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1118 papal election

January 08, 2023

The 1118 Papal Election was held to choose the successor for Pope Paschal II, who died in Rome on 21 January 1118, after an 18-year pontificate. Pope Gelasius II was elected as his successor. The election happened during the Investiture Controversy, a conflict between supporters of the Papacy and those of the Holy Roman Emperor. The election was held under the threat of possible violence due to the controversy. The Cardinal electors took refuge in the Benedictine monastery, S. Maria in Pallara, during the election. Within minutes of his election as pope, Gelasius II was attacked and imprisoned by the Frangipani faction, supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor. Gelasius managed to escape, but at the emperor's arrival with his army, he fled Rome and never returned.

Papal election
January 1118
Dates and location
24 January 1118
Palatine Hill, Rome
Key officials
ProtopriestBoniface
ProtodeaconGiovanni Coniulo
Elected pope
Giovanni Coniulo
Name taken: Gelasius II
← 1099
1119 →

Cardinal-electors

The Papal bull entitled, In Nomine Domini, issued by Pope Nicholas II in 1059, declared that, to choose the successor upon the death of the incumbent pope, the cardinal-bishops would discuss and present the name of a suitable candidate, and the cardinals would subsequently ratify the nomination.[1]

Information regarding the Cardinals during the election was compiled over 12 years later by Pandulf of Pisa, cardinal-priest of Santi Cosma e Damiano. The account is not complete.[2] Indeed, some historians have pointed out the inaccuracy of Pandulf's account, including his list of electors, given his support for Antipope Anacletus II (1130–1138), who made him a cardinal.[3][4]

Pandulf states that the election was attended by 49 cardinals: four bishops, 27 priests, and 18 deacons. Still, the account mentions the names of only 35 cardinals (four bishops, 20 priests, and 11 deacons), including the elected Gelasius.[a] However, the status[clarification needed] of the cardinals, priests, and deacons was unclear from the Pandulf account.[b] In addition, several cardinals mentioned by Pandulf only obtained that position when elevated after the papal election by a later pope.[c] Other chroniclers also made incomplete accounts.

According to the work of Rudolf Huls, the College of Cardinals had only 41 members as of January 1118: 6 bishops, 20 priests, and 15 deacons, of which the following 36 participated in the election:[d]

Cardinal Bishops

Cardinal Priests

Cardinal Deacons

Two subdeacons were in attendance, Nicholas, Provost of the Choir School, and Amico O.S.B. (Cluny), Abbot of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls.[h]

Absent

It can be established that at least two cardinal-priests, two cardinal-bishops, and a cardinal-deacon were absent:

The choice of Gelasius II

During his papacy, Paschal II waged the investiture controversy with Emperor Henry V, who had a considerable following among the aristocracy of Rome. From 6 to 11 March 1116, Paschal II presided over a general council at the Lateran Basilica,[23] The leader of the anti-imperial opposition to Paschal's concessions to Henry was Cardinal Giovanni of Gaeta, the chancellor of the Holy Roman Church. In the council, Pope Paschal was forced to condemn his own privilegium. This was a concession that Paschal had granted to the emperor, allowing the emperor to invest bishops with his staff and ring of office. Paschal agreed to again anathematize any person who gave or received ecclesiastical titles from the hands of a layman, though he resisted the council's wish to anathematize the emperor.[24] This action in the council by Paschal was a repudiation of the agreement he had previously reached with the emperor. It caused great offense and anger. After many representations to the pope, Henry marched on Rome.[25] On 5 April 1117, supporters of the emperor forced Paschal to flee the Lateran palace. He spent his time at Montecassino, and then Benevento. There he held a synod, where he excommunicated the emperor's friend, Maurice Burdinus, the archbishop of Braga, who had been the go-between in recent negotiations. He returned to Rome to the Castel S. Angelo on 14 January 1118, where he died on 21 January.[26]

After his death, the Cardinals took refuge in the Palladium (S. Maria in Pallara),[27] a Benedictine monastery on the Palatine Hill, fearing the violence of supporters of the emperor. The meetings were presided over by Cardinal Petrus of Porto. He waited the three canonical days before beginning the election, having also sent a swift messenger summoning Cardinal Giovanni Gaetani, who was at Montecassino.[i] On 24 January 1118, three days after the customary prayers and devotions, the electors unanimously chose Cardinal Giovanni Coniulo from Gaeta for the papacy, the cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin and Chancellor of the Holy See. On election, he adopted the papal name Gelasius II.

