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Paleoproterozoic

May 04, 2023

The Paleoproterozoic Era (IPA: /pælioʊˌproʊtərəˈzoʊɪk-/;[2][3], also spelled Palaeoproterozoic), spanning the time period from 2,500 to 1,600 million years ago (2.5–1.6 Ga), is the first of the three sub-divisions (eras) of the Proterozoic Eon. The Paleoproterozoic is also the longest era of the Earth's geological history. It was during this era that the continents first stabilized.[clarification needed]

Paleoproterozoic
2500 – 1600 Ma
Paleoproterozoic stromatolites
Chronology
Proposed redefinition(s)2420–541 Ma
Gradstein et al., 2012
Proposed subdivisionsOxygenian Period, 2420–2250 Ma

Gradstein et al., 2012
Jatulian/Eukaryian Period, 2250–2060 Ma
Gradstein et al., 2012
Columbian Period, 2060–1780 Ma

Gradstein et al., 2012
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Alternate spelling(s)Palaeoproterozoic
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitEra
Stratigraphic unitErathem
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionDefined Chronometrically
Lower GSSA ratified1991[1]
Upper boundary definitionDefined Chronometrically
Upper GSSA ratified1991[1]

Paleontological evidence suggests that the Earth's rotational rate ~1.8 billion years ago equated to 20-hour days, implying a total of ~450 days per year.[4]

Atmosphere

Before the enormous increase in atmospheric oxygen, almost all existing lifeforms were anaerobic organisms whose metabolism was based on a form of cellular respiration that did not require oxygen. Free oxygen in large amounts is toxic to most anaerobic organisms. Consequently, most died when the atmospheric free oxygen levels soared in an extinction event called the Great Oxidation Event, which brought atmospheric oxygen levels to up to 10% of their current level.[5] The only creatures that survived were either resistant to the oxidizing and poisonous effects of oxygen or sequestered in oxygen-free environments. The sudden increase of atmospheric free oxygen and the ensuing extinction of the vulnerable lifeforms is widely considered one of the first and most significant mass extinctions on Earth.[6][7]

Emergence of Eukarya

 

Many crown node eukaryotes (from which the modern-day eukaryotic lineages would have arisen) have been approximately dated to around the time of the Paleoproterozoic Era.[8][9][10] While there is some debate as to the exact time at which eukaryotes evolved,[11][12] current understanding places it somewhere in this era.[13][14][15] Statherian fossils from the Changcheng Group of North China provide evidence that eukaryotic life was already diverse during the late Palaeoproterozoic.[16]

Geological events

During this era, the earliest global-scale continent-continent collision belts developed. The associated continent and mountain building events are represented by the 2.1–2.0 Ga Trans-Amazonian and Eburnean orogens in South America and West Africa; the ~2.0 Ga Limpopo Belt in southern Africa; the 1.9–1.8 Ga Trans-Hudson, Penokean, Taltson–Thelon, Wopmay, Ungava and Torngat orogens in North America, the 1.9–1.8 Ga Nagssugtoqidian Orogen in Greenland; the 1.9–1.8 Ga Kola–Karelia, Svecofennian, Volhyn-Central Russian, and Pachelma orogens in Baltica (Eastern Europe); the 1.9–1.8 Ga Akitkan Orogen in Siberia; the ~1.95 Ga Khondalite Belt; the ~1.85 Ga Trans-North China Orogen in North China; and the 1.8-1.6 Ga Yavapai and Mazatzal orogenies in southern North America.

That pattern of collision belts supports the formation of a Proterozoic supercontinent named Columbia or Nuna.[17][18] That continental collisions suddenly led to mountain building at large scale is interpreted as having resulted from increased biomass and carbon burial during and after the Great Oxidation Event: Subducted carbonaceous sediments are hypothesized to have lubricated compressive deformation and led to crustal thickening.[19]

Felsic volcanism in what is now northern Sweden led to the formation of the Kiruna and Arvidsjaur porphyries.[20]

The lithospheric mantle of Patagonia's oldest blocks formed.[21]

