The 1181 papal election followed the death of Pope Alexander III and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius III. This was the first papal election celebrated in accordance with the decree Licet de evitanda discordia, promulgated in the Third Lateran Council in 1179, which established that the pope is elected by a majority of two thirds votes.
The contested papal election, 1159, which resulted in the election of Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164), created a schism in the Catholic Church that lasted almost twenty years (until 1178). In 1159 the cardinals were unable to achieve consensus, though an electoral compact had set that as its goal.[1] The cardinals had been divided into two parties, those who favored the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and those who favored William I of Sicily, and each of them elected their own pope. In August 1178 Antipope Callixtus III, the successor of Victor IV, finally submitted to Alexander III.[2] In the following year Alexander III celebrated the Third Lateran Council, which promulgated the decree Licet de evitanda discordia.[3] To avoid schism in the future, the decree established that the pope is elected with the majority of two thirds of the cardinals, if unanimity cannot be achieved.[4] It confirmed also that the cardinals are the sole electors of the pope.[5]
Election of Lucius III
Pope Alexander III died on August 30, 1181 in Civita Castellana.[6] Two days later, on September 1, 1181, the cardinals assembled at Rome (probably at Lateran or Vatican Basilica)[7] and unanimously elected the senior member of the Sacred College, Cardinal Ubaldo of Lucca, Bishop of Ostia. He took the name Lucius III. On September 6, 1181 he was crowned by Cardinal Teodino of Porto at Velletri.[8]
Cardinal-electors
There were probably 27 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1181.[9] Based on the examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1181[10] and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 19 cardinals participated in the election:
^This, at any rate, is what Cardinal Ymarus, the leader of the imperial party wrote (Watterich II, pp. 462-463): "In nomine Domini Amen. Convenerunt episcopi, presbyteri, diaconi cardinales sanctae Romanae ecclesiae et promiserunt sibi invicem in verbo veritatis, quod de electione futuri Pontificis tractabunt secundum consuetudinem istius ecclesiae, scilicet quod segregentur aliquae personae de eisdem fratribus, qui audiant voluntatem singulorum et diligenter inquirant et fideliter describant, et, si Deus dederit, quod concorditer possimus convenire, bene; sin autem, nullus procedat sine communi consensu et hoc observetur sine fraude et malo ingenio."
^Antipope Innocent III, elected in September 1179 and deposed in January 1180, was of little importance; cf. Jaffé, p. 431.
^Latin text in: J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXII (Venice: A. Zatta 1778), pp. 217-218.
^Gregorovius, p. 609: "Lucius III, Ubaldo Allucingoli of Lucca, hitherto Cardinal-bishop of Ostia and Velletri, was not even elected in Rome, but was raised to the Papacy by the College of Cardinals assembled at Velletri, and was ordained on September 6, 1181. After an agreement with the Romans he came to the city in November, and was allowed to remain some months."
^Jaffé, p. 432; Regesta Imperii: Abteilung IV. Band 4, 1 – Papstregesten 1181–1184, no. 1 2009-07-17 at the Wayback Machine[dead link]
^Reconstruction of the membership of the Sacred College is based on Brixius, p. 26 note 8. Brixius listed only 25 cardinals, but two additional are mentioned by Ganzer, pp. 102-104 no. 42 and pp. 119-121 no. 48
^Jaffé, pp. 145-146 and 431-432; Regesta Imperii – Liste der Kardinalsunterschriften unter Lucius III.
^Robinson, pp. 165 and 242; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between December 8, 1179 and November 20, 1182. Jaffé, p. 145; Regesta Imperii – Liste der Kardinalsunterschriften unter Lucius III.
Adams, John Paul (2011). "Sede Vacante 1181". California State University Northridge. Retrieved: 10 February 2022.
Brixius, Johannes Matthias (1912). Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181 (in German). Berlin: R. Trenkel.
Ganzer, Klaus (1963). Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalkollegiums vom 11.bis 13. Jahrhundert. Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom (in German). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1905). The History of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV, part 2. 2nd ed. London: George Bell 1905.
Jaffé, Phillipp (1888). Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. II (in Latin). Leipzig: Veit et comp.
Kartusch, Elfriede (1948). Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227 (in German). Wien.
Regesta Imperii (in German). Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz. 2006–2009.