Aftermath

Shortly after his election, as the clergy and people were celebrating Gelasius' enthronement, Cenzio Frangipani, a supporter of the emperor,[j] whose house and headquarters were next door to S. Maria in Pallara, broke into the church with his followers and assaulted the pope. The pope was seized and carried off to Frangipani's house, where he was chained and imprisoned.[28]

Pope Gelasius II was freed by a popular uprising led by Peter, the Prefect of Rome.[29] However, as the emperor Henry and his army approached the city, Gelasius fled from Rome to his native Gaeta on March 1,[30] where he was ordained as a priest on 9 March 1118.[31] He was consecrated a bishop and enthroned on 10 March. Pandulphus Pisanus was ordained a lector and an exorcist on the same day.[32] He then fled to Pisa and ultimately to France, where he remained until his death at the Abbey of Cluny on 29 January 1119.[33] In his absence, the papal vicar in Rome was Cardinal Petrus, the Bishop of Porto.[34]

Notes

  1. ^ Alphonso Chacón (1530/40–1599) tried to establish a full list of the names in his posthumously published work, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et SRE Cardinalium, but he included names of cardinals who were appointed only by later popes (Ugo Lectifredo of S. Vitale, Romano S. Maria in Portico, Pietro S. Adriano); for many, their presence at the event is undocumented (Giovanni S. Callisto [but San Callisto became a titular church only in 1517], Pietro Vuilhelmus S. Sabina [undocumented], Ducale of Ss. IV Coronati [undocumented], Crisostomo of S. Ciriaco, Amico of Ss. Vito e Modesto). Two cardinals were listed twice (Teobaldo Boccapecora as a deacon of S. Maria Nuova, and as a priest of S. Anastasia to which he had in fact been promoted in 1123; and Divizo from cardional priest of Ss. Silvestro Martino to bishop of Tusculum.)
  2. ^ Klewitz presents 23 priests and 16 deacons; Furst presents 18 presbyters and deacons 12. This article presents a list according to the analysis of Hüls, pp. 63–64.
  3. ^ It was Pope Callistus II (1119—1124) who created Amico of S. Croce, Gerardo S. Prisca and Sigizo of S. Sisto, and perhaps Gregorio S. Eustachio. Stefano S. Lucia in Silice was appointed only by Honorius II (1124—1130). Cardinal S. Prisca was then Gregorio and Gerardo, although the vacancy is not completely excluded. In addition, Teobaldo Boccapeccora was mentioned by Pandulf as cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia, even though he was still a deacon of S. Maria Nuova (elevated in 1121/22). Klewitz, with the exception of the last case, approved the names given by Pandulf.
  4. ^ This article presents a list according to the analysis of Hüls, pp. 63–64.
  5. ^ Cardinal Giovanni was the son of Giovanni Coniulo. He was not a member of the Gaetani family, though Pandulphus Pisanus calls him Ioannes Gaietanus (Giovanni da Gaeta). He had a nephew, however, Crescenzio Gaetani, who was a member of the comitial family. P. Fedele, "Le famiglie di Anacleto II e di Gelasio II," Archivio della società romana di storia patria 27 (1904), 434-440. Hüls, p. 232, note 2.
  6. ^ Crisogono was papal Bibliothecarius. Pandulfus Pisanus states he was a creation of Pope Paschal II ["Vita Gelasii papae", in Watterich II, p. 93]. He is probably the Chrysogonus, a papal notary in December, 1112, who acted as a datary in 1114 on Cardinal Iohannes Gaetani's behalf. He subscribed a bull as Deacon of S. Nicolai in carcere Tulliano on 20 April 1117. Hüls, p. 240.
  7. ^ Crescenzio had been a papal secretary to Paschal II, who named him a cardinal-deacon. Hüls, pp. 183-184, 246. Watterich, p. 93. There is no evidence for his presence at the election of Pope Gelasius. He is not named on Pandulfus Pisanus' list.
  8. ^ Pandulf mistakenly marked Amico as Cardinal-priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. He received this honor only from Callistus II. Hüls, p. 163. Ganzer, p. 69.
  9. ^ According to Pandulphus Pisanus, "Vita Gelasii II", in: Watterich, Tomus II (Lipsiae 1862) p. 94: "Interim autem, Paschali papa defuncto, venerabilis pater dominus Petrus Portuensis episcopus, qui primatum post papam per longa jam diutius tempora detinuerat, cumque eo omnes presbyteri ac diaconi cardinales de eligendo Pontifice, et in commune communiter, et singulariter singuli pertractare coeperunt pro domino cancellario in monasterio Cassinensi commanente."
  10. ^ Gregorovius IV, p. 378, speculates, without evidence, that Frangipani was enraged because some of the cardinals had promised him that a candidate friendly to imperial interests would be elected.

