automolus |
| Species: | A. paraensis |
| Binomial name | |
| Automolus paraensis Hartert, 1902 | |
| Synonyms | |
| Automolus infuscatus paraensis | |
Taxonomy and systematics edit
The Para foliage-gleaner was previously treated as a subspecies of the olive-backed foliage-gleaner (A. infuscatus). A 2002 publication detailed significant vocal differences between them; based on that evidence major taxonomic systems elevated it to species rank.[3][2][4][5][6] The Para foliage-gleaner, olive-backed foliage-gleaner, Pernambuco foliage-gleaner (A. lammi), and white-eyed foliage-gleaner (A. leucophthalmus) form a superspecies.[4]
Description edit
The Para foliage-gleaner is 18 to 19 cm (7.1 to 7.5 in) long and weighs 32 to 41 g (1.1 to 1.4 oz). It is a fairly large member of its genus and has a heavy bill. The sexes have the same plumage, and differ very little from the formerly conspecific olive-backed foliage-gleaner. Adults have a mostly blackish brown face with reddish streaks on the ear coverts and grizzled blackish brown and buff lores. Their forehead is blackish brown with wide but inconspicuous rufescent brown streaks that become faint scallops on the grayish brown crown. They have a vague dark brown collar with faint light brown streaks. Their back and rump are rich dark olivaceous-brown that blends to dark reddish brown uppertail coverts. Their wing coverts are rich dark brown and their flight feathers slightly paler with a rufescent tinge. Their tail is dark rufous. Their throat and the sides of their neck are white, their center breast white with a gray wash that becomes buffy before their light buff-brownish belly. The sides of their breast are dark olive-brown, their flanks rufescent brown, and their undertail coverts pale brown. Their iris is dark brown, light brown, or hazel; their maxilla black to dark olive-horn; their mandible olive horn to gray to pale brown; and their legs and feet grayish green to yellowish olive. Juveniles are slightly darker and duller than adults.[7][8]
Distribution and habitat edit
The Para foliage-gleaner is found only in Brazil south of the Amazon, from the right bank of the Rio Madeira east to the Atlantic in Maranhão state and south to Rondônia and Mato Grosso states. It inhabits tropical evergreen forest, primarily terra firme but also várzea and secondary forest. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to 700 m (2,300 ft).[7][8]
Behavior edit
Movement edit
The Para foliage-gleaner is a year-round resident throughout its range.[7]
Feeding edit
The Para foliage-gleaner feeds on a variety of larval and adult insects and spiders, and also eats small lizards. It forages singly or in pairs, and most of the time as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. It feeds mostly in the forest undergrowth though it occasionally will do so to the mid-storey but only rarely to the subcanopy. It acrobatically gleans and pulls prey from epiphytes, debris, bark crevices, and especially from clumps of dead leaves.[7]
Breeding edit
The Para foliage-gleaner's breeding season has not been defined but includes at least January and February. It builds a cup nest of plant fibers in a chamber at the end of a tunnel it excavates in an earthen bank. The clutch size is two eggs. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.[7]
Vocalization edit
The Para foliage-gleaner's song is a "very high, penetrating, sharp 'kreet-kreetkrititit', slightly descending". Its call is a nasal "wheet wheet".[8]
Status edit
The IUCN has assessed the Para foliage-gleaner as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered common to fairly common in most of its range and occurs in many protected areas. It appears able to persist in fairly small forest fragments.[7]
References edit
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Para Foliage-gleaner Automolus paraensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22731952A104054913. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22731952A104054913.en. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
- ^ Zimmer, K. J. (2002). Species limits in Olive-backed Foliage-gleaners. Wilson Bull. 114: 20–37.
- ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved May 31, 2023
- ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
- ^ a b c d e f del Hoyo, J., N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Para Foliage-gleaner (Automolus paraensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.parfog1.01 retrieved September 8, 2023
- ^ a b c van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.