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Purpureocillium lilacinum

August 28, 2023

Purpureocillium lilacinum is a species of filamentous fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae.[3] It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes. In addition, it has frequently been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops. The species can grow at a wide range of temperatures – from 8 to 38 °C (46 to 100 °F) for a few isolates, with optimal growth in the range 26 to 30 °C (79 to 86 °F). It also has a wide pH tolerance and can grow on a variety of substrates.[4][5] P. lilacinum has shown promising results for use as a biocontrol agent to control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes.

Purpureocillium lilacinum
Divergent phialides and long, tangled chains of elliptical conidia borne from more complex fruiting structures characteristic of Purpureocillium lilacinum; magnification 460X.
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae
Genus: Purpureocillium
Species:
P. lilacinum
Binomial name
Purpureocillium lilacinum
(Thom) Luangsa-ard, Hou- braken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (2011)
Synonyms[2]

Paecillium Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones & Samson nom. prov. (2007)[1]
Penicillium lilacinum Thom (1910)
Penicillium amethystinum Wehmer (1923)
Spicaria rubidopurpurea Aoki (1941) Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson (1974)

Taxonomy and phylogeny Edit

The species was originally described by American mycologist Charles Thom in 1910, under than name Penicillium lilacinum.[6] Taxonomic synonyms include Penicillium amethystinum Wehmer and Spicaria rubidopurpurea Aoki.[2] In 1974, Robert A. Samson transferred the species to Paecilomyces.[4] Publications in the 2000s (decade) indicated that the genus Paecilomyces was not monophyletic,[7] and that close relatives were Paecilomyces nostocoides, Isaria takamizusanensis and Nomuraea atypicola.[8] The new genus Purpureocillium was created to hold the taxon. The generic name refers to the purple conidia produced by the fungus.[9]

Description Edit

Purpureocillium lilacinum forms a dense mycelium which gives rise to conidiophores. These bear phialides from the ends of which spores are formed in long chains. Spores germinate when suitable moisture and nutrients are available. Colonies on malt agar grow rather fast, attaining a diameter of 5–7 cm within 14 days at 25 °C (77 °F), consisting of a basal felt with a floccose overgrowth of aerial mycelium; at first white, but when sporulating changing to various shades of vinaceous. The reverse side is sometimes uncolored but usually in vinaceous shades. The vegetative hyphae are smooth-walled, hyaline, and 2.5–4.0 µm wide. Conidiophores arising from submerged hyphae, 400–600 µm in length, or arising from aerial hyphae and half as long. Phialides consisting of a swollen basal part, tapering into a thin distinct neck. Conidia are in divergent chains, ellipsoid to fusiform in shape, and smooth walled to slightly roughened. Chlamydospores are absent.[4]

Life cycles Edit

Purpureocillium lilacinum is highly adaptable in its life strategy: depending on the availability of nutrients in the surrounding microenvironments it may be entomopathogenic,[10][11][12] mycoparasitic,[13] saprophytic,[14] as well as nematophagous.

Human pathogenicity Edit

Purpureocillium lilacinum is an infrequent cause of human disease.[15][16] Most reported cases involve patients with compromised immune systems, indwelling foreign devices, or intraocular lens implants.[17][18] Research of the last decade suggests it may be an emerging pathogen of both immunocompromised[19] as well as immunocompetent adults.[20]

Biocontrol agent Edit

 
P. lilacinum is used as a biocontrol agent for several nematode species, such as Meloidogyne incognita, shown here.

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant economic losses to a wide variety of crops. Chemical control is a widely used option for plant-parasitic nematode management. However, chemical nematicides are now being reappraised in respect of environmental hazard, high costs, limited availability in many developing countries or their diminished effectiveness following repeated applications.

Control of plant-parasitic nematodes Edit

Purpureocillium lilacinum was first observed in association with nematode eggs in 1966[21] and the fungus was subsequently found parasitising the eggs of Meloidogyne incognita in Peru.[22] It has now been isolated from many cyst and root-knot nematodes and from soil in many locations.[23][24] Several successful field trials using P. lilacinum against pest nematodes were conducted in Peru.[22] The Peruvian isolate was then sent to nematologists in 46 countries for testing, as part of the International Meloidogyne project, resulting in many more field trials on a range of crops in many soil types and climates.[25] Field trials, glasshouse trials and in vitro testing of P. lilacinum continues and more isolates have been collected from soil, nematodes and occasionally from insects. Isolates vary in their pathogenicity to plant-parasitic nematodes. Some isolates are aggressive parasites while others, though morphologically indistinguishable, are less or non-pathogenic. Sometimes isolates that looked promising in vitro or in glasshouse trials have failed to provide control in the field.[26]