References

  1. ^ Nicholas Weber (1911). "Pope Nicholas II." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. Retrieved: 5 Aug. 2021.
  2. ^ Watterich II, pp. 94-95.
  3. ^ Robinson, p 63, and Furst, p 69. It is equally likely that the discrepancies originated from the violence that characterised three conclaves, 1118, 1124, and 1130, the Frangipani and their thugs being responsible. About 1118, he states, "we were forced to flee" (fugere poteramus... "fugimus et omnes cum eo"... "ut furgeremus per mare"...). Watterich II, p. 97.
  4. ^ Klewitz, pp. 100–101, 119–134; Furst, pp. 69–80; Hüls, pp. 63–64.
  5. ^ Appointment dates are approximate. Huls, pp. 84–86
  6. ^ Hüls, p. 84, indicates that Lamberto subscribes after Pietro Senex, and Kuno, and before Vitalis.
  7. ^ Hüls, p. 142, 192-193. Alphonso Chacón and Olduin name Cardinal Divizo as a Cardinal-bishop: Chacon and Olduin, Vitae et res gestae pontificum Romanorum I (Rome 1677), p. 929. At the time of the election, he was still a cardinal-priest of Ss. Martino e Silvestro.
  8. ^ Hǔls, pp. 197-198.
  9. ^ Hüls, p. 197.
  10. ^ Hüls, p. 176-178.
  11. ^ Hüls, p. 193.
  12. ^ Hüls, p. 227.
  13. ^ Hüls, p. 238.
  14. ^ Hǔls, p. 241.
  15. ^ Hǔls, pp. 227-228.
  16. ^ Hǔls, p. 231.
  17. ^ Hüls, p. 242.
  18. ^ Klewitz, p. 100. K. Ganzer, "Das römische Kardinalkollegium," in: Le istituzioni ecclesiastiche della "Societas christiana" dei secoli XI-XII, I, Papato, cardinalato ed episcopato, (Milano 1974), pp. 153–181. Stephan Freund, "Giovanni di Tuscolo", Dizionario biografico degli Italiani 56 (2001). (in Italian) Retrieved: 5 August 2021.
  19. ^ Hüls, pp. 113-116.
  20. ^ Hüls, pp. 147-149. Zelina Zafarana, "Bosone," Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 13 (1971). (in Italian)
  21. ^ Hüls, pp. 81-83. 85, 141, 151.
  22. ^ Hüls, p 233.
  23. ^ C. J. Hefele, Histoire des conciles (History of the Councils) Volume VII (Paris: Adrien le Clere 1871), pp. 138-141.
  24. ^ Jaffé, pp. 761-762. Watterich II, pp. 83-85. Gregorovius IV, pp. 365-366.
  25. ^ Watterich II, p. 87. Gregorovius IV, p. 371.
  26. ^ Jaffé, p. 772. Gregorovius IV, pp. 375-376.
  27. ^ P. Fedele, "Una chiesa del Palatino: S. Maria 'in Pallara'," (in Italian) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria 26 (1903), 343-380. Gregorovius History of Rome in the Middle Ages IV. 1, p. 97 n. S. Maria in Pallara belonged to the Benedictine Congregation of Montecassino, and was the residence of Cardinal Giovanni of Gaeta (Joannes Gaetanus), the papal chancellor (in the perpetual absence of Archbishop Frederick of Cologne.
  28. ^ Pandulphus Pisanus, "Life of Gelasius II," in: Watterich II, p. 96: "Papam per gulam accepit, distraxit, pugnibus calcibusque percussit, et tamquam brutum animal intra limen ecclesiae acriter calcaribus cruentavit et latro tantum dominum per capillos et brachia... detraxit, ad domum usque deduxit, inibi catenavit et clausit." Gregorovius IV, pp. 379-380.
  29. ^ Gregorovius IV, p. 380. The Prefect was accompanied by Petrus Leoni (the father of Cardinal Petrus Petrileonis), Stephanus Normanni, Stephanus de Petro, Stephanus de Theobaldo, Stephanus de Berizone, Stephanus Quatrale, Bucca Pecorini, Bonesci, Berisasi, and their retinues, who had assembled on the Capitol before attacking the Frangipani stronghold.
  30. ^ "Annales Romani," in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum 5, p. 478: "mansit in patriarchio Lateranensi usque in diem Veneris ante quadragesimam."
  31. ^ March 9: "Annales Romani", p. 478: "presbyter ordinatur die sabbati quatuor temporum Martii."
  32. ^ Pandulphus Pisanus, "Vita Gelasii II", in Watterich II, p. 99;
  33. ^ Jaffé, p. 780.
  34. ^ Falco of Benevento, in: Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus V, p. 93.

