fbpx
Wikipedia

PARAM

January 08, 2023

PARAM is a series of supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune, India.[1][2] PARAM means "supreme" in the Sanskrit language, whilst also creating an acronym for "PARAllel Machine".[1] As of June 2021 the fastest machine in the series is the PARAM Siddhi AI which ranks 89th in world with an Rpeak of 5.267 petaflops.[3]

History

Further information: Supercomputing in India

C-DAC was created in November 1987, originally as the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Technology (C-DACT).[4] This was in response to issues purchasing supercomputers from foreign sources.[5] The Indian Government decided to try and develop indigenous computing technology.[6] More information about "Param: The First Super Computer of India" had been elaborated by Avishek Bhattacharjee in a research paper.[7]

PARAM 8000

The PARAM 8000 was the first machine in the series and was built from scratch.[2] A prototype was benchmarked at the "1990 Zurich Super-computing Show":[note 1] of the machines that ran at the show it came second only to one from the United States.[8]

A 64-node machine was delivered in August 1991.[2][1] Each node used Inmos T800/T805 transputers.[1] A 256-node machine had a theoretical performance of 1GFLOPS, however in practice had a sustained performance of 100-200MFLOPS.[1][2] PARAM 8000 was a distributed memory MIMD architecture with a reconfigurable interconnection network.[9]

The PARAM 8000 was noted to be 28 times more powerful than the Cray X-MP that the government originally requested, for the same $10 million cost quoted for it.[10]

Exports

The computer was a success and was exported to Germany, United Kingdom and Russia.[11] Apart from taking over the home market, PARAM attracted 14 other buyers with its relatively low price tag of $350,000.[12]

The computer was also exported to the ICAD Moscow in 1991 under Russian collaboration.[13][14][15][16]

PARAM 8600

PARAM 8600 was an improvement over PARAM 8000. In 1992 C-DAC realised its machines were underpowered and wished to integrate the newly released Intel i860 processor.[17] Each node was created with one i860 and four Inmos T800 transputers.[9][2][1] The same PARAS programming environment was used for both the PARAM 8000 and 8600; this meant that programs were portable.[2][1] Each 8600 cluster was noted to be as powerful as 4 PARAM 8000 clusters.[1]

PARAM 9000

The PARAM 9000 was designed to be merge cluster processing and massively parallel processing computing workloads.[18] It was first demonstrated in 1994.[5] The design was changed to be modular so that newer processors could be easily accommodated.[9] Typically a system used 32–40 processors, however it could be scaled up to 200 CPUs using the clos network topology.[9] The PARAM 9000/SS was the SuperSPARC II processor variant,[19] the PARAM 9000/US used the UltraSPARC processor,[10] and the PARAM 9000/AA used the DEC Alpha.[20]

PARAM 10000

The PARAM 10000 was unveiled in 1998 as part of C-DAC's second mission.[5] PARAM 10000 used several independent nodes, each based on the Sun Enterprise 250 server; each such server contained two 400Mhz UltraSPARC II processors. The base configuration had three compute nodes and a server node. The peak speed of this base system was 6.4 GFLOPS.[21] A typical system would contain 160 CPUs and be capable of 100 GFLOPS[22] But, it was easily scalable to the TFLOP range. Exported to Russia and Singapore.[23]

Further computers

Further computers were made in the PARAM series as one-off supercomputers, rather than serial production machines. From the late 2010s many machines were created as part of the National Supercomputing Mission.