Enzymes Edit

Many enzymes produced by P. lilacinum have been studied. A basic serine protease with biological activity against Meloidogyne hapla eggs has been identified.[27] One strain of P. lilacinum has been shown to produce proteases and a chitinase, enzymes that could weaken a nematode egg shell so as to enable a narrow infection peg to push through.[28]

Egg infection Edit

Before infecting a nematode egg, P. lilacinum flattens against the egg surface and becomes closely appressed to it. P. lilacinum produces simple appressoria anywhere on the nematode egg shell either after a few hyphae grow along the egg surface, or after a network of hyphae form on the egg. The presence of appressoria appears to indicate that the egg is, or is about to be, infected. In either case, the appressorium appears the same, as a simple swelling at the end of a hypha, closely appressed to the eggshell. Adhesion between the appressorium and nematode egg surface must be strong enough to withstand the opposing force produced by the extending tip of a penetration hypha.[29] When the hypha has penetrated the egg, it rapidly destroys the juvenile within, before growing out of the now empty egg shell to produce conidiophores and to grow towards adjacent eggs.

Mycotoxins Edit

Paecilotoxin is a mycotoxin isolated from the fungus.[30] Its significance is unknown. Khan et al. (2003) tested one strain of P. lilacinum for the production of paecilotoxin and were unable to show toxin production in that strain, suggesting that toxin synthesis may vary among isolates.[31][32]