Bibliography

  • Furst, C. G. (1966). Kennen Wir die Wahlern Gelsius' II?, In: Festschrift Karl Pivec. Zum 60 Geburtstag von gewidmet Kollegen, edited by Anton Haidacher, Hans Eberhard Mayer, ed. Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut der Leopold-Franzens-Universität, 1966, pp. 69–80. (in German)
  • Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1896). History of Rome in the Middle Ages. Volume IV. 2, second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1896) [Book VIII chapter 2], pp. 377–389.
  • Hüls, Rudolf (1977). Kardinal, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 1977. (in German)
  • Jaffé, Philipp, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum p. Chr. n. 1198 (in Latin); 2nd ed. by S. Löwenfeld, F. Kaltenbrunner, P. Ewald Vol 1. Leipzig, 1888.
  • Klewitz, H. W. (1957). Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg, Darmstadt 1957. (in German)
  • Robinson, I. S. (1990). The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovations, Cambridge University Press 1990.
  • Watterich, J. B. M. (1862). Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae: ab aequalibus conscriptae (in Latin). Vol. Tom. II. Leipzig: G. Engelmann.

External links

  • J. P. Adams, "Sede Vacante 1118 (January 21—January 24, 1118)", in: Conclave: Notes, by J. P. Adams, on Papal Elections and Conclaves from the 11th to the 21st Centuries. Retrieved: 5 August 2021.
  • Miranda, Salvador. "Election of January 21 - 24, 1118 (Gelasius II)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  • Gelasius II - Vita Operaque