Supercomputer summary

PARAM Timeline
Name Release Year Notes Rmax Rpeak Location
PARAM 8000 1991 Inmos T800 Transputers, Distributed Memory MIMD, 64 processors Multiple
PARAM 8600 1992 Intel i860, 256 processors 5 GFLOPS Multiple
PARAM 9900 1994 clos network. SuperSPARC II, UltraSPARC and DEC Alpha variants, 32 to 200 processors Multiple
PARAM 10000 1998 Sun Enterprise 250, 400Mhz UltraSPARC UltraSPARC II processor, 160 processors 6.4 GFLOPS
PARAM Padma 2002[5] 1TB storage, 248 IBM Power4 – 1 GHz,[5] IBM AIX 5.1L, PARAMNet. PARAM Padma was the first Indian machine ranked on a worldwide supercomputer list.[5] 1024 GFLOPS
PARAM Yuva 2008 4608 cores, Intel 73XX – 2.9 GHz, 25 to 200 TB,[24] PARAMnet 3. 38.1 TFLOPS[25] 54 TFLOPS[25]
PARAM Yuva II 2013 Created in three months at a cost of ₹160 million (US$2 million) - first Indian supercomputer to achieve more than 500 teraflops.[26][27][28] 360.8 TFLOPS[29][30] 524 TFLOPS
PARAM Kanchenjunga[31] 2016 15 TFLOPS
PARAM Brahma[32][33] 2019 1PB storage 0.85 PFLOPS 1.7 PFLOPS IISER Pune
PARAM Siddhi-AI[3] 2020 Nvidia DGX SuperPOD based networking architecture, HPC-AI engine software frame works and cloud platform from C-DAC 4.6 PFLOPS 5.267 PFLOPS C-DAC
PARAM Sanganak[34] 2020 1.67 PFLOPS IIT Kanpur
PARAM Pravega[35][36] 2022 It runs on CentOS 7.x, has 4 petabytes of storage , 3.3 PFLOPS 3.3 PFLOPS Indian Institute of Science
PARAM Ganga[37] 2022 1.67 PFLOPS IIT Roorkee
PARAM Shakti[38] 2022 1.6 PFLOPS IIT Kharagpur
PARAM KAMRUPA [39] 2022 107 CPU nodes, 10 GPU nodes, 9 high memory nodes, 740 CPU cores, 102400 CUDA cores. It runs on low and high microwave power with active and passive high energy source.[40][41][42][43] 838 TFLOPS 1.5 PFLOPS Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati[44]
PARAM Porul[45] 2022 107 CPU nodes, 10 GPU nodes, 39 high memory nodes, 102400 CUDA cores.[46] 838 TFLOPS National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

PARAMNet

PARAMNet is a high speed high bandwidth low latency network developed for the PARAM series. The original PARAMNet used an 8 port cascadable non-blocking switch developed by C-DAC. Each port provided 400 Mb/s in both directions (thus 2x400 Mbit/s) as it was a full-duplex network. It was first used in PARAM 10000.[10]

PARAMNet II, introduced with PARAM Padma, is capable of 2.5 Gbit/s while working full-duplex. It supports interfaces like Virtual Interface Architecture and Active messages. It uses 8 or 16 port SAN switches.[47]

PARAMNet-3, used in PARAM Yuva and PARAM Yuva-II, is next generation high performance networking component for building supercomputing systems. PARAMNet-3 consists of tightly integrated hardware and software components. The hardware components consist of Network Interface Cards (NIC) based on CDAC's fourth generation communication co-processor "GEMINI", and modular 48-port Packet Routing Switch "ANVAY". The software component "KSHIPRA" is a lightweight protocol stack designed to exploit capabilities of hardware and to provide industry standard interfaces to the applications. Other application areas identified for deployment of PARAMNet-3 are storage and database applications.[48]

Operators

PARAM supercomputers are used by both public and private[24] operators for various purposes. As of 2008, 52 PARAMs have been deployed. Of these, 8 are located in Russia, Singapore, Germany and Canada. PARAMs have also been sold to Tanzania, Armenia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Ghana, Myanmar, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.[49]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ This is likely the CONPAR 90 - VAPP IV, Joint International Conference on Vector and Parallel Processing, which took place in Zurich, Switzerland, 10–13 September 1990. The statement is difficult to fully attest to other than the referenced article. The proceedings of the conference can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-53065-7

