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Popery

February 07, 2023

For scented plant matter, see potpourri.

The words Popery (adjective Popish) and Papism (adjective Papist, also used to refer to an individual) are mainly historical pejorative words in the English language for Roman Catholicism, once frequently used by Protestants and Eastern Orthodox Christians to label their Roman Catholic opponents, who differed from them in accepting the authority of the Pope over the Christian Church.[1] The words were popularised during the English Reformation (1532–1559), when the Church of England broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and divisions emerged between those who rejected Papal authority and those who continued to follow Rome. The words are recognised as pejorative;[2][3][4][5] they have been in widespread use in Protestant writings until the mid-nineteenth century, including use in some laws that remain in force in the United Kingdom.[6]

An 1807 satirical painting by James Gillray showing King George III of the United Kingdom saying "bring in the papists!"

Popery and Papism are sometimes used in modern writing as dog whistles for anti-Catholicism or as pejorative ways of distinguishing Roman Catholicism from other forms of Christianity that refer to themselves as Catholic, such as Eastern Orthodoxy, Lutherans of Evangelical Catholic churchmanship or Anglicans of Anglo-Catholic churchmanship. Papist was used in the latter way in 2008 by the Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki at a conference opposing ecumenism, and the word sees some wider use in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[7][1]

History

 
A Dutch crescent-shaped Geuzen medal at the time of the anti-Spanish Dutch Revolt, with the slogan "Liever Turks dan Paaps" ("Rather Turkish than Papist"), 1570[8]
 
St John the Baptist Church, Hagley, memorial to Meriel Lyttelton (a daughter of Thomas Bromley) from 1769, remembered "for Breeding up her Children in the Protestant Religion, Their Ancestors having been Papists"

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word Papist was first used in 1522.[9]

The word was in common use by Protestant writers until the mid-nineteenth century, as shown by its frequent appearance in Thomas Macaulay's History of England from the Accession of James II and in other works of that period, including those with no sectarian bias.

The word is found in certain surviving statutes of the United Kingdom, for example in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 and the Scottish Claim of Right of 1689. Catholics have been excluded from the British throne for centuries. In 1701, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement, which requires that only a Protestant monarch could rule over England and Ireland.[10] Under the Act of Settlement of 1701, no one who professes "the popish religion" may succeed to the throne of the Kingdom of England and the Act continues to apply to the United Kingdom and all of the Commonwealth Realms;[6] until the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 amended it with effect from 2015, the Act of Settlement also banned from the throne anyone who married "a papist". Fears that Roman Catholic secular leaders would be anti-Protestant and would be unduly influenced from Rome arose after all allegiance to the Pope was banned in England in the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Jonathan Swift (1667–1745), the author of Gulliver's Travels, employed the term in his satirical essay A Modest Proposal, in which he proposed selling Irish babies to be eaten by wealthy English landlords. Daniel Defoe wrote in the popular Robinson Crusoe (1719), near the end of the novel: "[...] I began to regret having professed myself a Papist, and thought it might not be the best religion to die with."

Similar terms, such as the traditional "popery" and the more recent "papalism", are sometimes used,[11][12][13] as in the Popery Act 1698 and the Irish Popery Act. The Seventh-day Adventist prophetess Ellen G. White used the terms "papist" and "popery" throughout her book The Great Controversy, a volume harshly criticized for its anti-Catholic tone.

During the American presidential election of 1928, the Democratic nominee Al Smith was labeled a "papist" by his political opponents. He was the first Roman Catholic ever to gain the presidential nomination of a major party, and this led to fears that, if he were elected, the United States government would follow the dictates of the Vatican.[14] As of 2022, John F. Kennedy and Joe Biden are the only Roman Catholics to have been elected President of the United States.

The term is still sometimes used today,[15][16] although much less often than in earlier centuries.

Crypto-Papism

Further information: Nicodemite

In early use the term appeared in the compound form "Crypto-Papist", referring to members of Reformed, Protestant, or nonconformist churches who at heart were allegedly Roman Catholics.[17][18] Alexis Khomiakhov, a Russian lay theologian of the nineteenth century, claimed that "All Protestants are Crypto-Papists".[19]

Although the term may simply imply a Romanizing influence, at times there have been individuals who have secretly converted to Catholicism, for example, James II of England, Bartholomew Remov and Yelizaveta Fyodorovich. Some people may later on openly convert, such as George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, or secretly convert with reservations, such as John III of Sweden.