January 08, 2023
1118, papal, election, 1118, papal, election, held, choose, successor, pope, paschal, died, rome, january, 1118, after, year, pontificate, pope, gelasius, elected, successor, election, happened, during, investiture, controversy, conflict, between, supporters, . The 1118 Papal Election was held to choose the successor for Pope Paschal II who died in Rome on 21 January 1118 after an 18 year pontificate Pope Gelasius II was elected as his successor The election happened during the Investiture Controversy a conflict between supporters of the Papacy and those of the Holy Roman Emperor The election was held under the threat of possible violence due to the controversy The Cardinal electors took refuge in the Benedictine monastery S Maria in Pallara during the election Within minutes of his election as pope Gelasius II was attacked and imprisoned by the Frangipani faction supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor Gelasius managed to escape but at the emperor s arrival with his army he fled Rome and never returned Papal electionJanuary 1118Dates and location24 January 1118Palatine Hill RomeKey officialsProtopriestBonifaceProtodeaconGiovanni ConiuloElected popeGiovanni ConiuloName taken Gelasius II 10991119 Contents 1 Cardinal electors 1 1 Cardinal Bishops 1 2 Cardinal Priests 1 3 Cardinal Deacons 1 4 Absent 2 The choice of Gelasius II 3 Aftermath 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksCardinal electors EditThe Papal bull entitled In Nomine Domini issued by Pope Nicholas II in 1059 declared that to choose the successor upon the death of the incumbent pope the cardinal bishops would discuss and present the name of a suitable candidate and the cardinals would subsequently ratify the nomination 1 Information regarding the Cardinals during the election was compiled over 12 years later by Pandulf of Pisa cardinal priest of Santi Cosma e Damiano The account is not complete 2 Indeed some historians have pointed out the inaccuracy of Pandulf s account including his list of electors given his support for Antipope Anacletus II 1130 1138 who made him a cardinal 3 4 Pandulf states that the election was attended by 49 cardinals four bishops 27 priests and 18 deacons Still the account mentions the names of only 35 cardinals four bishops 20 priests and 11 deacons including the elected Gelasius a However the status clarification needed of the cardinals priests and deacons was unclear from the Pandulf account b In addition several cardinals mentioned by Pandulf only obtained that position when elevated after the papal election by a later pope c Other chroniclers also made incomplete accounts According to the work of Rudolf Huls the College of Cardinals had only 41 members as of January 1118 6 bishops 20 priests and 15 deacons of which the following 36 participated in the election d Cardinal Bishops Edit Crescenzio nominated cardinal in 1100 5 Cardinal bishop of Sabina Pietro Senex 1102 Cardinal bishop of Porto Lamberto Scannabecchi Cardinal bishop of Ostia 6 Vitalis 1111 Cardinal bishop of Albano Cardinal Priests Edit Boniface 1100 Cardinal Priest of S Marco prior cardinalium Benedict 1102 Cardinal Priest of S Pietro in Vincoli Anastasius 1102 Cardinal Priest of S Clemente Divizo 1103 Cardinal Priest of Ss Silvestro e Martino 7 Joannes 1106 Cardinal Priest of S Cecilia Theobaldus 1111 Cardinal Priest of Ss Giovanni e Paolo Rainerius 1111 Cardinal Priest of Ss Marcellino e Pietro Corrado della Suburra 1114 Cardinal Priest of S Pudenziana Gregory 1115 Cardinal Priest of S Prisca Desiderius c 1115 Cardinal Priest of S Prassede 8 Deusdedit 1116 Cardinal Priest of S Lorenzo in Damaso 9 Gregorius 1116 Cardinal Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina Giovanni O S B Cas 1116 Cardinal Priest of S Eusebio Guido O S B 1116 Cardinal Priest of S Balbina Giovanni da Crema 1116 Cardinal Priest of S Crisogono 10 Saxo de Anagnia 1116 Cardinal Priest of S Stefano al Monte Celio Petrus Pisanus 1113 Cardinal Priest of S Susanna Amico O S B Cas 1117 Cardinal Priest of Ss Nereo ed Achilleo Abbot of S Vincenzo al Volturno 11 Cardinal Deacons Edit Giovanni Gaetani O S B Cas 1088 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria in Cosmedin Cardinal protodeacon e Gregorio OSB c 1108 Cardinal Deacon of S Eustachio 12 Romoaldo 