fbpx
Wikipedia

Order of battle at the Battle of Genoa

January 01, 1970

The Order of battle at the Battle of Genoa recounts the British-Neapolitan and French fleets which participated in a short campaign in the Gulf of Genoa during the French Revolutionary Wars. The campaign featured the principal Battle of Genoa on 13–14 March 1795, and an earlier smaller battle off Cap Corse on 8 March. Losses were even: although the British succeeded in capturing two French ships in the main action, two British ships were also lost elsewhere during the campaign. The French foray into the Ligurian Sea was driven back to a safe harbour, resulting in a restoration of the British blockade of Toulon, and leading to a second battle later in the year.

"The 'Agamemnon' engaging the Ca Ira', 13 March 1795", Nicholas Pocock, 1810. NMM

The campaign began on 3 March when the French Mediterranean Fleet sailed from the naval base at Toulon for an operation in the Ligurian Sea.[1] During the winter they had been under constant blockade from a British fleet based at San Fiorenzo on Corsica, which had been captured in a British invasion the previous year.[2] In February the British fleet, under the command of Vice-Admiral William Hotham, had sailed from San Fiorenzo to Leghorn for repairs, leaving behind HMS Berwick, damaged in a January storm.[3] When news of Hotham's withdrawal reached Toulon, Contre-amiral Pierre Martin sailed the French fleet out and caught Berwick off the northern coast of Corsica. The damaged ship was unable to outrun pursuit and surrendered at the action of 8 March 1795 after the captain was decapitated by French shot.[4]

Hotham discovered Martin's movements and sailed to meet him, encountering the French near Cape Noli on 10 March.[5] For several days both fleets lay becalmed, unable to come to action. On 13 March the wind increased and Hotham attacked, Martin falling back under pursuit. One of Martin's rearguard, Ça Ira, collided with another ship and fell back.[6] Ça Ira was engaged by first the frigate HMS Inconstant and then HMS Agamemnon under Captain Horatio Nelson.[7] Elsewhere there was scattered fighting between other British and French ships. Over night the French flagship accidentally detached from the fleet, and in the morning Hotham renewed the attack, overwhelming Ça Ira and the Censeur, sent to support it.[8] A French counterattack was beaten off, although HMS Illustrious and HMS Courageux were badly damaged.[9]

Hotham declined to renew the action due to concern for his damaged ships, to the frustration of his subordinates, particularly Nelson.[10] The French withdrew to Gourjean Bay and then Toulon, and the British to the Gulf of La Spezia.[11] There a storm drove the damaged Illustrious ashore, and the ship was destroyed.[12] In the aftermath both fleets refitted and prepared for another engagement; in early July the French fleet was again attacked by the British, at the Battle of the Hyères Islands, and the rearmost ship Alcide was overrun and destroyed.[13]

Hotham's fleet edit

Note that as carronades were not traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship's rate,[14] these ships may have been carrying more guns than indicated below. Officers killed in action are marked with a  † symbol.