References Edit

  1. ^ Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson TH, eds. (2007). Compendium of Soil Fungi (2nd ed.). Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. p. 322. ISBN 978-3-9803083-8-0.
  2. ^ a b "Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson 1974". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
  3. ^ Spatafora; et al. (2015). "New 1F1N Species Combinations in Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales)". IMA Fungus. 6 (2): 357–362. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.07. PMC 4681259. PMID 26734546.
  4. ^ a b c Samson RA. (1974). "Paecilomyces and some allied hyphomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 6: 58.
  5. ^ Anderson TH, Domsch KH, Gams W (1995). Compendium of Soil Fungi. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. ISBN 978-3-9803083-8-0.
  6. ^ Thom C. (1910). Bulletin of the Bureau of Animal Industry US Department of Agriculture. 118: 73. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ Inglis PW, Tigano MS (2006). "Identification and taxonomy of some entomopathogenic Paecilomyces spp. (Ascomycota) isolates using rDNA-ITS Sequences" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 29 (1): 132–6. doi:10.1590/s1415-47572006000100025.
  8. ^ Sung GH, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung JM, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW (2007). "Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi". Studies in Mycology. 57 (1): 5–59. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01. PMC 2104736. PMID 18490993.
  9. ^ Luangsa-Ard J, Houbraken J, van Doorn T, Hong SB, Borman AM, Hywel-Jones NL, Samson RA (2011). "Purpureocillium, a new genus for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 321 (2): 141–9. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02322.x. PMID 21631575.
  10. ^ Rombach MC, Aguda RM, Shepard BM, Roberts DW (1986). "Infection of rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae), by field application of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes (Deuteromycotina)". Environmental Entomology. 15 (5): 1070–3. doi:10.1093/ee/15.5.1070. ISSN 0046-225X.
  11. ^ Marti GA, Lastra CC, Pelizza SA, García JJ (2006). "Isolation of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) from the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans Klug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in an endemic area in Argentina". Mycopathologia. 162 (5): 369–72. doi:10.1007/s11046-006-0072-3. hdl:11336/81093. PMID 17123036. S2CID 25132425.
  12. ^ Fiedler Ż, Sosnowska D (2007). "Nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson is also a biological agent for control of greenhouse insects and mite pests". BioControl. 52 (4): 547–8. doi:10.1007/s10526-006-9052-2. S2CID 39116161.
  13. ^ Gupta SC, Leathers TD, Wicklow DT (1993). (PDF). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 39 (1): 99–103. doi:10.1007/bf00166856. hdl:10113/25102. S2CID 20548355. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  14. ^ Tigrano-Milani MS, Carneiro RG, de Faria MR, Frazão HS, McCoy CW (1995). "Isozyme characterization and pathogenicity of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and P. lilacinus to Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Meloidogyne javanica (Nematoda: Tylenchidae)". Biological Control. 5 (3): 378–82. doi:10.1006/bcon.1995.1044.
  15. ^ Saberhagen C, Klotz SA, Bartholomew W, Drews D, Dixon A (1997). "Infection due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: a challenging clinical identification". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 25 (6): 1411–3. doi:10.1086/516136. PMID 9431388.
  16. ^ Westenfeld F, Alston WK, Winn WC (1996). "Complicated soft tissue infection with prepatellar bursitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus in an immunocompetent host: case report and review". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 34 (6): 1559–62. doi:10.1128/JCM.34.6.1559-1562.1996. PMC 229063. PMID 8735119.
  17. ^ O'Day DM (1977). "Fungal endophthalmitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after intraocular lens implantation". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 83 (1): 130–1. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(77)90206-9. PMID 299984.
  18. ^ Pettit TH, Olson RJ, Foos RY, Martin WJ (1980). "Fungal endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation. A surgical epidemic". Archives of Ophthalmology. 98 (6): 1025–39. doi:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020031015002. PMID 7190003.
  19. ^ Safdar A. (2002). "Progressive cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: rapid response to treatment with caspofungin and itraconazole". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 34 (10): 1415–7. doi:10.1086/340260. PMID 11981740.
  20. ^ Carey J, D’Amico R, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. Paecilomyces lilacinus vaginitis in an immunocompetent patient. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 2003 Sep
  21. ^ Lysek H. (1996). "Study of biology of geohelminths. II. The importance of some soil microorganisms for the viability of geohelminth eggs in the soil". Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. 40: 83–90.
  22. ^ a b Jatala P, Kaltenbach R, Bocangel M (1979). "Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita acrita and Globodera pallida on potatoes". Journal of Nematology. 11: 303.
  23. ^ Stirling, GR (1991). Biological Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. UK: CABI Publishing. p. 282.
  24. ^ Stirling GR, West LM (1991). "Fungal parasites of root-knot nematode eggs from tropical and sub-tropical regions of Australia". Australasian Plant Pathology. 20 (4): 149–54. doi:10.1071/APP9910149. S2CID 34778287.
  25. ^ Jatala P. (1986). "Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 24: 453–89. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.002321.
  26. ^ Gomes Carniero RMD, Cayrol J (1991). "Relationship between inoculum density of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus and control of Meloidogyne arenaria on tomato". Revue de Nématologie. 14 (4): 629–34.
  27. ^ Bonants PJM; Fitters PFL; Thijs H; den Belder E; Waalwijk C; Henfling JWDM. (1995). "A basic serine protease from Paecilomyces lilacinus with biological activity against Meloidogyne hapla eggs". Microbiology. 141 (Pt 4): 775–84. doi:10.1099/13500872-141-4-775. PMID 7773385.
  28. ^ Khan A, Williams KL, Nevalainen HK (2004). "Effects of Paecilomyces lilacinus protease and chitinase on the eggshell structures and hatching of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles". Biological Control. 31 (3): 346–52. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.07.011.
  29. ^ Money NP. (1998). "Mechanics of invasive fungal growth and the significance of turgor in plant infection". Molecular genetics of host-specific toxins in plant disease. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 261–71.
  30. ^ Mikami Y, Yazawa K, Fukushima K, Arai T, Udagawa S, Samson RA (December 1989). "Paecilotoxin production in clinical or terrestrial isolates of Paecilomyces lilacinus strains". Mycopathologia. 108 (3): 195–9. doi:10.1007/BF00436225. PMID 2615806. S2CID 681219.
  31. ^ Khan A, Williams K, Nevalainen H (2003). "Testing the nematophagous bioloigcal control strain Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 for paecilotoxin production". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 227 (1): 107–11. doi:10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00654-2. PMID 14568155.
  32. ^ Park JO, Hargreaves JR, McConville EJ, Stirling GR, Ghisalberti EL (2004). "Production of leucinostatins and nematicidal activity of Australian isolates of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 38 (4): 271–6. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2004.01488.x. PMID 15214724.