1109 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria in Via Lata 13 Gregorio Gaetano 1109 Cardinal Deacon of S Lucia in Septisolio Aldo da Ferentino 1109 Cardinal Deacon of Ss Sergio e Bacco 14 Teobaldo Boccapecora 1109 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria Nuova Roscemanno O S B Cas 1112 Cardinal Deacon of S Giorgio in Velabro 15 Pietro Pierleoni OSBCluny 1113 Cardinal Deacon of Ss Cosma e Damiano Oderisio di Sangro O S B Cas 1112 Cardinal Deacon of S Agata Comes 1113 Cardinal Deacon of S Maria in Aquiro 16 Gregorio Papareschi 1116 Cardinal Deacon of S Angelo in Pescheria Crisogono 1117 Cardinal Deacon of S Nicola in Carcere f Enrico da Mazara 1117 Cardinal Deacon of S Teodoro Dean of the collegiate church of Mazara del Vallo Sicily 17 Crescenzio di Anagni 1117 Cardinal Deacon g Two subdeacons were in attendance Nicholas Provost of the Choir School and Amico O S B Cluny Abbot of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls h Absent Edit It can be established that at least two cardinal priests two cardinal bishops and a cardinal deacon were absent Giovanni Marsicano O S B 1100 Cardinal bishop of Tusculum 18 Kuno von Urach 1107 Cardinal bishop of Palestrina papal legate in France 19 Boso 1109 Cardinal priest of S Anastasia papal legate in Spain 20 Ugone d Alatri 1116 Cardinal priest of Santi Dodici Apostoli Governor Monte Circeo 21 Giovanni O S B 1073 Cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica Abbot of Subiaco 22 The choice of Gelasius II EditDuring his papacy Paschal II waged the investiture controversy with Emperor Henry V who had a considerable following among the aristocracy of Rome From 6 to 11 March 1116 Paschal II presided over a general council at the Lateran Basilica 23 The leader of the anti imperial opposition to Paschal s concessions to Henry was Cardinal Giovanni of Gaeta the chancellor of the Holy Roman Church In the council Pope Paschal was forced to condemn his own privilegium This was a concession that Paschal had granted to the emperor allowing the emperor to invest bishops with his staff and ring of office Paschal agreed to again anathematize any person who gave or received ecclesiastical titles from the hands of a layman though he resisted the council s wish to anathematize the emperor 24 This action in the council by Paschal was a repudiation of the agreement he had previously reached with the emperor It caused great offense and anger After many representations to the pope Henry marched on Rome 25 On 5 April 1117 supporters of the emperor forced Paschal to flee the Lateran palace He spent his time at Montecassino and then Benevento There he held a synod where he excommunicated the emperor s friend Maurice Burdinus the archbishop of Braga who had been the go between in recent negotiations He returned to Rome to the Castel S Angelo on 14 January 1118 where he died on 21 January 26 After his death the Cardinals took refuge in the Palladium S Maria in Pallara 27 a Benedictine monastery on the Palatine Hill fearing the violence of supporters of the emperor The meetings were presided over by Cardinal Petrus of Porto He waited the three canonical days before beginning the election having also sent a swift messenger summoning Cardinal Giovanni Gaetani who was at Montecassino i On 24 January 1118 three days after the customary prayers and devotions the electors unanimously chose Cardinal Giovanni Coniulo from Gaeta for the papacy the cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin and Chancellor of the Holy See On election he adopted the papal name Gelasius II Aftermath EditShortly after his election as the clergy and people were celebrating Gelasius enthronement Cenzio Frangipani a supporter of the emperor j whose house and headquarters were next door to S Maria in Pallara broke into the church with his followers and assaulted the pope The pope was seized and carried off to Frangipani s house where he was chained and imprisoned 28 Pope Gelasius II was freed by a popular uprising led by Peter the Prefect of Rome 29 However as the emperor Henry and his army approached the city Gelasius fled from Rome to his native Gaeta on March 1 30 where he was ordained as a priest on 9 March 1118 31 He was consecrated a bishop and enthroned on 10 March Pandulphus Pisanus was ordained a lector