  •   British Royal Navy
  •   Navy of the Kingdom of Naples
  •   Ships in this colour were destroyed or captured during the campaign
Vice-Admiral William Hotham's fleet
Ship Rate Guns Fleet Commander Casualties Notes
Killed Wounded Total
Van squadron
HMS Captain Third rate 74   Captain Samuel Reeve 3 19 22 Heavily engaged 13 March, damaged.
HMS Bedford Third rate 74   Captain Davidge Gould 7 18 25 Heavily engaged 13 March, badly damaged.
Tancredi Third rate 74   Captain Chevalier Francesco Caracciolo 1 5 6
HMS Princess Royal Second rate 98   Vice-Admiral Samuel Goodall
Captain John Child Purvis 		3 8 11 Engaged 14 March.
HMS Agamemnon Third rate 64   Captain Horatio Nelson 0 13 13 Heavily engaged 13 and 14 March.
Minerva Fifth rate 32   0 4 4 Heavily engaged 13 March.
Pilade Fifth rate   0 0 0
HMS Lowestoffe Fifth rate 32   Captain Benjamin Hallowell 0 0 0 Heavily engaged 14 March, damaged.
HMS Poulette Sixth rate 26   Commander Ralph Willett Miller 0 0 0
HMS Tarleton Brig 14   Commander Charles Brisbane 0 0 0
Centre squadron
HMS Illustrious Third rate 74   Captain Thomas Frederick 20 70 90 Heavily engaged 14 March, badly damaged. Lost main and mizzenmasts. Wrecked on the Italian coast, 17 March.
HMS Courageux Third rate 74   Captain Augustus Montgomery 15 33 48 Heavily engaged 14 March, badly damaged. Lost main and mizzenmasts.
HMS Britannia First rate 100   Vice-Admiral William Hotham
Captain John Holloway 		1 18 19
HMS Egmont Third rate 74   Captain John Sutton 7 21 28 Heavily engaged 13 March, damaged.
HMS Windsor Castle Second rate 98   Rear-Admiral Robert Linzee
Captain John Gore 		6 31 37
HMS Inconstant Fifth rate 36   Captain Thomas Fremantle 3 14 17 Heavily engaged 13 March, damaged.
HMS Meleager Fifth rate 32   Captain George Cockburn 0 0 0
Rear squadron
HMS Diadem Third rate 64   Captain Charles Tyler 3 7 10
HMS St George Second rate 98   Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker
Captain Thomas Foley 		4 13 17
HMS Terrible Third rate 74   Captain George Campbell 0 6 6
HMS Fortitude Third rate 74   Captain William Young 1 4 5
HMS Romulus Fifth rate 36   Captain George Hope 0 0 0
HMS Moselle Brig 18   Commander Charles Dudley Pater 0 0 0
Fox Cutter 14   Lieutenant John Gibson 0 0 0
Total casualties: 74 killed, 254 wounded
Sources: James, p. 261; Clowes, p. 272.
HMS Berwick
Ship Rate Guns Fleet Commander Casualties Notes
Killed Wounded Total
HMS Berwick Third rate 74   Captain Adam Littlejohn  † 1 4 5 Defeated and captured at Action of 8 March 1795 while sailing independently off Cap Corse.
Sources: James, p. 255.

Martin's fleet edit

Note that the number of guns refers to the official complement, traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship's rate,[14] and that these ships may have been carrying more guns than indicated below, although obusiers were not carried on French ships in this battle,[15] Officers killed in action are marked with a  † symbol.

  •   Ships in this colour were destroyed or captured during the campaign
Contre-amiral Martin's fleet
Ship Rate Guns Fleet Commander Casualties Notes
Killed Wounded Total
Sans Culotte First rate 120   Contre-amiral Pierre Martin
Captain Lapalisse
Représentant Letourneur 		Unknown Engaged 13 March. Martin and Letourneur transferred to frigate Friponne in evening. Ship subsequently detached from fleet and anchored at Genoa.
Duquesne Third rate 74   Captain Zacharie Allemand Unknown Heavily engaged 14 March. Damaged.
Victoire Third rate 80   Captain Daniel Savary Unknown Heavily engaged 13 March. Damaged.
Tonnant Third rate 80   Captain Julien Cosmao-Kerjulien Unknown Heavily engaged 14 March. Damaged.
Ça Ira Third rate 80   Captain Louis-Marie Coudé c.400 Heavily engaged 13 and 14 March. Badly damaged and captured. Later became HMS Ca Ira.
Mercure Third rate 74   Captain Catteford 0 0 0 Damaged in storm 12 March and detached from fleet. Did not participate in the battle.
Censeur Third rate 74   Captain Pierre Benoît c.350 Heavily engaged 14 March. Badly damaged and captured. Later became HMS Censeur.
Alcide Third rate 74   Captain Leblond Saint-Hylaire Unknown
Barra Third rate 74   Captain André Maureau Unknown Engaged 13 March
Conquérant Third rate 74   Captain Lemancq Unknown
Généreux Third rate 74   Captain Louis Unknown
Guerrier Third rate 74   Captain Louis Infernet Unknown
Heureux Third rate 74   Captain Charles Lacaille Unknown
Peuple Souverain Third rate 74   Captain Charbonnier Unknown
Timoléon Third rate 74   Captain Joseph Khrom [fr] Unknown Heavily engaged 14 March. Damaged
Vestale Frigate 36   Lieutenant Foucaud[16] Unknown Engaged 13 March.
Minerve Frigate 40   Lieutenant Delorme[17] - - -
Alceste Frigate 32   - - - Heavily engaged in action with Berwick on 8 March. Badly damaged and withdrew from fleet.
Artémise Frigate 32   Lieutenant Decasse[18] - - -
Courageuse Frigate   - - -
Friponne Frigate   Captain Louis-Léonce Trullet[19]
Contre-amiral Pierre Martin (after 13 March) 		- - -
Alerte Brig 10   - - -
Hazard Brig 18   Lieutenant Amand Leduc[20] - - -
Scout Brig 18   Ensign Charabot[21] - - -
Total casualties: 400–750 [Note A]
Sources: Troude, p. 424; James, p. 261; Clowes, p. 272.