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Patnaik, LM. "High Performance Computing in India and Far-East". United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Kahaner, D.K. (1996). "Parallel computing in India". IEEE Parallel & Distributed Technology: Systems & Applications. 4 (3): 7–11. doi:10.1109/88.532134. L.M. Patnaik developed a significant amount of the factual material for this report.
  3. ^ a b "Indias AI supercomputer Param Siddhi 63rd among top 500 most powerful non-distributed computer systems in the world". Department of Science and Technology. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  4. ^ Delapierre, Michel; Zimmermann, Jean-Benoît (1989). "La nouvelle politique industrielle : le cas de l'informatique". Tiers-Monde. 30 (119): 559–576. doi:10.3406/tiers.1989.3862.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Sinha, P. K.; Dixit, S. P.; Mohanram, N.; Purohit, S. C.; Arora, R. K.; Ramakrishnan, S. (2004). "Current state and future trends in high performance computing and communications (HPCC) research in India". Proceedings. 10th IEEE International Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems, 2004: 217–220. doi:10.1109/FTDCS.2004.1316619. ISBN 0-7695-2118-5. S2CID 47348115.
  6. ^ Beary, Habib (25 April 1999). "India unveils huge supercomputer". BBC News. India began developing supercomputers in the late 1980s after being refused one by the US.
  7. ^ Bhattacharjee, Avishek (23 August 2022). "PARAM: The First Super Computer of India". doi:10.5281/zenodo.7017332. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ "God, Man And Machine". PARAM SUKHADIA India. 1 July 1998. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d Zelkowitz, Marvin V. (1997). Advances in Computers, Volume 44. p. 186. ISBN 9780080566764. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  10. ^ a b c Rajaraman, V. (1999). Super computers. Hyderabad: Universities Press (India). p. 75. ISBN 978-8173710971. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  11. ^ "Only protected usable knowledge can create wealth.". Thehindubusinessline.com. 26 February 2001. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  12. ^ "CRAY DEAL A CASUALTY OF ATOMIC WEAPON FEARS". The Washington Post.
  13. ^ "C-DAC furthering ties with ICAD, Moscow: From PARAM 8000 to PARAM 10000". Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC). Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  14. ^ "Supercomputer being developed at Pune, Bangalore will be ready in 6 months". Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC). Retrieved 15 September 2011. ...giving India her first indigenous supercomputer in 1991 (PARAM 8000)
  15. ^ "Digital India Week".
  16. ^ "The Little Known Story of How India's First Indigenous Supercomputer Amazed the World in 1991". The Better India. 13 January 2017.
  17. ^ Bhatkar, V.P. (April 1994). "PARAM parallel supercomputer: architecture, programming environment, and applications". Proceedings of 8th International Parallel Processing Symposium: 388–389. doi:10.1109/IPPS.1994.288273. ISBN 0-8186-5602-6. S2CID 9917838.
  18. ^ Mohan, RN. "A Microkernel Based Operating System for PARAM 9000" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  19. ^ Van der Steen, Aad J.; Dongarra, Jack J (1995). Overview of recent supercomputers. National Computing Facilities Foundation (Netherlands).
  20. ^ Harkar, A.; Shaligram, A.D.; Ghaisas, S.V.; Sundararajan, V. (December 1996). "Monte Carlo device simulation on PARAM". Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC): 33–35. doi:10.1109/HIPC.1996.565792. ISBN 0-8186-7557-8. S2CID 40870947.