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paleoproterozoic.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Plumb, K. A. (June 1, 1991). "New Precambrian time scale". Episodes. 14 (2): 139–140. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i2/005.
  2. ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-06-18. . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-06-17.
  3. ^ "Proterozoic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  4. ^ Pannella, Giorgio (1972). "Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history since early precambrian". Astrophysics and Space Science. 16 (2): 212. Bibcode:1972Ap&SS..16..212P. doi:10.1007/BF00642735. S2CID 122908383.
  5. ^ Ossa Ossa, Frantz; Spangenberg, Jorge E.; Bekker, Andrey; König, Stephan; Stüeken, Eva E.; Hofmann, Axel; Poulton, Simon W.; Yierpan, Aierken; Varas-Reus, Maria I.; Eickmann, Benjamin; Andersen, Morten B.; Schoenberg, Ronny (15 September 2022). "Moderate levels of oxygenation during the late stage of Earth's Great Oxidation Event". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 594: 117716. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117716.
  6. ^ Hodgskiss, Malcolm S. W.; Crockford, Peter W.; Peng, Yongbo; Wing, Boswell A.; Horner, Tristan J. (27 August 2019). "A productivity collapse to end Earth's Great Oxidation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (35): 17207–17212. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11617207H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1900325116. PMC 6717284. PMID 31405980.
  7. ^ Margulis, Lynn; Sagan, Dorion (1997-05-29). Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520210646.
  8. ^ Mänd, Kaarel; Planavsky, Noah J.; Porter, Susannah M.; Robbins, Leslie J.; Wang, Changle; Kraitsmann, Timmu; Paiste, Kärt; Paiste, Päärn; Romashkin, Alexander E.; Deines, Yulia E.; Kirsimäe, Kalle; Lepland, Aivo; Konhauser, Kurt O. (15 April 2022). "Chromium evidence for protracted oxygenation during the Paleoproterozoic". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 584: 117501. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117501. hdl:10037/24808. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  9. ^ Hedges, S Blair; Chen, Hsiong; Kumar, Sudhir; Wang, Daniel YC; Thompson, Amanda S; Watanabe, Hidemi (2001-09-12). "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 1: 4. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 56995. PMID 11580860.
  10. ^ Hedges, S Blair; Blair, Jaime E; Venturi, Maria L; Shoe, Jason L (2004-01-28). "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4: 2. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 341452. PMID 15005799.
  11. ^ Rodríguez-Trelles, Francisco; Tarrío, Rosa; Ayala, Francisco J. (2002-06-11). "A methodological bias toward overestimation of molecular evolutionary time scales". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (12): 8112–8115. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.8112R. doi:10.1073/pnas.122231299. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 123029. PMID 12060757.
  12. ^ Stechmann, Alexandra; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2002-07-05). "Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion". Science. 297 (5578): 89–91. Bibcode:2002Sci...297...89S. doi:10.1126/science.1071196. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 12098695. S2CID 21064445.
  13. ^ Ayala, Francisco José; Rzhetsky, Andrey; Ayala, Francisco J. (1998-01-20). "Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (2): 606–611. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95..606J. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.2.606. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 18467. PMID 9435239.
  14. ^ Wang, D Y; Kumar, S; Hedges, S B (1999-01-22). "Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals and fungi". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1415): 163–171. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0617. PMC 1689654. PMID 10097391.
  15. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J.; Lepot, Kevin (January 2018). "The Paleoproterozoic fossil record: Implications for the evolution of the biosphere during Earth's middle-age". Earth-Science Reviews. 176: 68–86. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.001.
  16. ^ Miao, Lanyun; Moczydłowska, Małgorzata; Zhu, Shixing; Zhu, Maoyan (February 2019). "New record of organic-walled, morphologically distinct microfossils from the late Paleoproterozoic Changcheng Group in the Yanshan Range, North China". Precambrian Research. 321: 172–198. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.11.019. S2CID 134362289. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  17. ^ Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A; Wilde, Simon A; Sun, Min (2002). "Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent". Earth-Science Reviews. 59 (1–4): 125–162. Bibcode:2002ESRv...59..125Z. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9.
  18. ^ Zhao, Guochun; Sun, M.; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, S.Z. (2004). "A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup". Earth-Science Reviews. 67 (1–2): 91–123. Bibcode:2004ESRv...67...91Z. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003.
  19. ^ John Parnell, Connor Brolly: Increased biomass and carbon burial 2 billion years ago triggered mountain building. Nature Communications Earth & Environment, 2021, doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00313-5 (Open Access).
  20. ^ Lundqvist, Thomas (2009). Porfyr i Sverige: En geologisk översikt (in Swedish). pp. 24–27. ISBN 978-91-7158-960-6.
  21. ^ Schilling, Manuel Enrique; Carlson, Richard Walter; Tassara, Andrés; Conceição, Rommulo Viveira; Berotto, Gustavo Walter; Vásquez, Manuel; Muñoz, Daniel; Jalowitzki, Tiago; Gervasoni, Fernanda; Morata, Diego (2017). "The origin of Patagonia revealed by Re-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths". Precambrian Research. 294: 15–32. Bibcode:2017PreR..294...15S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.008.

