Orthodox Presbyterian Church
The Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC) is a confessional Presbyterian denomination located primarily in the United States, with additional congregations in Canada, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico. It was founded by conservative members of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA), who objected to the rise of Liberal and Modernist theology in the 1930s. The OPC is considered to have had an influence on evangelicalism far beyond its size.[2]
| Orthodox Presbyterian Church | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | OPC |
| Classification | Evangelical Protestant |
| Orientation | Orthodox |
| Theology | Reformed |
| Polity | Presbyterian |
| Moderator | David Nakhla[1] |
| Associations | North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council, International Conference of Reformed Churches |
| Region | North America |
| Headquarters | Willow Grove, Pennsylvania |
| Origin | June 11, 1936 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Separated from | Presbyterian Church in the United States of America |
| Separations | Bible Presbyterian Church (1937) |
| Congregations | 301 (2023) |
| Members | 32,720 (2023) |
| Ministers | 584 (2023) |
| Other name(s) | Presbyterian Church of America (1936–1939) |
| Official website | www |
History edit
The Orthodox Presbyterian Church was founded in 1936, through the efforts of John Gresham Machen. Machen (formerly a PCUSA minister) had a longstanding distrust of liberalism in Christianity, as typified by the Auburn Affirmation. He and others founded Westminster Theological Seminary in 1929 in response to a liberal re-organization of Princeton Theological Seminary, and in 1933, Machen formed the Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions, due to concerns around tolerance of liberal theology on the Presbyterian mission field.[3]
Machen's efforts were met with opposition. In 1935, the PCUSA General Assembly deemed Machen's Independent Board unconstitutional, and gave the associated clergy an ultimatum to break their ties with it. When Machen and seven other clergy refused to disavow the Independent Board, they were suspended from PCUSA ministry.[3]
In light of these events, and the continuing rise of liberalism in the PCUSA, Machen and a group of conservative ministers, elders, and laymen met in Philadelphia on June 11, 1936, to form what they then called 'The Presbyterian Church of America' (not to be confused with the Presbyterian Church in America, or PCA, which formed in 1973), with Machen as the first moderator. Other key figures at this time include Ned B. Stonehouse, J. Oliver Buswell, and Edward Joseph Young.
Machen died shortly thereafter in January 1937. Later that year, a faction led by Carl McIntire broke away to form Bible Presbyterian Church, affirming total abstinence from alcohol and premillennialism.[4]
In 1939, after PCUSA filed a lawsuit against the fledgling denomination for its name choice, the denomination adopted its current name, the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.[3]
In 1961, the OPC published the popular Trinity Hymnal.[5] It also publishes a journal called Ordained Servant (E-ISSN 1931-7115).
Since its founding, the OPC has produced numerous influential figures, including Scottish theologian John Murray,[6] American theologians Richard B. Gaffin, Jr., Edmund P. Clowney, Loraine Boettner, and Meredith Kline, historian D.G. Hart, and presuppositional theologians Cornelius Van Til and Greg Bahnsen.
Doctrine edit
The Orthodox Presbyterian Church traces its doctrinal beliefs to the Reformation, and particularly the theology of the French Reformer John Calvin. After his death, Calvin's doctrines were developed and set forth by a 17th-century assembly of British theologians in the Westminster Standards (which include the Westminster Confession of Faith, and the Westminster Larger and Shorter Catechisms). The OPC thus holds to the Westminster Standards (with the American revisions of 1788) for doctrine and practice.
The OPC provides the following summary of its doctrine:[7]
- The Bible, having been inspired by God, is entirely trustworthy and without error. Therefore, we are to believe and obey its teachings. The Bible is the only source of special revelation for the church today.
- The one true God is personal, yet beyond our comprehension. He is an invisible spirit, completely self-sufficient and unbounded by space or time, perfectly holy and just, and loving and merciful. In the unity of the Godhead there are three "persons": the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
- God created the heavens and the earth, and all they contain. He upholds and governs them in accordance with his eternal will. God is sovereign—in complete control—yet this does not diminish human responsibility.