External links Edit

  •   Media related to Purpureocillium lilacinum at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Ophiocordycipitaceae at Wikispecies

August 28, 2023
purpureocillium, lilacinum, species, filamentous, fungus, family, ophiocordycipitaceae, been, isolated, from, wide, range, habitats, including, cultivated, uncultivated, soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine, sediments, sewage, sludge, insects, also, b. Purpureocillium lilacinum is a species of filamentous fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae 3 It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats including cultivated and uncultivated soils forests grassland deserts estuarine sediments and sewage sludge and insects It has also been found in nematode eggs and occasionally from females of root knot and cyst nematodes In addition it has frequently been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops The species can grow at a wide range of temperatures from 8 to 38 C 46 to 100 F for a few isolates with optimal growth in the range 26 to 30 C 79 to 86 F It also has a wide pH tolerance and can grow on a variety of substrates 4 5 P lilacinum has shown promising results for use as a biocontrol agent to control the growth of destructive root knot nematodes Purpureocillium lilacinumDivergent phialides and long tangled chains of elliptical conidia borne from more complex fruiting structures characteristic of Purpureocillium lilacinum magnification 460X Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass SordariomycetesOrder HypocrealesFamily OphiocordycipitaceaeGenus PurpureocilliumSpecies P lilacinumBinomial namePurpureocillium lilacinum Thom Luangsa ard Hou braken Hywel Jones amp Samson 2011 Synonyms 2 Paecillium Luangsa ard Hywel Jones amp Samson nom prov 2007 1 Penicillium lilacinum Thom 1910 Penicillium amethystinum Wehmer 1923 Spicaria rubidopurpurea Aoki 1941 Paecilomyces lilacinus Thom Samson 1974 Contents 1 Taxonomy and phylogeny 2 Description 3 Life cycles 4 Human pathogenicity 5 Biocontrol agent 5 1 Control of plant parasitic nematodes 5 2 Enzymes 5 3 Egg infection 6 Mycotoxins 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy and phylogeny EditThe species was originally described by American mycologist Charles Thom in 1910 under than name Penicillium lilacinum 6 Taxonomic synonyms include Penicillium amethystinum Wehmer and Spicaria rubidopurpurea Aoki 2 In 1974 Robert A Samson transferred the species to Paecilomyces 4 Publications in the 2000s decade indicated that the genus Paecilomyces was not monophyletic 7 and that close relatives were Paecilomyces nostocoides Isaria takamizusanensis and Nomuraea atypicola 8 The new genus Purpureocillium was created to hold the taxon The generic name refers to the purple conidia produced by the fungus 9 Description EditPurpureocillium lilacinum forms a dense mycelium which gives rise to conidiophores These bear phialides from the ends of which spores are formed in long chains Spores germinate when suitable moisture and nutrients are available Colonies on malt agar grow rather fast attaining a diameter of 5 7 cm within 14 days at 25 C 77 F consisting of a basal felt with a floccose overgrowth of aerial mycelium at first white but when sporulating changing to various shades of vinaceous The reverse side is sometimes uncolored but usually in vinaceous shades The vegetative hyphae are smooth walled hyaline and 2 5 4 0 µm wide Conidiophores arising from submerged hyphae 400 600 µm in length or arising from aerial hyphae and half as long Phialides consisting of a swollen basal part tapering into a thin distinct neck Conidia are in divergent chains ellipsoid to fusiform in shape and smooth walled to slightly roughened Chlamydospores are absent 4 Life cycles EditPurpureocillium lilacinum is highly adaptable in its life strategy depending on the availability of nutrients in the surrounding microenvironments it may be entomopathogenic 10 11 12 mycoparasitic 13 saprophytic 14 as well as nematophagous Human pathogenicity EditPurpureocillium lilacinum is an infrequent cause of human disease 15 16 Most reported cases involve patients with compromised immune systems indwelling foreign devices or intraocular lens implants 17 18 Research of the last decade suggests it may be an emerging pathogen of both immunocompromised 19 as well as immunocompetent adults 20 Biocontrol agent Edit P lilacinum is used as a biocontrol agent for several nematode species such as Meloidogyne incognita shown here Plant parasitic nematodes cause significant economic losses to a wide variety of crops Chemical control is a widely used option for plant parasitic nematode management However chemical nematicides are now being reappraised in respect of environmental hazard high costs limited availability in many developing countries or their diminished effectiveness following repeated applications Control of plant parasitic nematodes Edit