  21. ^ Abraham; Baets; Köppen (2006). Applied soft computing technologies: the challenge of complexity. Springer. p. 54. ISBN 9783540316626. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  22. ^ Ram, B. (December 2009). Computer Fundamentals, Architecture & Organisation. New Age International. pp. 1–20. ISBN 9788122420432. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  23. ^ "Rediff on the Net, Infotech: Exporting speed". Rediff.com. 28 September 1999. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  24. ^ a b "PARAM Yuva supercomputer now open to private sector". Indian Express. 26 February 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011. With an enhanced storage capacity of 200 TB from 25 TB, a large number of users can use it for data processing and storage at the same time.
  25. ^ a b "Top500: "PARAM Yuva" Cluster (Performance)". Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  26. ^ . The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  27. ^ "India's fastest supercomputer 'Param Yuva II' unveiled". DNA India. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  28. ^ "C-DAC unveils India's fastest supercomputer Param Yuva II". The Economic Times. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  29. ^ . Information Week. 9 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  30. ^ "C-DAC reaffirms India's position on supercomputing map with PARAM Yuva - II". CDAC. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  31. ^ "PARAM Kanchenjunga inaugurated at NIT Sikkim". Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  32. ^ "PARAM Brahma will allow scientists to address complex scientific problems". 29 September 2019.
  33. ^ "IISER Pune Research Facilities". 27 March 2022.
  34. ^ . Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. 12 October 2020. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  35. ^ "Indian Institute of Science".
  36. ^ "For Traditional HPC Simulations: Param Pravega – SUPERCOMPUTER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH CENTRE".
  37. ^ "Petascale Supercomputer "PARAM Ganga" established at IIT Roorkee under National Supercomputing Mission".
  38. ^ "IIT Kharagpur". Inaugurated on 27 March 2022
  39. ^ "President of India in Assam; Inaugurates supercomputer facility and laboratory for the design and development of high power microwave components at IIT Guwahati and medical college and hospital at Dhubri; also lays foundation stones for two zonal institutes of NIV". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  40. ^ "President Droupadi Murmu inaugurates supercomputer facility at IIT Guwahati". Hindustan Times. 13 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  41. ^ Kalita, Prabin (11 October 2022). "President Droupadi Murmu to inaugurate supercomputer 'Param Kamrupa' at IIT-Guwahati on October 13 | Guwahati News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  42. ^ "President Droupadi Murmu inaugurates 'PARAM KAMRUPA' Supercomputer facility at IIT Guwahati". newsonair.gov.in. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  43. ^ "President of India in Assam; Inaugurates supercomputer facility and laboratory for the design and development of high power microwave components at IIT Guwahati and medical college and hospital at Dhubri; also lays foundation stones for two zonal institutes of NIV". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  44. ^ |https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=President-Droupadi-Murmu-inaugurates-%E2%80%98PARAM-KAMRUPA%E2%80%99-Supercomputer-facility-at-IIT-Guwahati&id=449269
  45. ^ "PARAM PORUL Supercomputer inaugurated at NIT, Tiruchirappalli". www.pib.gov.in. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  46. ^ "PARAM Porul".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ^ Singh, Ashok Kumar (July 2007). Science And Technology For Civil Service. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 216. ISBN 9780070655485. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  48. ^ "PARAMNet3". Retrieved 26 November 2018. PARAMNet-3, a high performance clusters interconnect developed indigenously by CDAC.
  49. ^ "C-DAC Press Release: Faster PARAM to take on US supercomputer". Retrieved 15 September 2011.