- Because of the sin of the first man, Adam, all mankind is corrupt by nature, dead in sin, and subject to the wrath of God. But God determined, by a covenant of grace, that sinners may receive forgiveness and eternal life through faith in Jesus Christ. Faith in Christ has always been the only way of salvation, in both Old Testament and New Testament times.
- The Son of God took upon himself a human nature in the womb of the virgin Mary, so that in her son Jesus the divine and human natures were united in one person. Jesus Christ lived a sinless life and died on a cross, bearing the sins of, and receiving God's wrath for, all those who trust in him for salvation (his chosen ones). He rose from the dead and ascended into heaven, where he sits as Lord and rules over his kingdom (the church). He will return to judge the living and the dead, bringing his people (with glorious, resurrected bodies) into eternal life, and consigning the wicked to eternal punishment.
- Those whom God has predestined unto life are effectually drawn to Christ by the inner working of the Spirit as they hear the gospel. When they believe in Christ, God declares them righteous (justifies them), pardoning their sins and accepting them as righteous, not because of any righteousness of their own, but by imputing Christ's merits to them. They are adopted as the children of God and indwelt by the Holy Spirit, who sanctifies them, enabling them increasingly to stop sinning and act righteously. They repent of their sins (both at their conversion and thereafter), produce good works as the fruit of their faith, and persevere to the end in communion with Christ, with assurance of their salvation.
- Those whom God has predestined unto death are ignored by God. God does nothing to prevent them from sinning nor does he help them obtain salvation. The fate of the reprobate are to lead sinful wicked lives and suffer eternal damnation upon death.
- Believers strive to keep God's moral law, which is summarized in the Ten Commandments, not to earn salvation, but because they love their Savior and want to obey him. Good works are a gift prepared by God for his people. God is the Lord of the conscience, so that men are not required to believe or do anything contrary to, or in addition to, the Word of God in matters of faith or worship.
- Christ has established his church, and particular churches, to gather and perfect his people, by means of the ministry of the Word, the sacraments of baptism (which is to be administered to the children of believers, as well as believers) and the Lord's Supper (in which the body and blood of Christ are spiritually present to the faith of believers), and the disciplining of members found delinquent in doctrine or life. Christians assemble on the Lord's Day to worship God by praying, hearing the Word of God read and preached, singing psalms and hymns, and receiving the sacraments.
While there is unity on the fundamentals of the Reformed Faith, OPC pastors and presbyteries teach a range of doctrines on the biblical creation accounts, from non-evolutionary framework and analogical interpretations to young earth.[8] There is similar variability in terms of eschatology.[9]
Demographics edit
At the 2023 General Assembly, the OPC reported 584 ministers and 32,720 members.[1] The OPC has 17 Presbyteries across Canada and the United States: Central Pennsylvania, Connecticut and Southern New York, the Dakotas, Michigan and Ontario, Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, New Jersey, New York and New England, Northern California and Nevada, Northwest, Ohio, Philadelphia, South, Southeast, Southern California, Southwest, and Wisconsin and Minnesota.[10][11]
Race edit
In the early 1970s, the General Assembly commissioned a 'Report of the Committee on Problems of Race', which stated that the OPC was a "largely white" denomination, due to losing "the allegiance of blacks during the ecclesiastical discrimination against blacks in the post-civil war period" and ecclesiastical "neglect" of minority groups. The report recommended more outreach to minority and urban areas.[12]
As of 2019, there is one black minister in the OPC.[13] The OPC also has at least 6 Asian ministers, 3 Middle Eastern ministers, and 8 South American ministers.[14]
American politics edit
OPC ministers have a variety of political views. Carl Trueman, an ordained minister in the OPC, has authored Republocrat: Confessions of a Liberal Conservative (pub. 2010).[15] Greg Bahnsen was also a key figure in the Christian Reconstructionism movement, with an emphasis of applying God's law to contemporary civil and legal matters.