See also

Established uses and related topics

Pejorative terms for Roman Catholics

References

  1. ^ a b "Conclusions of the Inter-Orthodox Theological Conference "Ecumenism: Origins Expectations Disenchantment"". orthodox.info. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  2. ^ Larousse, Éditions. "Définitions : papisme - Dictionnaire de français Larousse". www.larousse.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  3. ^ Sennet, Adam; Copp, David (2017). "Pejoratives and Ways of Thinking". Analytic Philosophy. 58 (3): 248–271. doi:10.1111/phib.12100. ISSN 2153-960X.
  4. ^ Delaney, Sarah. "Vatican newspaper says Shakespeare was secret Catholic". www.catholicregister.org. Catholic News SErvice. Retrieved 2020-11-15. Anglican Archdeacon Richard Davies wrote, "He died a papist," a pejorative term Protestants used to refer to Catholics.
  5. ^ "Dictionary of the Scots Language:: DOST :: papist". Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  6. ^ a b Act of Settlement. UK Government. 1700. That all and every Person and Persons that then were or afterwards should be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or should professe the Popish Religion ... should be excluded and are by that Act made for ever (incapable) to inherit possess or enjoy the Crown and Government of this Realm and Ireland and the Dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same or to have use or exercise any regall Power Authority or Jurisdiction within the same
  7. ^ "Паписты".
  8. ^ Bulut, Mehmet (2001). Ottoman-Dutch economic relations in the early modern period 1571-1699. Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 112. ISBN 978-90-6550-655-9.
  9. ^ "papist, n. and adj". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  10. ^ "Which European royals are not in line for the British throne?". Royal Central. 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  11. ^ Dr J. J. Overbeck and His Scheme for the Re-establishment of the Orthodox Church in the West
  12. ^ "Popery".
  13. ^ "Popery Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster".
  14. ^ Michael O'Brien, John F. Kennedy: A Biography, Thomas Dunne Books, 2005, p. 414.
  15. ^ Vladimir Moss, Letter to a Papist
  16. ^ Ian Paisley, Papist Doctrine of Oaths
  17. ^ Walter Walsh, The Secret History of the Oxford Movement (C.J. Thynnes, 1898), pp. 8 and 187
  18. ^ The American National Preacher, August 1851, Sermon DLIII, p. 190
  19. ^ James J. Stamoolis (2004). Brad Nassif (ed.). Three views on Eastern Orthodoxy and evangelicalism. Zondervan. p. 20. ISBN 0310235391.