External links


    • National Supercomputing Mission, INDIA

    January 08, 2023
    param, series, supercomputers, designed, assembled, centre, development, advanced, computing, pune, india, means, supreme, sanskrit, language, whilst, also, creating, acronym, parallel, machine, june, 2021, fastest, machine, series, siddhi, which, ranks, 89th,. PARAM is a series of supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing C DAC in Pune India 1 2 PARAM means supreme in the Sanskrit language whilst also creating an acronym for PARAllel Machine 1 As of June 2021 the fastest machine in the series is the PARAM Siddhi AI which ranks 89th in world with an Rpeak of 5 267 petaflops 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 PARAM 8000 1 1 1 Exports 1 2 PARAM 8600 1 3 PARAM 9000 1 4 PARAM 10000 1 5 Further computers 2 Supercomputer summary 3 PARAMNet 4 Operators 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditFurther information Supercomputing in India C DAC was created in November 1987 originally as the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Technology C DACT 4 This was in response to issues purchasing supercomputers from foreign sources 5 The Indian Government decided to try and develop indigenous computing technology 6 More information about Param The First Super Computer of India had been elaborated by Avishek Bhattacharjee in a research paper 7 PARAM 8000 Edit The PARAM 8000 was the first machine in the series and was built from scratch 2 A prototype was benchmarked at the 1990 Zurich Super computing Show note 1 of the machines that ran at the show it came second only to one from the United States 8 A 64 node machine was delivered in August 1991 2 1 Each node used Inmos T800 T805 transputers 1 A 256 node machine had a theoretical performance of 1GFLOPS however in practice had a sustained performance of 100 200MFLOPS 1 2 PARAM 8000 was a distributed memory MIMD architecture with a reconfigurable interconnection network 9 The PARAM 8000 was noted to be 28 times more powerful than the Cray X MP that the government originally requested for the same 10 million cost quoted for it 10 Exports Edit The computer was a success and was exported to Germany United Kingdom and Russia 11 Apart from taking over the home market PARAM attracted 14 other buyers with its relatively low price tag of 350 000 12 The computer was also exported to the ICAD Moscow in 1991 under Russian collaboration 13 14 15 16 PARAM 8600 Edit PARAM 8600 was an improvement over PARAM 8000 In 1992 C DAC realised its machines were underpowered and wished to integrate the newly released Intel i860 processor 17 Each node was created with one i860 and four Inmos T800 transputers 9 2 1 The same PARAS programming environment was used for both the PARAM 8000 and 8600 this meant that programs were portable 2 1 Each 8600 cluster was noted to be as powerful as 4 PARAM 8000 clusters 1 PARAM 9000 Edit The PARAM 9000 was designed to be merge cluster processing and massively parallel processing computing workloads 18 It was first demonstrated in 1994 5 The design was changed to be modular so that newer processors could be easily accommodated 9 Typically a system used 32 40 processors however it could be scaled up to 200 CPUs using the clos network topology 9 The PARAM 9000 SS was the SuperSPARC II processor variant 19 the PARAM 9000 US used the UltraSPARC processor 10 and the PARAM 9000 AA used the DEC Alpha 20 PARAM 10000 Edit The PARAM 10000 was unveiled in 1998 as part of C DAC s second mission 5 PARAM 10000 used several independent nodes each based on the Sun Enterprise 250 server each such server contained two 400Mhz UltraSPARC II processors The base configuration had three compute nodes and a server node The peak speed of this base system was 6 4 GFLOPS 21 A typical system would contain 160 CPUs and be capable of 100 GFLOPS 22 But it was easily scalable to the TFLOP range Exported to Russia and Singapore 23 Further computers Edit Further computers were made in the PARAM series as one off supercomputers rather than serial production machines From the late 2010s many machines were created as part of the National Supercomputing Mission Supercomputer summary EditPARAM Timeline Name Release Year Notes Rmax Rpeak LocationPARAM 8000 1991 Inmos T800 Transputers Distributed Memory MIMD 64 processors MultiplePARAM 8600 1992 Intel i860 256 processors 5 GFLOPS MultiplePARAM 9900 1994 clos network SuperSPARC II UltraSPARC and DEC Alpha variants 32 to 200 processors MultiplePARAM 10000 1998 Sun Enterprise 250 400Mhz UltraSPARC UltraSPARC II processor 160 processors 6 4 GFLOPSPARAM Padma 2002 5 1TB storage 248 IBM Power4 1 GHz 5 IBM AIX 5 1L PARAMNet PARAM Padma was the first Indian machine ranked on a worldwide supercomputer list 5 1024 GFLOPSPARAM Yuva 2008 4608 cores Intel 73XX 2 9 GHz 25 to 200 TB 24 PARAMnet 3 38 1 TFLOPS 25 54 TFLOPS 25 PARAM Yuva II 2013 Created in three months at a cost of 160 million US 2 million first Indian supercomputer to achieve more than 500 teraflops 26 27 28 360 8 TFLOPS 29 30 524 TFLOPSPARAM Kanchenjunga 31 2016 15 TFLOPSPARAM