External links

  • First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen New Scientist, #2746, 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane. Posits an earlier much longer snowball period, c2.4 - c2.0 Gya, triggered by the Great Oxygenation Event.
  • The information on eukaryotic lineage diversification was gathered from a New York Times opinion blog by Olivia Judson. See the text here: [1].
  • Paleoproterozoic (chronostratigraphy scale)

May 04, 2023
paleoproterozoic, also, spelled, palaeoproterozoic, spanning, time, period, from, million, years, first, three, divisions, eras, proterozoic, also, longest, earth, geological, history, during, this, that, continents, first, stabilized, clarification, needed, 2. The Paleoproterozoic Era IPA p ae l i oʊ ˌ p r oʊ t er e ˈ z oʊ ɪ k 2 3 also spelled Palaeoproterozoic spanning the time period from 2 500 to 1 600 million years ago 2 5 1 6 Ga is the first of the three sub divisions eras of the Proterozoic Eon The Paleoproterozoic is also the longest era of the Earth s geological history It was during this era that the continents first stabilized clarification needed Paleoproterozoic2500 1600 Ma Pha Proterozoic Archean Had Paleoproterozoic stromatolitesChronology 2500 2400 2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 P r o t e r o z o i cANeoarcheanPalaeoproterozoicMesoproterozoicSiderianRhyacianOrosirianStatherian An approximate timescale of key Paleoproterozoic events Axis scale millions of years ago Proposed redefinition s 2420 541 MaGradstein et al 2012Proposed subdivisionsOxygenian Period 2420 2250 MaGradstein et al 2012 Jatulian Eukaryian Period 2250 2060 MaGradstein et al 2012 Columbian Period 2060 1780 Ma Gradstein et al 2012EtymologyName formalityFormalAlternate spelling s PalaeoproterozoicUsage informationCelestial bodyEarthRegional usageGlobal ICS Time scale s usedICS Time ScaleDefinitionChronological unitEraStratigraphic unitErathemTime span formalityFormalLower boundary definitionDefined ChronometricallyLower GSSA ratified1991 1 Upper boundary definitionDefined ChronometricallyUpper GSSA ratified1991 1 Paleontological evidence suggests that the Earth s rotational rate 1 8 billion years ago equated to 20 hour days implying a total of 450 days per year 4 Contents 1 Atmosphere 2 Emergence of Eukarya 3 Geological events 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksAtmosphere EditBefore the enormous increase in atmospheric oxygen almost all existing lifeforms were anaerobic organisms whose metabolism was based on a form of cellular respiration that did not require oxygen Free oxygen in large amounts is toxic to most anaerobic organisms Consequently most died when the atmospheric free oxygen levels soared in an extinction event called the Great Oxidation Event which brought atmospheric oxygen levels to up to 10 of their current level 5 The only creatures that survived were either resistant to the oxidizing and poisonous effects of oxygen or sequestered in oxygen free environments The sudden increase of atmospheric free oxygen and the ensuing extinction of the vulnerable lifeforms is widely considered one of the first and most significant mass extinctions on Earth 6 7 Emergence of Eukarya Edit Many crown node eukaryotes from which the modern day eukaryotic lineages would have arisen have been approximately dated to around the time of the Paleoproterozoic Era 8 9 10 While there is some debate as to the exact time at which eukaryotes evolved 11 12 current understanding places it somewhere in this era 13 14 15 Statherian fossils from the Changcheng Group of North China provide evidence that eukaryotic life was already diverse during the late Palaeoproterozoic 16 Geological events EditDuring this era the earliest global scale continent continent