Purpureocillium lilacinum was first observed in association with nematode eggs in 1966 21 and the fungus was subsequently found parasitising the eggs of Meloidogyne incognita in Peru 22 It has now been isolated from many cyst and root knot nematodes and from soil in many locations 23 24 Several successful field trials using P lilacinum against pest nematodes were conducted in Peru 22 The Peruvian isolate was then sent to nematologists in 46 countries for testing as part of the International Meloidogyne project resulting in many more field trials on a range of crops in many soil types and climates 25 Field trials glasshouse trials and in vitro testing of P lilacinum continues and more isolates have been collected from soil nematodes and occasionally from insects Isolates vary in their pathogenicity to plant parasitic nematodes Some isolates are aggressive parasites while others though morphologically indistinguishable are less or non pathogenic Sometimes isolates that looked promising in vitro or in glasshouse trials have failed to provide control in the field 26 Enzymes Edit Many enzymes produced by P lilacinum have been studied A basic serine protease with biological activity against Meloidogyne hapla eggs has been identified 27 One strain of P lilacinum has been shown to produce proteases and a chitinase enzymes that could weaken a nematode egg shell so as to enable a narrow infection peg to push through 28 Egg infection Edit Before infecting a nematode egg P lilacinum flattens against the egg surface and becomes closely appressed to it P lilacinum produces simple appressoria anywhere on the nematode egg shell either after a few hyphae grow along the egg surface or after a network of hyphae form on the egg The presence of appressoria appears to indicate that the egg is or is about to be infected In either case the appressorium appears the same as a simple swelling at the end of a hypha closely appressed to the eggshell Adhesion between the appressorium and nematode egg surface must be strong enough to withstand the opposing force produced by the extending tip of a penetration hypha 29 When the hypha has penetrated the egg it rapidly destroys the juvenile within before growing out of the now empty egg shell to produce conidiophores and to grow towards adjacent eggs Mycotoxins EditPaecilotoxin is a mycotoxin isolated from the fungus 30 Its significance is unknown Khan et al 2003 tested one strain of P lilacinum for the production of paecilotoxin and were unable to show toxin production in that strain suggesting that toxin synthesis may vary among isolates 31 32 References Edit Domsch KH Gams W Anderson TH eds 2007 Compendium of Soil Fungi 2nd ed Lubrecht amp Cramer Ltd p 322 ISBN 978 3 9803083 8 0 a b Paecilomyces lilacinus Thom Samson 1974 MycoBank International Mycological Association Retrieved 2011 07 17 Spatafora et al 2015 New 1F1N Species Combinations in Ophiocordycipitaceae Hypocreales IMA Fungus 6 2 357 362 doi 10 5598 imafungus 2015 06 02 07 PMC 4681259 PMID 26734546 a b c Samson RA 1974 Paecilomyces and some allied hyphomycetes Studies in Mycology 6 58 Anderson TH Domsch KH Gams W 1995 Compendium of Soil Fungi Lubrecht amp Cramer Ltd ISBN 978 3 9803083 8 0 Thom C 1910 Bulletin of the Bureau of Animal Industry US Department of Agriculture 118 73 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Missing or empty title help Inglis PW Tigano MS 2006 Identification and taxonomy of some entomopathogenic Paecilomyces spp Ascomycota isolates using rDNA ITS Sequences PDF Genetics and Molecular Biology 29 1 132 6 doi 10 1590 s1415 47572006000100025 Sung GH Hywel Jones NL Sung JM Luangsa ard JJ Shrestha B Spatafora JW 2007 Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi Studies in Mycology 57 1 5 59 doi 10 3114 sim 2007 57 01 PMC 2104736 PMID 18490993 Luangsa Ard J Houbraken J van Doorn T Hong SB Borman AM Hywel Jones NL Samson RA 2011 Purpureocillium a new genus for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus FEMS Microbiology Letters 321 2 141 9 doi 10 1111 j 1574 6968 2011 02322 x PMID 21631575 Rombach MC Aguda RM Shepard BM Roberts DW 1986 Infection of rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Homoptera Delphacidae by field application of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes Deuteromycotina Environmental Entomology 15 5 1070 3 doi 10 1093 ee 15 5 1070 ISSN 0046 225X Marti GA Lastra CC Pelizza SA Garcia JJ 2006 Isolation of Paecilomyces lilacinus Thom Samson Ascomycota Hypocreales from the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans Klug Hemiptera Reduviidae in an endemic area in Argentina Mycopathologia 162 5 369 72 doi 10 1007 s11046 006 0072 3 hdl 11336 81093 PMID 17123036 S2CID 25132425 Fiedler Z Sosnowska D 2007 Nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus Thom Samson is also a biological agent for control of greenhouse insects and mite pests BioControl 52 4 547 8 doi 10 1007 s10526 