1181, papal, election, followed, death, pope, alexander, resulted, election, pope, lucius, this, first, papal, election, celebrated, accordance, with, decree, licet, evitanda, discordia, promulgated, third, lateran, council, 1179, which, established, that, pop. The 1181 papal election followed the death of Pope Alexander III and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius III This was the first papal election celebrated in accordance with the decree Licet de evitanda discordia promulgated in the Third Lateran Council in 1179 which established that the pope is elected by a majority of two thirds votes Papal election 1181Dates and location1 September 1181RomeKey officialsDeanUbaldo AllucingoliSub deanKonrad von WittelsbachProtopriestAlberto di MorraProtodeaconGiacinto Bobone OrsiniElected popeUbaldo AllucingoliName taken Lucius III 11591185 Contents 1 Licet de evitanda discordia 2 Election of Lucius III 3 Cardinal electors 4 Absentee cardinals 5 Notes 6 SourcesLicet de evitanda discordia EditThe contested papal election 1159 which resulted in the election of Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV 1159 1164 created a schism in the Catholic Church that lasted almost twenty years until 1178 In 1159 the cardinals were unable to achieve consensus though an electoral compact had set that as its goal 1 The cardinals had been divided into two parties those who favored the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and those who favored William I of Sicily and each of them elected their own pope In August 1178 Antipope Callixtus III the successor of Victor IV finally submitted to Alexander III 2 In the following year Alexander III celebrated the Third Lateran Council which promulgated the decree Licet de evitanda discordia 3 To avoid schism in the future the decree established that the pope is elected with the majority of two thirds of the cardinals if unanimity cannot be achieved 4 It confirmed also that the cardinals are the sole electors of the pope 5 Election of Lucius III EditPope Alexander III died on August 30 1181 in Civita Castellana 6 Two days later on September 1 1181 the cardinals assembled at Rome probably at Lateran or Vatican Basilica 7 and unanimously elected the senior member of the Sacred College Cardinal Ubaldo of Lucca Bishop of Ostia He took the name Lucius III On September 6 1181 he was crowned by Cardinal Teodino of Porto at Velletri 8 Cardinal electors EditThere were probably 27 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1181 9 Based on the examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1181 10 and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 19 cardinals participated in the election Elector Place of birth Cardinalatial title Elevated Elevator NotesUbaldo Allucingoli Lucca Bishop of Ostia December 16 1138 Innocent II Dean of the Sacred College of CardinalsTheodinus Arrone Tuscany Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina December 18 1165 Alexander IIIPaolo Scolari Rome Bishop of Palestrina September 21 1179 Alexander III Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian Basilica future Pope Clement III 1187 1191 Alberto di Morra C R Benevento Priest of S Lorenzo in Lucinaand Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church December 21 1156 Adrian IV Protopriest future Pope Gregory VIII 1187 Joannes Anagninus Giovanni dei Conti di Anagni Anagni Priest of S Marco 1158 1159 Adrian IV Future bishop of Palestrina 1190 1196 Cinthius Capellus 11 Rome Priest of S Cecilia March 14 1158 Adrian IV nephew of Innocent IIPietro de Bono Can Reg Rome Priest of S Susanna March 18 1166 Alexander IIIUguccione Pierleoni Rome Priest of S Clemente March 2 1173 Alexander III Relative of Anacletus II 1130 1138 Laborans de Pontormo Pontormo near Florence Priest of S Maria in Trastevere September 21 1173 Alexander IIIViviano Orvieto Priest of S Stefano in Monte Celio March 7 1175 Alexander IIIArdoino da Piacenza Can Reg Piacenza Priest of S Croce in Gerusalemme June 2 1178 Alexander IIIMatthieu d Anjou Angers Priest of S Marcello December 22 1178 Alexander IIIGiacinto Bobone Rome Deacon of S Maria in Cosmedin December 22 1144 Lucius II Protodeacon future Pope Celestine III 1191 1198 Ardicio Rivoltella Piadena Platina near Cremona Deacon of S Teodoro December 21 1156 Adrian IVRainiero da Pavia Pavia Deacon of S Giorgio in Velabro June 6 1175 Alexander IIIMatteo Can Reg Unknown possibly Rome Deacon of S Maria Nuova March 4 1178 Alexander IIIGraziano da Pisa Pisa Deacon of SS Sergio e Bacco March 4 1178 Alexander III Nephew of Pope Eugene IIIRainier Unknown Deacon of S Adriano September 22 1178 Alexander IIIGiovanni Unknown