collision belts developed The associated continent and mountain building events are represented by the 2 1 2 0 Ga Trans Amazonian and Eburnean orogens in South America and West Africa the 2 0 Ga Limpopo Belt in southern Africa the 1 9 1 8 Ga Trans Hudson Penokean Taltson Thelon Wopmay Ungava and Torngat orogens in North America the 1 9 1 8 Ga Nagssugtoqidian Orogen in Greenland the 1 9 1 8 Ga Kola Karelia Svecofennian Volhyn Central Russian and Pachelma orogens in Baltica Eastern Europe the 1 9 1 8 Ga Akitkan Orogen in Siberia the 1 95 Ga Khondalite Belt the 1 85 Ga Trans North China Orogen in North China and the 1 8 1 6 Ga Yavapai and Mazatzal orogenies in southern North America That pattern of collision belts supports the formation of a Proterozoic supercontinent named Columbia or Nuna 17 18 That continental collisions suddenly led to mountain building at large scale is interpreted as having resulted from increased biomass and carbon burial during and after the Great Oxidation Event Subducted carbonaceous sediments are hypothesized to have lubricated compressive deformation and led to crustal thickening 19 Felsic volcanism in what is now northern Sweden led to the formation of the Kiruna and Arvidsjaur porphyries 20 The lithospheric mantle of Patagonia s oldest blocks formed 21 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paleoproterozoic See also EditBoring Billion Earth history 1 8 to 0 8 billion years ago Suavjarvi impact structure Lake and claimed impact structure in Karelia northwest Russia Francevillian biota Possibly earliest multicellular lifeforms Vredefort impact structure Largest verified impact structure on Earth about 2 billion years old Sudbury Basin Third largest verified astrobleme on earth remains of an Paleoproterozoic Era impact Neoarchean Fourth era of the Archean EonReferences Edit a b Plumb K A June 1 1991 New Precambrian time scale Episodes 14 2 139 140 doi 10 18814 epiiugs 1991 v14i2 005 palaeo Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 2020 06 18 Proterozoic Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 2020 06 17 Proterozoic Merriam Webster Dictionary Pannella Giorgio 1972 Paleontological evidence on the Earth s rotational history since early precambrian Astrophysics and Space Science 16 2 212 Bibcode 1972Ap amp SS 16 212P doi 10 1007 BF00642735 S2CID 122908383 Ossa Ossa Frantz Spangenberg Jorge E Bekker Andrey Konig Stephan Stueken Eva E Hofmann Axel Poulton Simon W Yierpan Aierken Varas Reus Maria I Eickmann Benjamin Andersen Morten B Schoenberg Ronny 15 September 2022 Moderate levels of oxygenation during the late stage of Earth s Great Oxidation Event Earth and Planetary Science Letters 594 117716 doi 10 1016 j epsl 2022 117716 Hodgskiss Malcolm S W Crockford Peter W Peng Yongbo Wing Boswell A Horner Tristan J 27 August 2019 A productivity collapse to end Earth s Great Oxidation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 35 17207 17212 Bibcode 2019PNAS 11617207H doi 10 1073 pnas 1900325116 PMC 6717284 PMID 31405980 Margulis Lynn Sagan Dorion 1997 05 29 Microcosmos Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution University of California Press ISBN 9780520210646 Mand Kaarel Planavsky Noah J Porter Susannah M Robbins Leslie J Wang Changle Kraitsmann Timmu Paiste Kart Paiste Paarn Romashkin Alexander E Deines Yulia E Kirsimae Kalle Lepland Aivo Konhauser Kurt O 15 April 2022 Chromium evidence for protracted oxygenation during the Paleoproterozoic Earth and Planetary Science Letters 584 117501 doi 10 1016 j epsl 2022 117501 hdl 10037 24808 Retrieved 15 December 2022 Hedges S Blair Chen Hsiong Kumar Sudhir Wang Daniel YC Thompson Amanda S Watanabe Hidemi 2001 09 12 A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes BMC Evolutionary Biology 1 4 