Pamaquine is effective against the hypnozoites of the relapsing malarias (P. vivax and P. ovale); and unlike primaquine, it is also very effective against the erythrocytic stages of all four human malarias. One small clinical trial of pamaquine as a causal prophylactic was disappointing[3] (whereas primaquine is an extremely effective causal prophylactic).
Pamaquine is more toxic and less efficacious than primaquine; therefore, pamaquine is no longer routinely used, and of the two, only primaquine is currently recommended by the World Health Organization.[4]
Adverse effectsedit
Like primaquine, pamaquine causes haemolytic anaemia in patients with G6PD deficiency. Patients should therefore always be screened for G6PD deficiency prior to being prescribed pamaquine.
Historyedit
Pamaquine was the second synthetic antimalarial drug to be discovered (after methylene blue). It was synthesised by Schulemann, Schoenhoeffer and Wingler in 1924. In 1926, Roehl demonstrated that pamaquine was effective in treating malaria in birds, and introduced it into use in humans.[5] Its development is of interest in the history of pharmacotherapy because it was one of the early victories in validating the potential of applying organic chemistry to the synthesis of chemicals that would fight infections with good specificity while presenting adverse effect profiles small enough that benefit would outweigh harm, relative to the contemporary alternative of little to no efficacious treatment for many debilitating diseases. In other words, it expanded the evidence that the hope for great potential of antimicrobial chemotherapy shown by Paul Ehrlich and others was worth pursuing with more research[2]: 88–91 —and that early wins such as arsphenamine were more than just isolated flukes. This was a time period when organic chemistry's largest economic applications included textile dyes, explosives, munitions, and chemical weapons but not yet pharmaceuticals. The fact that systematic, iterative experiments had eventually synthesized an antimalarial drug that was 30 times more effective than quinine[2]: 91 while being safe enough to use (relative to the bleak alternatives of the era) supported the concept of modern pharmaceutical research laboratories as it would develop in coming decades.
A large trial of pamaquine performed by the Royal Army Medical Corps and the British Indian Medical Service in 1929 showed for the first time that it was possible to prevent relapse of vivax malaria.[1] Prior to this, it was understood that patients with vivax malaria would suffer from relapses, but there was no treatment that could prevent the relapses from occurring.
The relative weights of treatment benefit and harm change over decades as science advances. About a decade after pamaquine became available, chloroquine arrived, and about a decade after that, primaquine arrived. Pamaquine is more toxic and less efficacious than primaquine; therefore, pamaquine is no longer routinely used, and of the two, only primaquine is currently recommended by the World Health Organization.[4]
Referencesedit
^ abManifold J (1931). "Report on a trial of plasmoquine and quinine in the treatment of benign tertian malaria". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. LVI (5): 321–338, 410–423.
^ abcRyan F (1993). The forgotten plague: how the battle against tuberculosis was won—and lost. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN978-0316763806.
^Sweeney AW, Blackburn CR, Rieckmann KH (August 2004). "Short report: the activity of pamaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline drug, against sporozoite-induced infections of Plasmodium vivax (New Guinea strains)". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 71 (2): 187–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.2.0700187. PMID 15306708.
^ abWorld Health Organization (2015). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria (3rd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. ISBN9789241549127. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
^Roehl W (1926). "Die Wirkung of Plasmochins auf die Vogelmalaria". Arch Schiffs-Tropenhyg. 30 (Suppl 3): 311–318. Bibcode:1926NW.....14.1156R. doi:10.1007/BF01451737. S2CID 2535139.