006 9052 2 S2CID 39116161 Gupta SC Leathers TD Wicklow DT 1993 Hydrolytic enzymes secreted by Paecilomyces lilacinus cultured on sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus PDF Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 39 1 99 103 doi 10 1007 bf00166856 hdl 10113 25102 S2CID 20548355 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 04 25 Retrieved 2018 07 23 Tigrano Milani MS Carneiro RG de Faria MR Frazao HS McCoy CW 1995 Isozyme characterization and pathogenicity of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and P lilacinus to Diabrotica speciosa Coleoptera Chrysomelidae and Meloidogyne javanica Nematoda Tylenchidae Biological Control 5 3 378 82 doi 10 1006 bcon 1995 1044 Saberhagen C Klotz SA Bartholomew W Drews D Dixon A 1997 Infection due to Paecilomyces lilacinus a challenging clinical identification Clinical Infectious Diseases 25 6 1411 3 doi 10 1086 516136 PMID 9431388 Westenfeld F Alston WK Winn WC 1996 Complicated soft tissue infection with prepatellar bursitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus in an immunocompetent host case report and review Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34 6 1559 62 doi 10 1128 JCM 34 6 1559 1562 1996 PMC 229063 PMID 8735119 O Day DM 1977 Fungal endophthalmitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after intraocular lens implantation American Journal of Ophthalmology 83 1 130 1 doi 10 1016 0002 9394 77 90206 9 PMID 299984 Pettit TH Olson RJ Foos RY Martin WJ 1980 Fungal endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation A surgical epidemic Archives of Ophthalmology 98 6 1025 39 doi 10 1001 archopht 1980 01020031015002 PMID 7190003 Safdar A 2002 Progressive cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus rapid response to treatment with caspofungin and itraconazole Clinical Infectious Diseases 34 10 1415 7 doi 10 1086 340260 PMID 11981740 Carey J D Amico R Sutton DA Rinaldi MG Paecilomyces lilacinus vaginitis in an immunocompetent patient Emerg Infect Dis serial online 2003 Sep Lysek H 1996 Study of biology of geohelminths II The importance of some soil microorganisms for the viability of geohelminth eggs in the soil Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis 40 83 90 a b Jatala P Kaltenbach R Bocangel M 1979 Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita acrita and Globodera pallida on potatoes Journal of Nematology 11 303 Stirling GR 1991 Biological Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes UK CABI Publishing p 282 Stirling GR West LM 1991 Fungal parasites of root knot nematode eggs from tropical and sub tropical regions of Australia Australasian Plant Pathology 20 4 149 54 doi 10 1071 APP9910149 S2CID 34778287 Jatala P 1986 Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes Annual Review of Phytopathology 24 453 89 doi 10 1146 annurev py 24 090186 002321 Gomes Carniero RMD Cayrol J 1991 Relationship between inoculum density of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus and control of Meloidogyne arenaria on tomato Revue de Nematologie 14 4 629 34 Bonants PJM Fitters PFL Thijs H den Belder E Waalwijk C Henfling JWDM 1995 A basic serine protease from Paecilomyces lilacinus with biological activity against Meloidogyne hapla eggs Microbiology 141 Pt 4 775 84 doi 10 1099 13500872 141 4 775 PMID 7773385 Khan A Williams KL Nevalainen HK 2004 Effects of Paecilomyces lilacinus protease and chitinase on the eggshell structures and hatching of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles Biological Control 31 3 346 52 doi 10 1016 j biocontrol 2004 07 011 Money NP 1998 Mechanics of invasive fungal growth and the significance of turgor in plant infection Molecular genetics of host specific toxins in plant disease Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers pp 261 71 Mikami Y Yazawa K Fukushima K Arai T Udagawa S Samson RA December 1989 Paecilotoxin production in clinical or terrestrial isolates of Paecilomyces lilacinus strains Mycopathologia 108 3 195 9 doi 10 1007 BF00436225 PMID 2615806 S2CID 681219 Khan A Williams K Nevalainen H 2003 Testing the nematophagous bioloigcal control strain Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 for paecilotoxin production FEMS Microbiology Letters 227 1 107 11 doi 10 1016 S0378 1097 03 00654 2 PMID 14568155 Park JO Hargreaves JR McConville EJ Stirling GR Ghisalberti EL 2004 Production of leucinostatins and nematicidal activity of Australian isolates of Paecilomyces lilacinus Thom Samson Letters in Applied Microbiology 38 4 271 6 doi 10 1111 j 1472 765X 2004 01488 x PMID 15214724 External links Edit Media related to Purpureocillium lilacinum at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Ophiocordycipitaceae at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Purpureocillium lilacinum amp oldid 1170983378, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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