Abortion edit
The 39th General Assembly, meeting in 1972, adopted a statement on abortion that included the affirmation that "voluntary abortion, except possibly to save the physical life of the mother, is in violation of the Sixth Commandment (Exodus 20:13)."[16]
Military edit
In 1993, the denomination petitioned then President Bill Clinton to continue to disallow homosexuals to serve in the military. The petition states that: "The practice of homosexuality is a reproach to any nation. It undermines the family, and poses a substantial threat to the general health, safety and welfare of our citizens. Your own Christian background ought to demonstrate to you the practical benefits of upholding the biblical stand against homosexuality, especially in light of the current epidemic of AIDS and other diseases spread through homosexual conduct."[17]
The 68th General Assembly in 2001 declared “that the use of women in military combat is both contrary to nature and inconsistent with the Word of God,” [18]
Immigration edit
In 2006-2007, a study committee formed by the General Assembly created a report that concluded that "the church should never turn its back on fellow brothers and sisters in Christ, whether they are legally or illegally in the country. We should be willing to see to the spiritual and physical needs of anyone who comes to the church." The report nonetheless recommended that illegal immigrants repent of their illegal activity.[19]
Governance edit
The Orthodox Presbyterian Church has a Presbyterian polity. The offices of the church and corresponding duties can be found in the OPC Book of Church Order.[20]
Session edit
A Session consists of the ministers and ruling elders of an individual congregation. The duties of the Session include overseeing public worship, the administration of Baptism and The Lord's Supper, the addition, removal, and discipline of members, and keeping records of membership[21]
Presbytery edit
All of the members of local congregations and its ministers are organized by geography into a regional church, and the presbytery serves as its governing body.[22] The presbytery is composed of all of the ministers and ruling elders of the various congregations in the regional church, and presbytery meetings are to consist of all ministers and one ruling elder from each respective session.[22]
The duties of the presbytery include overseeing evangelism and resolving questions regarding church discipline. The presbytery also takes candidates for ministry under its care, and examines, licenses and ordains them. It also, if necessary, can remove a minister.[23]
General Assembly edit
The OPC's General Assembly is the supreme judicatory,[24] and as such, it is to resolve all doctrinal and disciplinary issues that have not been resolved by the sessions and presbyteries.[25] The other duties of the General Assembly include organizing regional churches, calling ministers and licentiates to missionary or other ministries, and reviewing the records from the presbyteries.[26] It also arranges internship training for prospective ministers, and oversees diaconal needs.[7]
The General Assembly meets at least once a year, and is to have, at maximum, 155 voting commissioners, including the moderator and stated clerk of the previous General Assembly, and ministers and ruling elders representing their respective presbyteries.[25]
Women in ministry edit
The OPC does not ordain women as pastors, elders, or deacons.[27][28] At least one congregation allowed women to serve as unordained deaconesses, but that congregation has since closed.[29]
Missions edit
There are 38 mission works and eight active foreign mission fields in the OPC today: in China, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Haiti, Quebec, Uganda, Ukraine, and Uruguay. One of the OPC's goals is that "indigenous Reformed churches be established which will provide fellowship and instruction, and make the gospel known in its own culture and in others".[30]
The OPC's Committee on Home Missions and Church Extension also serves to help sustain and plant congregations in the United States and Canada. Their duty is to aid presbyteries in planting congregations, finding pastors, purchasing property and church buildings, and assisting home missionaries.[31]
Ecumenical relations edit
In 1975, the OPC became a founding member of the North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council (NAPARC).[32] Through NAPARC, the OPC enjoys fraternal relations with the PCA, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America, the Reformed Church in the United States, the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, the United Reformed Churches in North America, the Canadian and American Reformed Churches and several other confessional Continental Reformed and Presbyterian Churches in the United States and Canada.[33]
The OPC is also a member of the International Conference of Reformed Churches (ICRC), which includes Reformed & Presbyterian denominations from across the globe.