April 05, 2024
pamaquine, aminoquinoline, drug, formerly, used, treatment, malaria, closely, related, primaquine, clinical, dataatc, codenoneidentifiersiupac, name, diethyl, methoxyquinolin, pentane, diaminecas, number491, npubchem, cid10290chemspider9868, yunii99qvl5kpsuche. Pamaquine is an 8 aminoquinoline drug formerly used for the treatment of malaria It is closely related to primaquine PamaquineClinical dataATC codenoneIdentifiersIUPAC name N N diethyl N 6 methoxyquinolin 8 yl pentane 1 4 diamineCAS Number491 92 9 NPubChem CID10290ChemSpider9868 YUNII99QVL5KPSUChEMBLChEMBL472698 YChemical and physical dataFormulaC 19H 29N 3OMolar mass315 461 g mol 13D model JSmol Interactive imageSMILES O c1cc NC C CCCN CC CC c2ncccc2c1 CInChI InChI 1S C19H29N3O c1 5 22 6 2 12 8 9 15 3 21 18 14 17 23 4 13 16 10 7 11 20 19 16 18 h7 10 11 13 15 21H 5 6 8 9 12H2 1 4H3 YKey QTQWMSOQOSJFBV UHFFFAOYSA N Y N Y what is this verify Contents 1 Synonyms 2 Uses 3 Adverse effects 4 History 5 ReferencesSynonyms editPlasmochin Plasmoquine 1 2 PlasmaquineUses editPamaquine is effective against the hypnozoites of the relapsing malarias P vivax and P ovale and unlike primaquine it is also very effective against the erythrocytic stages of all four human malarias One small clinical trial of pamaquine as a causal prophylactic was disappointing 3 whereas primaquine is an extremely effective causal prophylactic Pamaquine is more toxic and less efficacious than primaquine therefore pamaquine is no longer routinely used and of the two only primaquine is currently recommended by the World Health Organization 4 Adverse effects editLike primaquine pamaquine causes haemolytic anaemia in patients with G6PD deficiency Patients should therefore always be screened for G6PD deficiency prior to being prescribed pamaquine History editPamaquine was the second synthetic antimalarial drug to be discovered after methylene blue It was synthesised by Schulemann Schoenhoeffer and Wingler in 1924 In 1926 Roehl demonstrated that pamaquine was effective in treating malaria in birds and introduced it into use in humans 5 Its development is of interest in the history of pharmacotherapy because it was one of the early victories in validating the potential of applying organic chemistry to the synthesis of chemicals that would fight infections with good specificity while presenting adverse effect profiles small enough that benefit would outweigh harm relative to the contemporary alternative of little to no efficacious treatment for many debilitating diseases In other words it expanded the evidence that the hope for great potential of antimicrobial chemotherapy shown by Paul Ehrlich and others was worth pursuing with more research 2 88 91 and that early wins such as arsphenamine were more than just isolated flukes This was a time period when organic chemistry s largest economic applications included textile dyes explosives munitions and chemical weapons but not yet pharmaceuticals The fact that systematic iterative experiments had eventually synthesized an antimalarial drug that was 30 times more effective than quinine 2 91 while being safe enough to use relative to the bleak alternatives of the era supported the concept of modern pharmaceutical research laboratories as it would develop in coming decades A large trial of pamaquine performed by the Royal Army Medical Corps and the British Indian Medical Service in 1929 showed for the first time that it was possible to prevent relapse of vivax malaria 1 Prior to this it was understood that patients with vivax malaria would suffer from relapses but there was no treatment that could prevent the relapses from occurring The relative weights of treatment benefit and harm change over decades as science advances About a decade after pamaquine became available chloroquine arrived and about a decade after that primaquine arrived Pamaquine is more toxic and less efficacious than primaquine therefore pamaquine is no longer routinely used and of the two only primaquine is currently recommended by the World Health Organization 4 References edit a b Manifold J 1931 Report on a trial of plasmoquine and quinine in the treatment of benign tertian malaria Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps LVI 5 321 338 410 423 a b c Ryan F 1993 The forgotten plague how the battle against tuberculosis was won and lost Boston Little Brown ISBN 978 0316763806 Sweeney AW Blackburn CR Rieckmann KH August 2004 Short report the activity of pamaquine an 8 aminoquinoline drug against sporozoite induced infections of Plasmodium vivax New Guinea strains The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71 2 187 9 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 2004 71 2 0700187 PMID 15306708 a b World Health Organization 2015 Guidelines for the treatment of malaria 3rd ed Geneva Switzerland WHO ISBN 9789241549127 Retrieved 2018 08 31 Roehl W 1926 Die Wirkung of Plasmochins auf die Vogelmalaria Arch Schiffs Tropenhyg 30 Suppl 3 311 318 Bibcode 1926NW 14 1156R doi 10 1007 BF01451737 S2CID 2535139 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pamaquine amp oldid 984404308, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