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 1 4 ISSN 1471 2148 PMC 56995 PMID 11580860 Hedges S Blair Blair Jaime E Venturi Maria L Shoe Jason L 2004 01 28 A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life BMC Evolutionary Biology 4 2 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 4 2 ISSN 1471 2148 PMC 341452 PMID 15005799 Rodriguez Trelles Francisco Tarrio Rosa Ayala Francisco J 2002 06 11 A methodological bias toward overestimation of molecular evolutionary time scales Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 12 8112 8115 Bibcode 2002PNAS 99 8112R doi 10 1073 pnas 122231299 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 123029 PMID 12060757 Stechmann Alexandra Cavalier Smith Thomas 2002 07 05 Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion Science 297 5578 89 91 Bibcode 2002Sci 297 89S doi 10 1126 science 1071196 ISSN 1095 9203 PMID 12098695 S2CID 21064445 Ayala Francisco Jose Rzhetsky Andrey Ayala Francisco J 1998 01 20 Origin of the metazoan phyla Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 2 606 611 Bibcode 1998PNAS 95 606J doi 10 1073 pnas 95 2 606 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 18467 PMID 9435239 Wang D Y Kumar S Hedges S B 1999 01 22 Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants animals and fungi Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 266 1415 163 171 doi 10 1098 rspb 1999 0617 PMC 1689654 PMID 10097391 Javaux Emmanuelle J Lepot Kevin January 2018 The Paleoproterozoic fossil record Implications for the evolution of the biosphere during Earth s middle age Earth Science Reviews 176 68 86 doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2017 10 001 Miao Lanyun Moczydlowska Malgorzata Zhu Shixing Zhu Maoyan February 2019 New record of organic walled morphologically distinct microfossils from the late Paleoproterozoic Changcheng Group in the Yanshan Range North China Precambrian Research 321 172 198 doi 10 1016 j precamres 2018 11 019 S2CID 134362289 Retrieved 29 December 2022 Zhao Guochun Cawood Peter A Wilde Simon A Sun Min 2002 Review of global 2 1 1 8 Ga orogens implications for a pre Rodinia supercontinent Earth Science Reviews 59 1 4 125 162 Bibcode 2002ESRv 59 125Z doi 10 1016 S0012 8252 02 00073 9 Zhao Guochun Sun M Wilde Simon A Li S Z 2004 A Paleo Mesoproterozoic supercontinent assembly growth and breakup Earth Science Reviews 67 1 2 91 123 Bibcode 2004ESRv 67 91Z doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2004 02 003 John Parnell Connor Brolly Increased biomass and carbon burial 2 billion years ago triggered mountain building Nature Communications Earth amp Environment 2021 doi 10 1038 s43247 021 00313 5 Open Access Lundqvist Thomas 2009 Porfyr i Sverige En geologisk oversikt in Swedish pp 24 27 ISBN 978 91 7158 960 6 Schilling Manuel Enrique Carlson Richard Walter Tassara Andres Conceicao Rommulo Viveira Berotto Gustavo Walter Vasquez Manuel Munoz Daniel Jalowitzki Tiago Gervasoni Fernanda Morata Diego 2017 The origin of Patagonia revealed by Re Os systematics of mantle xenoliths Precambrian Research 294 15 32 Bibcode 2017PreR 294 15S doi 10 1016 j precamres 2017 03 008 External links EditEssayWeb Paleoproterozoic Era First breath Earth s billion year struggle for oxygen New Scientist 2746 5 February 2010 by Nick Lane Posits an earlier much longer snowball period c2 4 c2 0 Gya triggered by the Great Oxygenation Event The information on eukaryotic lineage diversification was gathered from a New York Times opinion blog by Olivia Judson See the text here 1 Paleoproterozoic chronostratigraphy scale Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paleoproterozoic amp oldid 1143651715, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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