and an exorcist on the same day 32 He then fled to Pisa and ultimately to France where he remained until his death at the Abbey of Cluny on 29 January 1119 33 In his absence the papal vicar in Rome was Cardinal Petrus the Bishop of Porto 34 Notes Edit Alphonso Chacon 1530 40 1599 tried to establish a full list of the names in his posthumously published work Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et SRE Cardinalium but he included names of cardinals who were appointed only by later popes Ugo Lectifredo of S Vitale Romano S Maria in Portico Pietro S Adriano for many their presence at the event is undocumented Giovanni S Callisto but San Callisto became a titular church only in 1517 Pietro Vuilhelmus S Sabina undocumented Ducale of Ss IV Coronati undocumented Crisostomo of S Ciriaco Amico of Ss Vito e Modesto Two cardinals were listed twice Teobaldo Boccapecora as a deacon of S Maria Nuova and as a priest of S Anastasia to which he had in fact been promoted in 1123 and Divizo from cardional priest of Ss Silvestro Martino to bishop of Tusculum Klewitz presents 23 priests and 16 deacons Furst presents 18 presbyters and deacons 12 This article presents a list according to the analysis of Huls pp 63 64 It was Pope Callistus II 1119 1124 who created Amico of S Croce Gerardo S Prisca and Sigizo of S Sisto and perhaps Gregorio S Eustachio Stefano S Lucia in Silice was appointed only by Honorius II 1124 1130 Cardinal S Prisca was then Gregorio and Gerardo although the vacancy is not completely excluded In addition Teobaldo Boccapeccora was mentioned by Pandulf as cardinal priest of S Anastasia even though he was still a deacon of S Maria Nuova elevated in 1121 22 Klewitz with the exception of the last case approved the names given by Pandulf This article presents a list according to the analysis of Huls pp 63 64 Cardinal Giovanni was the son of Giovanni Coniulo He was not a member of the Gaetani family though Pandulphus Pisanus calls him Ioannes Gaietanus Giovanni da Gaeta He had a nephew however Crescenzio Gaetani who was a member of the comitial family P Fedele Le famiglie di Anacleto II e di Gelasio II Archivio della societa romana di storia patria 27 1904 434 440 Huls p 232 note 2 Crisogono was papal Bibliothecarius Pandulfus Pisanus states he was a creation of Pope Paschal II Vita Gelasii papae in Watterich II p 93 He is probably the Chrysogonus a papal notary in December 1112 who acted as a datary in 1114 on Cardinal Iohannes Gaetani s behalf He subscribed a bull as Deacon of S Nicolai in carcere Tulliano on 20 April 1117 Huls p 240 Crescenzio had been a papal secretary to Paschal II who named him a cardinal deacon Huls pp 183 184 246 Watterich p 93 There is no evidence for his presence at the election of Pope Gelasius He is not named on Pandulfus Pisanus list Pandulf mistakenly marked Amico as Cardinal priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme He received this honor only from Callistus II Huls p 163 Ganzer p 69 According to Pandulphus Pisanus Vita Gelasii II in Watterich Tomus II Lipsiae 1862 p 94 Interim autem Paschali papa defuncto venerabilis pater dominus Petrus Portuensis episcopus qui primatum post papam per longa jam diutius tempora detinuerat cumque eo omnes presbyteri ac diaconi cardinales de eligendo Pontifice et in commune communiter et singulariter singuli pertractare coeperunt pro domino cancellario in monasterio Cassinensi commanente Gregorovius IV p 378 speculates without evidence that Frangipani was enraged because some of the cardinals had promised him that a candidate friendly to imperial interests would be elected References Edit Nicholas Weber 1911 Pope Nicholas II The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 11 New York Robert Appleton Company 1911 Retrieved 5 Aug 2021 Watterich II pp 94 95 Robinson p 63 and Furst p 69 It is equally likely that the discrepancies originated from the violence that characterised three conclaves 1118 1124 and 1130 the Frangipani and their thugs being responsible About 1118 he states we were forced to flee fugere poteramus fugimus et omnes cum eo ut furgeremus per mare Watterich II p 97 Klewitz pp 100 101 119 134 Furst pp 69 80 Huls pp 63 64 Appointment dates are approximate Huls pp 84 86 Huls p 84 indicates that Lamberto subscribes after Pietro Senex and Kuno