Brahma 32 33 2019 1PB storage 0 85 PFLOPS 1 7 PFLOPS IISER PunePARAM Siddhi AI 3 2020 Nvidia DGX SuperPOD based networking architecture HPC AI engine software frame works and cloud platform from C DAC 4 6 PFLOPS 5 267 PFLOPS C DACPARAM Sanganak 34 2020 1 67 PFLOPS IIT KanpurPARAM Pravega 35 36 2022 It runs on CentOS 7 x has 4 petabytes of storage 3 3 PFLOPS 3 3 PFLOPS Indian Institute of SciencePARAM Ganga 37 2022 1 67 PFLOPS IIT RoorkeePARAM Shakti 38 2022 1 6 PFLOPS IIT KharagpurPARAM KAMRUPA 39 2022 107 CPU nodes 10 GPU nodes 9 high memory nodes 740 CPU cores 102400 CUDA cores It runs on low and high microwave power with active and passive high energy source 40 41 42 43 838 TFLOPS 1 5 PFLOPS Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 44 PARAM Porul 45 2022 107 CPU nodes 10 GPU nodes 39 high memory nodes 102400 CUDA cores 46 838 TFLOPS National Institute of Technology TiruchirappalliPARAMNet EditPARAMNet is a high speed high bandwidth low latency network developed for the PARAM series The original PARAMNet used an 8 port cascadable non blocking switch developed by C DAC Each port provided 400 Mb s in both directions thus 2x400 Mbit s as it was a full duplex network It was first used in PARAM 10000 10 PARAMNet II introduced with PARAM Padma is capable of 2 5 Gbit s while working full duplex It supports interfaces like Virtual Interface Architecture and Active messages It uses 8 or 16 port SAN switches 47 PARAMNet 3 used in PARAM Yuva and PARAM Yuva II is next generation high performance networking component for building supercomputing systems PARAMNet 3 consists of tightly integrated hardware and software components The hardware components consist of Network Interface Cards NIC based on CDAC s fourth generation communication co processor GEMINI and modular 48 port Packet Routing Switch ANVAY The software component KSHIPRA is a lightweight protocol stack designed to exploit capabilities of hardware and to provide industry standard interfaces to the applications Other application areas identified for deployment of PARAMNet 3 are storage and database applications 48 Operators EditPARAM supercomputers are used by both public and private 24 operators for various purposes As of 2008 52 PARAMs have been deployed Of these 8 are located in Russia Singapore Germany and Canada PARAMs have also been sold to Tanzania Armenia Saudi Arabia Singapore Ghana Myanmar Nepal Kazakhstan Uzbekistan and Vietnam 49 See also EditEKA SAGA 220 a 220 TeraFLOP supercomputer built by ISRO Supercomputing in India Wipro SupernovaNotes Edit This is likely the CONPAR 90 VAPP IV Joint International Conference on Vector and Parallel Processing which took place in Zurich Switzerland 10 13 September 1990 The statement is difficult to fully attest to other than the referenced article The proceedings of the conference can be found at https doi org 10 1007 3 540 53065 7References Edit a b c d e f g h Patnaik LM High Performance Computing in India and Far East United Nations Industrial Development Organisation Retrieved 20 July 2020 a b c d e f Kahaner D K 1996 Parallel computing in India IEEE Parallel amp Distributed Technology Systems amp Applications 4 3 7 11 doi 10 1109 88 532134 L M Patnaik developed a significant amount of the factual material for this report a b Indias AI supercomputer Param Siddhi 63rd among top 500 most powerful non distributed computer systems in the world Department of Science and Technology Retrieved 8 December 2020 Delapierre Michel Zimmermann Jean Benoit 1989 La nouvelle politique industrielle le cas de l informatique Tiers Monde 30 119 559 576 doi 10 3406 tiers 1989 3862 a b c d e f Sinha P K Dixit S P Mohanram N Purohit S C Arora R K Ramakrishnan S 2004 Current state and future trends in high performance computing and communications HPCC research in India Proceedings 10th IEEE International Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems 2004 217 220 doi 10 1109 FTDCS 2004 1316619 ISBN 0 7695 2118 5 S2CID 47348115 Beary Habib 25 April 1999 India unveils huge supercomputer BBC News India began developing supercomputers in the late 1980s after being refused one by the US Bhattacharjee Avishek 23 August 2022 PARAM The First Super Computer of India doi 10 5281 zenodo 7017332 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help God Man And Machine PARAM SUKHADIA India 1 July 1998 Retrieved 15 September 2011 a b c d Zelkowitz Marvin V 1997 Advances in Computers Volume 44 p 186 ISBN 9780080566764 Retrieved 15 September 2011 a b c Rajaraman V 1999 Super computers Hyderabad Universities Press India p 75 ISBN 978 8173710971 Retrieved 15 September 2011 Only protected usable knowledge can create wealth Thehindubusinessline com 26 February 2001 Retrieved 10 September 2016 CRAY DEAL A CASUALTY OF ATOMIC WEAPON FEARS The Washington Post C DAC furthering ties with ICAD Moscow From PARAM 8000 to PARAM 10000 Center for Development of Advanced Computing C DAC Retrieved 15 September 2011 Supercomputer being developed at Pune Bangalore will be ready in 6 months Center for Development of Advanced Computing C DAC Retrieved 15 September 2011 