Deacon of S Angelo in Pescheria September 22 1178 Alexander IIIThirteen electors were created by Pope Alexander III four by Pope Adrian IV one by Pope Innocent II and one by Lucius II Absentee cardinals EditElector Place of birth Cardinalatial title Elevated Elevator NotesKonrad von Wittelsbach Bavaria Bishop of Sabina and Archbishop of Salzburg December 18 1165 Alexander III Subdean of the Sacred College of Cardinals external cardinal 12 Henri de Marsiac O Cist Chateau de Marcy France Bishop of Albano March 1179 Alexander III Papal legate in France 13 Pietro da Pavia Can Reg Pavia or France Bishop of Tusculum September 21 1173 Aleksander III Papal legate in France and Germany archbishop elect of Bourges 14 Giovanni da Napoli Can Reg Naples Priest of S Anastasia September 21 1150 Eugenius III Papal legate in Constantinople 15 Ruggiero di San Severino O S B Cas San Severino Priest of S Eusebio and Archbishop of Benevento Circa 1178 1180 Alexander III External cardinal 16 Guillaume aux Blanches Mains France Priest of S Sabina and Archbishop of Reims March 1179 Alexander III External cardinal 17 Simeone Borelli O S B Cas Campagna Deacon of S Maria in Domnica Circa 1157 Adrian IV Abbot of Subiaco external cardinal 18 Leonato de Manoppello O S B Manoppello Deacon of the Holy Roman Church March 21 1170 Alexander III Abbot of S Clemente in Casauria external cardinal 19 Notes Edit This at any rate is what Cardinal Ymarus the leader of the imperial party wrote Watterich II pp 462 463 In nomine Domini Amen Convenerunt episcopi presbyteri diaconi cardinales sanctae Romanae ecclesiae et promiserunt sibi invicem in verbo veritatis quod de electione futuri Pontificis tractabunt secundum consuetudinem istius ecclesiae scilicet quod segregentur aliquae personae de eisdem fratribus qui audiant voluntatem singulorum et diligenter inquirant et fideliter describant et si Deus dederit quod concorditer possimus convenire bene sin autem nullus procedat sine communi consensu et hoc observetur sine fraude et malo ingenio Antipope Innocent III elected in September 1179 and deposed in January 1180 was of little importance cf Jaffe p 431 Latin text in J D Mansi ed Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio editio novissima Tomus XXII Venice A Zatta 1778 pp 217 218 Robinson pp 84 85 Robinson pp 40 41 Carl Joseph Hefele Histoire des conciles in French Tome V deuxieme partie Paris Letouzey 1913 pp 1087 1089 Jaffe p 418 Gregorovius p 609 Lucius III Ubaldo Allucingoli of Lucca hitherto Cardinal bishop of Ostia and Velletri was not even elected in Rome but was raised to the Papacy by the College of Cardinals assembled at Velletri and was ordained on September 6 1181 After an agreement with the Romans he came to the city in November and was allowed to remain some months Jaffe p 432 Regesta Imperii Abteilung IV Band 4 1 Papstregesten 1181 1184 no 1 Archived 2009 07 17 at the Wayback Machine dead link Reconstruction of the membership of the Sacred College is based on Brixius p 26 note 8 Brixius listed only 25 cardinals but two additional are mentioned by Ganzer pp 102 104 no 42 and pp 119 121 no 48 Jaffe pp 145 146 and 431 432 Regesta Imperii Liste der Kardinalsunterschriften unter Lucius III Kartusch p 118 Ganzer pp 104 114 no 43 Robinson pp 165 and 242 he did not subscribe any papal bulls between December 8 1179 and November 20 1182 Jaffe p 145 Regesta Imperii Liste der Kardinalsunterschriften unter Lucius III Ganzer pp 123 125 no 50 Brixius pp 55 56 no 15 he did not subscribe any papal bulls after July 3 1179 Ganzer pp 129 131 no 52 Ganzer pp 125 129 no 51 Ganzer pp 102 104 no 42 Ganzer pp 119 121 no 48Sources EditAdams John Paul 2011 Sede Vacante 1181 California State University Northridge Retrieved 10 February 2022 Brixius Johannes Matthias 1912 Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 1181 in German Berlin R Trenkel Ganzer Klaus 1963 Die Entwicklung des auswartigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalkollegiums vom 11 bis 13 Jahrhundert Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom in German Tubingen Max Niemeyer Verlag Gregorovius Ferdinand 1905 The History of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol IV part 2 2nd ed London George Bell 1905 Jaffe Phillipp 1888 Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII vol II in Latin Leipzig Veit et comp Kartusch Elfriede 1948 Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181 1227 in German Wien Regesta Imperii in German Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz 2006 2009 Robinson Ian Stuart 1990 The Papacy 1073 1198 Continuity and Innovation 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