Orendel

Orendel is a Middle High German epic poem. Composed of around 4,000 lines, it is traditionally dated to the end of the 12th century. The earliest known manuscript (1477) was lost in a fire in 1870.^[1]

Synopsis

The story is associated with the town of Treves (Trier), where the poem was probably written. The introduction narrates the story of the Holy Coat, which, after many adventures, is swallowed by a whale. It is recovered by Orendel, son of King Eigel of Treves, who had embarked with twenty-two ships in order to woo Bride, the mistress of the Holy Sepulchre, as his wife. Suffering shipwreck, he falls into the hands of the fisherman Ise, and in his service catches the whale that has swallowed the Holy Coat. The coat has the property of rendering the wearer proof against wounds, and Orendel successfully overcomes innumerable perils and eventually wins Bride for his wife.^[2]

... Orendel's bride, Bride, is fatherless, and as the Queen of Jerusalem she is responsible for her own decisions. She decides to marry Orendel, rules with him for a while in Jerusalem and then sets out on several adventures with her husband. In the course of these adventures, Bride is captured twice, and twice Orendel and his men free her. Her imprisonments, however, occur very late in the epic, are not related to Orendel's quest for Bride, and they cannot be compared to a return and regaining of the bride.^[3]

A message brought by an angel summons both back to Treves, where Orendel meets with many adventures and at last disposes of the Holy Coat by placing it in a stone sarcophagus. Another angel announces both his and Brida's approaching death, when they renounce the world and prepare for the end.^[2]

Analysis

The author was likely a cleric, possibly living in or near the city of Trier.^[4] The story of the return of the Holy Coat to Trier is probably based on the fact that, in 1196, the Holy Coat was solemnly transferred to the new altar of Trier Cathedral.^[4]

According to scholars Marion Gibbs and Sidney M. Johnson:

Stylistically, Orendel is characterized by its paratactic organization of episodes and the repetition of poetic formulas, perhaps hinting at an oral source. The figure of Queen Bride as an active participant in the fighting in close alliance with Orendel is unusual for a pre-courtly epic.^[4]

Publication and extant translations

The single manuscript of the poem, redacted in 1477 in Strasbourg, was lost in a fire in 1870. There remain two prints (one verse, one prose) from 1512 in Augsburg, which used different sources, and a handwritten copy from Berlin made in 1818.^[4][5] The 16th-century prints were possibly made to coincide with the rediscovery of the seamless robe of Christ in Trier cathedral by Emperor Maximilian I.^[4]

The poem has been edited by von der Hagen (1844), L. Ettmüller (1858) and A. E. Berger (1888); there is a modern German translation by K. Simrock (1845).^[6] See H. Harkensee, Untersuchungen über das Spielmannsgedicht Orendel (1879); F. Vogt, in the Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie, vol. xxii. (1890); R. Heinzel, Über das Gedicht vom König Orendel (1892); and K. Müllenhoff, in Deutsche Altertumskunde, vol. i. (2nd ed., 1890), pp. 32 seq.^[2]

The name of the hero appears under several variants in the editions: Orendel (1477 MS, 1512 print), Aren(n)del (1512 prose print), Erendelle (Anh des Hb., MS burnt 1870), and Ernthelle (Anh d. Hb. c.1483 print).^[7]

References

1. Gibbs & Johnson 2002, pp. 112–113.
2. Chisholm 1911.
3. Bornholdt 2005, p. 141.
4. Gibbs & Johnson 2002, p. 113.
5. Bornholdt 2005, p. 144.
6. Der Ungenähte Rock, oder König Orendel wie er den grauen Rock gen Trier brachte. Gedicht des zwölften Jahrhunderts übersetzt von Karl Simrock. Stuttgart & Tübingen: J. G. Cotta. 1845.
7. Kitson, Peter R. (2000). "Gawain/Gwalchmai and his Peers: Romance Heroes (and a Heroine) in England, the Celtic Lands, and the Continent". Nomina. 23: 149–166.

Bibliography

• Bornholdt, Claudia (2005). Engaging Moments: The Origins of Medieval Bridal-quest Narrative. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018450-1.
• Gibbs, Marion; Johnson, Sidney M. (2002). Medieval German Literature: A Companion. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95678-3.
•   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orendel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 252.

Further reading

• Bowden, Sarah (2012). "Grauer Rock: Orendel and the Grey Robe". Bridal-Quest Epics in Medieval Germany: A Revisionary Approach. Vol. 85. Modern Humanities Research Association. pp. 137–162. ISBN 9781907322464. JSTOR j.ctt2tt826.8.
• Heinzel, Richard (1892). Über das Gedicht vom König Orendel. F. Tempsky. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien.
• Ker, W. P. (1897). "Notes on Orendel and Other Stories". Folklore. 8 (4): 289–307. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1897.9720426. ISSN 0015-587X. JSTOR 1253421.
• Laistner, Ludwig (1894). "Der germanische Orendel". Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur. 38: 113–135. ISSN 0044-2518. JSTOR 20651106.
• Meyer, Elard Hugo (1865). "Über das alter des Orendel und Oswalt". Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum. 12: 387–395. ISSN 1619-6627. JSTOR 20648283.
• Springer, Otto (1937). "Review of Orendel". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 36 (4): 565–569. ISSN 0363-6941. JSTOR 27704316.