February 07, 2023
popery, scented, plant, matter, potpourri, words, adjective, popish, papism, adjective, papist, also, used, refer, individual, mainly, historical, pejorative, words, english, language, roman, catholicism, once, frequently, used, protestants, eastern, orthodox,. For scented plant matter see potpourri The words Popery adjective Popish and Papism adjective Papist also used to refer to an individual are mainly historical pejorative words in the English language for Roman Catholicism once frequently used by Protestants and Eastern Orthodox Christians to label their Roman Catholic opponents who differed from them in accepting the authority of the Pope over the Christian Church 1 The words were popularised during the English Reformation 1532 1559 when the Church of England broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and divisions emerged between those who rejected Papal authority and those who continued to follow Rome The words are recognised as pejorative 2 3 4 5 they have been in widespread use in Protestant writings until the mid nineteenth century including use in some laws that remain in force in the United Kingdom 6 An 1807 satirical painting by James Gillray showing King George III of the United Kingdom saying bring in the papists Popery and Papism are sometimes used in modern writing as dog whistles for anti Catholicism or as pejorative ways of distinguishing Roman Catholicism from other forms of Christianity that refer to themselves as Catholic such as Eastern Orthodoxy Lutherans of Evangelical Catholic churchmanship or Anglicans of Anglo Catholic churchmanship Papist was used in the latter way in 2008 by the Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki at a conference opposing ecumenism and the word sees some wider use in the Eastern Orthodox Church 7 1 Contents 1 History 2 Crypto Papism 3 See also 3 1 Established uses and related topics 3 2 Pejorative terms for Roman Catholics 4 ReferencesHistory Edit A Dutch crescent shaped Geuzen medal at the time of the anti Spanish Dutch Revolt with the slogan Liever Turks dan Paaps Rather Turkish than Papist 1570 8 St John the Baptist Church Hagley memorial to Meriel Lyttelton a daughter of Thomas Bromley from 1769 remembered for Breeding up her Children in the Protestant Religion Their Ancestors having been Papists According to the Oxford English Dictionary the word Papist was first used in 1522 9 The word was in common use by Protestant writers until the mid nineteenth century as shown by its frequent appearance in Thomas Macaulay s History of England from the Accession of James II and in other works of that period including those with no sectarian bias The word is found in certain surviving statutes of the United Kingdom for example in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 and the Scottish Claim of Right of 1689 Catholics have been excluded from the British throne for centuries In 1701 Parliament passed the Act of Settlement which requires that only a Protestant monarch could rule over England and Ireland 10 Under the Act of Settlement of 1701 no one who professes the popish religion may succeed to the throne of the Kingdom of England and the Act continues to apply to the United Kingdom and all of the Commonwealth Realms 6 until the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 amended it with effect from 2015 the Act of Settlement also banned from the throne anyone who married a papist Fears that Roman Catholic secular leaders would be anti Protestant and would be unduly influenced from Rome arose after all allegiance to the Pope was banned in England in the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I Jonathan Swift 1667 1745 the author of Gulliver s Travels employed the term in his satirical essay A Modest Proposal in which he proposed selling Irish babies to be eaten by wealthy English landlords Daniel Defoe wrote in the popular Robinson Crusoe 1719 near the end of the novel I began to regret having professed myself a Papist and thought it might not be the best religion to die with Similar terms such as the traditional popery and the more recent papalism are sometimes used 11 12 13 as in the Popery Act 1698 and the Irish Popery Act The Seventh day Adventist prophetess Ellen G White used the terms papist and popery throughout her book The Great Controversy a volume harshly criticized for its anti Catholic tone During the American presidential election of 1928 the Democratic nominee Al Smith was labeled a papist by his political opponents He was the first Roman Catholic ever to gain the presidential nomination of a major party and this led to fears that if he were elected the United States government would follow the dictates of the Vatican 14 As of 2022 update John F Kennedy and Joe Biden are the only Roman Catholics to have been elected President of the United States The term is still sometimes used today 15 16 although much less often than in earlier centuries Crypto Papism EditFurther information Nicodemite In early use the term appeared in the compound form Crypto Papist referring to members of Reformed Protestant or nonconformist churches who at heart were allegedly Roman Catholics 17 18 Alexis Khomiakhov a Russian lay theologian of the nineteenth century claimed that All Protestants are Crypto Papists 19 Although the term may simply imply a Romanizing influence at times there have been individuals who have secretly converted to Catholicism for example James II of England Bartholomew Remov and Yelizaveta Fyodorovich Some people may later on openly convert such as George Calvert 1st Baron Baltimore or secretly convert with reservations such as John III of Sweden See also EditList of Anglican bishops who converted to Roman CatholicismEstablished uses and related topics Edit Popish Plot Popish soap Papists Act 1740 Popery Act 1627 Popery Act 1698 Papal supremacy Romanism Black Propaganda against Portugal and SpainPejorative terms for Roman Catholics Edit Bead puller the Dago slur for South European Italian Portuguese and Spanish Christians Great Apostates Mackerel snapper Mariolater Romish Taig or Teague Dogan refers specifically to Irish Roman Catholics References Edit a b Conclusions of the Inter Orthodox Theological Conference Ecumenism Origins Expectations Disenchantment orthodox info Retrieved 2008 11 03 Larousse Editions Definitions papisme Dictionnaire de francais Larousse www larousse fr in French Retrieved 2020 11 15 Sennet Adam Copp David 2017 Pejoratives and Ways of Thinking Analytic Philosophy 58 3 248 271 doi 10 1111 phib 12100 ISSN 2153 960X Delaney Sarah Vatican newspaper says Shakespeare was secret Catholic www catholicregister org Catholic News SErvice Retrieved 2020 11 15 Anglican Archdeacon Richard Davies wrote He died a papist a pejorative term Protestants used to refer to Catholics Dictionary of the Scots Language DOST papist Retrieved 2020 11 16 a b Act of Settlement UK Government 1700 That all and every Person and Persons that then were or afterwards should be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or should professe the Popish Religion should be excluded and are by that Act made for ever incapable to inherit possess or enjoy the Crown and Government of this Realm and Ireland and the Dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same or to have use or exercise any regall Power Authority or Jurisdiction within the same Papisty Bulut Mehmet 2001 Ottoman Dutch economic relations in the early modern period 1571 1699 Uitgeverij Verloren p 112 ISBN 978 90 6550 655 9 papist n and adj Oxford English Dictionary Oxford University Press a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty url help Which European royals are not in line for the British throne Royal Central 2020 08 06 Retrieved 2020 11 16 Dr J J Overbeck and His Scheme for the Re establishment of the Orthodox Church in the West Popery Popery Definition amp Meaning Merriam Webster Michael O Brien John F Kennedy A Biography Thomas Dunne Books 2005 p 414 Vladimir Moss Letter to a Papist Ian Paisley Papist Doctrine of Oaths Walter Walsh The Secret History of the Oxford Movement C J Thynnes 1898 pp 8 and 187 The American National Preacher August 1851 Sermon DLIII p 190 James J Stamoolis 2004 Brad Nassif ed Three views on Eastern Orthodoxy and evangelicalism Zondervan p 20 ISBN 0310235391 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Popery amp oldid 1134980973, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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