giving India her first indigenous supercomputer in 1991 PARAM 8000 Digital India Week The Little Known Story of How India s First Indigenous Supercomputer Amazed the World in 1991 The Better India 13 January 2017 Bhatkar V P April 1994 PARAM parallel supercomputer architecture programming environment and applications Proceedings of 8th International Parallel Processing Symposium 388 389 doi 10 1109 IPPS 1994 288273 ISBN 0 8186 5602 6 S2CID 9917838 Mohan RN A Microkernel Based Operating System for PARAM 9000 PDF Retrieved 24 July 2020 Van der Steen Aad J Dongarra Jack J 1995 Overview of recent supercomputers National Computing Facilities Foundation Netherlands Harkar A Shaligram A D Ghaisas S V Sundararajan V December 1996 Monte Carlo device simulation on PARAM Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on High Performance Computing HiPC 33 35 doi 10 1109 HIPC 1996 565792 ISBN 0 8186 7557 8 S2CID 40870947 Abraham Baets Koppen 2006 Applied soft computing technologies the challenge of complexity Springer p 54 ISBN 9783540316626 Retrieved 15 September 2011 Ram B December 2009 Computer Fundamentals Architecture amp Organisation New Age International pp 1 20 ISBN 9788122420432 Retrieved 15 September 2011 Rediff on the Net Infotech Exporting speed Rediff com 28 September 1999 Retrieved 10 September 2016 a b PARAM Yuva supercomputer now open to private sector Indian Express 26 February 2011 Retrieved 15 September 2011 With an enhanced storage capacity of 200 TB from 25 TB a large number of users can use it for data processing and storage at the same time a b Top500 PARAM Yuva Cluster Performance Retrieved 15 September 2011 C DAC unveils India s fastest supercomputer The Times of India Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 Retrieved 9 February 2013 India s fastest supercomputer Param Yuva II unveiled DNA India 8 February 2013 Retrieved 9 February 2013 C DAC unveils India s fastest supercomputer Param Yuva II The Economic Times 9 February 2013 Retrieved 9 February 2013 C DAC launches India s fastest supercomputer becomes first R amp D institution in India to cross 500 teraflops milestone Information Week 9 February 2013 Archived from the original on 13 February 2013 Retrieved 9 February 2013 C DAC reaffirms India s position on supercomputing map with PARAM Yuva II CDAC Retrieved 9 February 2013 PARAM Kanchenjunga inaugurated at NIT Sikkim Retrieved 26 November 2018 PARAM Brahma will allow scientists to address complex scientific problems 29 September 2019 IISER Pune Research Facilities 27 March 2022 IIT Kanpur signs an MoU with CDAC for establishing PARAM SANGANAK Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 12 October 2020 Archived from the original on 3 April 2022 Retrieved 3 April 2022 Indian Institute of Science For Traditional HPC Simulations Param Pravega SUPERCOMPUTER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH CENTRE Petascale Supercomputer PARAM Ganga established at IIT Roorkee under National Supercomputing Mission IIT Kharagpur Inaugurated on 27 March 2022 President of India in Assam Inaugurates supercomputer facility and laboratory for the design and development of high power microwave components at IIT Guwahati and medical college and hospital at Dhubri also lays foundation stones for two zonal institutes of NIV pib gov in Retrieved 13 October 2022 President Droupadi Murmu inaugurates supercomputer facility at IIT Guwahati Hindustan Times 13 October 2022 Retrieved 14 October 2022 Kalita Prabin 11 October 2022 President Droupadi Murmu to inaugurate supercomputer Param Kamrupa at IIT Guwahati on October 13 Guwahati News Times of India The Times of India Retrieved 14 October 2022 President Droupadi Murmu inaugurates PARAM KAMRUPA Supercomputer facility at IIT Guwahati newsonair gov in Retrieved 14 October 2022 President of India in Assam Inaugurates supercomputer facility and laboratory for the design and development of high power microwave components at IIT Guwahati and medical college and hospital at Dhubri also lays foundation stones for two zonal institutes of NIV pib gov in Retrieved 14 October 2022 https newsonair gov in News title President Droupadi Murmu inaugurates E2 80 98PARAM KAMRUPA E2 80 99 Supercomputer facility at IIT Guwahati amp id 449269 PARAM PORUL Supercomputer inaugurated at NIT Tiruchirappalli www pib gov in Retrieved 24 December 2022 PARAM Porul a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Singh Ashok Kumar July 2007 Science And Technology For Civil Service Tata McGraw Hill Education p 216 ISBN 9780070655485 Retrieved 15 September 2011 PARAMNet3 Retrieved 26 November 2018 PARAMNet 3 a high performance clusters interconnect developed indigenously by CDAC C DAC Press Release Faster PARAM to take on US supercomputer Retrieved 15 September 2011 External links EditPARAM Padma information page from C DAC website National Supercomputing Mission INDIA Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title PARAM amp oldid 1129275011, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

    article

    , read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.