and before Vitalis Huls p 142 192 193 Alphonso Chacon and Olduin name Cardinal Divizo as a Cardinal bishop Chacon and Olduin Vitae et res gestae pontificum Romanorum I Rome 1677 p 929 At the time of the election he was still a cardinal priest of Ss Martino e Silvestro Hǔls pp 197 198 Huls p 197 Huls p 176 178 Huls p 193 Huls p 227 Huls p 238 Hǔls p 241 Hǔls pp 227 228 Hǔls p 231 Huls p 242 Klewitz p 100 K Ganzer Das romische Kardinalkollegium in Le istituzioni ecclesiastiche della Societas christiana dei secoli XI XII I Papato cardinalato ed episcopato Milano 1974 pp 153 181 Stephan Freund Giovanni di Tuscolo Dizionario biografico degli Italiani 56 2001 in Italian Retrieved 5 August 2021 Huls pp 113 116 Huls pp 147 149 Zelina Zafarana Bosone Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 13 1971 in Italian Huls pp 81 83 85 141 151 Huls p 233 C J Hefele Histoire des conciles History of the Councils Volume VII Paris Adrien le Clere 1871 pp 138 141 Jaffe pp 761 762 Watterich II pp 83 85 Gregorovius IV pp 365 366 Watterich II p 87 Gregorovius IV p 371 Jaffe p 772 Gregorovius IV pp 375 376 P Fedele Una chiesa del Palatino S Maria in Pallara in Italian Archivio della Societa romana di storia patria 26 1903 343 380 Gregorovius History of Rome in the Middle Ages IV 1 p 97 n S Maria in Pallara belonged to the Benedictine Congregation of Montecassino and was the residence of Cardinal Giovanni of Gaeta Joannes Gaetanus the papal chancellor in the perpetual absence of Archbishop Frederick of Cologne Pandulphus Pisanus Life of Gelasius II in Watterich II p 96 Papam per gulam accepit distraxit pugnibus calcibusque percussit et tamquam brutum animal intra limen ecclesiae acriter calcaribus cruentavit et latro tantum dominum per capillos et brachia detraxit ad domum usque deduxit inibi catenavit et clausit Gregorovius IV pp 379 380 Gregorovius IV p 380 The Prefect was accompanied by Petrus Leoni the father of Cardinal Petrus Petrileonis Stephanus Normanni Stephanus de Petro Stephanus de Theobaldo Stephanus de Berizone Stephanus Quatrale Bucca Pecorini Bonesci Berisasi and their retinues who had assembled on the Capitol before attacking the Frangipani stronghold Annales Romani in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum 5 p 478 mansit in patriarchio Lateranensi usque in diem Veneris ante quadragesimam March 9 Annales Romani p 478 presbyter ordinatur die sabbati quatuor temporum Martii Pandulphus Pisanus Vita Gelasii II in Watterich II p 99 Jaffe p 780 Falco of Benevento in Ludovico Antonio Muratori Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus V p 93 Bibliography EditFurst C G 1966 Kennen Wir die Wahlern Gelsius II In Festschrift Karl Pivec Zum 60 Geburtstag von gewidmet Kollegen edited by Anton Haidacher Hans Eberhard Mayer ed Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut der Leopold Franzens Universitat 1966 pp 69 80 in German Gregorovius Ferdinand 1896 History of Rome in the Middle Ages Volume IV 2 second edition revised London George Bell 1896 Book VIII chapter 2 pp 377 389 Huls Rudolf 1977 Kardinal Klerus und Kirchen Roms 1049 1130 Tubingen Max Niemeyer 1977 in German Jaffe Philipp Regesta Pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum p Chr n 1198 in Latin 2nd ed by S Lowenfeld F Kaltenbrunner P Ewald Vol 1 Leipzig 1888 Klewitz H W 1957 Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg Darmstadt 1957 in German Robinson I S 1990 The Papacy 1073 1198 Continuity and Innovations Cambridge University Press 1990 Watterich J B M 1862 Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae ab aequalibus conscriptae in Latin Vol Tom II Leipzig G Engelmann External links EditJ P Adams Sede Vacante 1118 January 21 January 24 1118 in Conclave Notes by J P Adams on Papal Elections and Conclaves from the 11th to the 21st Centuries Retrieved 5 August 2021 Miranda Salvador Election of January 21 24 1118 Gelasius II The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Florida International University OCLC 53276621 Retrieved 2019 06 02 Gelasius II Vita Operaque Portals Catholicism Christianity Vatican City1118 papal election at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1118 papal election amp oldid 1127282160, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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