Outside NAPARC and ICRC, the OPC has relations with the Africa Evangelical Presbyterian Church, the Reformed Church in Japan, the Presbyterian Church in Japan and the Presbyterian Church of Brazil.[34]
References edit
- ^ a b "2022 General Assembly Report". 8–14 June 2022. from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ Olson, Roger E. (2007). Pocket History of Evangelical Theology. InterVarsity Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780830827060. from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ a b c "Fighting the Good Fight". Orthodox Presbyterian Church. from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ D. G. Hart, Defending the Faith: J. Gresham Machen and the Crisis of Conservative Protestantism in Modern America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 163-166.
- ^ "Trinity Hymnal". OPC. from the original on 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
- ^ "John Murray Biography". from the original on 2022-06-30. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ a b "What is the OPC?: Part II.1. Our Constitution; II.2. Our System of Doctrine". The Orthodox Presbyterian Church. from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ (PDF). opc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ "Eschatology". from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
- ^ "Presbyteries". Opc.org. from the original on 2014-01-24. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ^ . Pnjopc.org. 2011-01-01. Archived from the original on 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ^ "Report of the Committee on Problems of Race". Opc.org. from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ^ "May 1, 2019. WashingtonPost.com". The Washington Post. from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
- ^ "Find a Local Congregation: The Orthodox Presbyterian Church". from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
- ^ "Republocrat: Confessions of Liberal Conservative". Westminster Bookstore. June 26, 2021. from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
- ^ "Statement on Abortion". Opc.org. from the original on 2014-02-04. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
- ^ "Humble Petition to President Clinton". Opc.org. from the original on 2014-01-24. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ^ Barnes, Doug (2001-08-07). "Should Women Fight?". Banner of Truth. from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ^ "Q and A". Opc.org. from the original on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ^ "The Book of Church Order of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church" accessed July 4, 2013 http://opc.org/BCO/BCO_2011.pdf 2013-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ BCO pg. 17
- ^ a b BCO pg. 20
- ^ BCO pg. 21
- ^ BCO pg. 25
- ^ a b BCO pg. 23
- ^ BCO, pg. 24
- ^ "Orthodox Presbyterian Church". OPC.org. from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ "Orthodox Presbyterian Church". OPC.org. from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ "NCPCboston (@NCPCboston)". www.Twitter.com. from the original on January 19, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ "OPC Foreign Missions". from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
- ^ "About Home Missions". chmce.org. from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ (PDF). naparc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ . naparc.org. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ "Orthodox Presbyterian Church". opc.org. from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
Further reading edit
- Gatiss, Lee. Christianity and the Tolerance of Liberalism: J.Gresham Machen and the Presbyterian Controversy of 1922-1937. London: Latimer Trust, 2008 ISBN 978-0-946307-63-0
- Churchill, Robert King. Lest We Forget : a Personal Reflection on the Formation of The Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Philadelphia : The Committee for the Historian of The Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 1987. ISBN 0-934688-34-6
- Longfield, Bradley J. The Presbyterian Controversy: Fundamentalists, Modernists, and Moderates. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-19-508674-0
- Hart, D.G. Defending the Faith: J. Gresham Machen and the Crisis of Conservative Protestantism in Modern America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8010-2023-9
- Hart, D.G., and John Muether. Fighting the Good Fight of Faith: A Brief History of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Philadelphia: The Committee on Christian Education and the Committee for the Historian of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 1995. ISBN 0-934688-81-8
- North, Gary. Crossed Fingers: How the Liberals Captured the Presbyterian Church. Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics. 1996. ISBN 0-930464-74-5
- Calhoun, David B., Princeton Seminary: The Majestic Testimony, 1869-1929. Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1996.
- Rian, Edwin H. The Presbyterian Conflict. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 1940. ISBN 0-934688-67-2
- Loetscher, Lefferts A., The Broadening Church: A Study of Theological Issues in the Presbyterian Church Since 1869. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
- Elliot, Paul M., Christianity and Neo-Liberalism: The Spiritual Crisis in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church and Beyond, 2005, Trinity Foundation, ISBN 978-0-940931-68-8
External links edit
- The Orthodox Presbyterian Church: official website
- Great Commission Publications