Notes edit

  1. ^
    Note A: French casualties in the battle are uncertain. William James records a figure of 400 killed and wounded on Ça Ira and Censeur alone, and notes that further losses on the French ships were inevitable but unknowable.[9] His figures are supported by William Laird Clowes.[22] In his biography of Nelson, Geoffrey Bennett records a total of 750 casualties on the captured ships,[23] a figure presumably drawn from Ernle Bradford's estimate of 400 on Ça Ira and 350 on Censeur.[24] Digby Smith's book on Napoleonic statistics, apparently drawing on James and Clowes, lists much higher figures of 600 killed and 1,000 wounded.[25] This may come from French histories; Onésime-Joachim Troude reports 600 French sailors as killed in the battle.[26]

References edit

  1. ^ Clowes, p. 268.
  2. ^ James, p. 254.
  3. ^ Troude, p. 426.
  4. ^ James, p. 255.
  5. ^ Clowes, p. 269.
  6. ^ Gardiner, p. 116.
  7. ^ Bennett, p. 42.
  8. ^ James, p. 260.
  9. ^ a b James, p. 261.
  10. ^ Forester, p. 75.
  11. ^ James, p. 264.
  12. ^ Grocott, p. 11.
  13. ^ Mostert, p. 163.
  14. ^ a b James, p. 32.
  15. ^ James, p. 262.
  16. ^ Fonds Marin, p. 136.
  17. ^ Fonds Marin, p. 133.
  18. ^ Fonds Marin, p. 131.
  19. ^ Fonds Marin, p. 134.
  20. ^ Roche, p. 238.
  21. ^ Roche, p. 408.
  22. ^ Clowes, p. 272.
  23. ^ Bennett, p. 44.
  24. ^ Bradford, p. 116.
  25. ^ Smith, p. 102.
  26. ^ Troude, p. 431.

Bibliography edit

  • Bennett, Geoffrey (2002) [1972]. Nelson the Commander. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-141391-29-4.
  • Bradford, Ernle (1999) [1977]. Nelson: The Essential Hero. Ware: Wordsworth Military Library. ISBN 1-84022-202-6.
  • Clowes, William Laird (1997) [1900]. The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume III. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-012-4.
  • Forester, C. S. (2001) [1929]. Nelson. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-178-3.
  • Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) [1996]. Fleet Battle and Blockade. London: Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-363-X.
  • Grocott, Terence (2002) [1997]. Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Era. Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-164-5.
  • Ireland, Bernard (2005). The Fall of Toulon: The Last Opportunity the Defeat the French Revolution. Cassell. ISBN 0-3043-6726-5.
  • James, William (2002) [1827]. The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-905-0.
  • Mostert, Noel (2007). The Line upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793 – 1815. Vintage Books. ISBN 9-78071-260-9272.
  • Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922. (1671-1870)
  • Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-276-9. OCLC 231766509.
  • Troude, Onésime-Joachim (1867). Batailles navales de la France (in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé. pp. 424–431.

January 01, 1970
order, battle, battle, genoa, recounts, british, neapolitan, french, fleets, which, participated, short, campaign, gulf, genoa, during, french, revolutionary, wars, campaign, featured, principal, battle, genoa, march, 1795, earlier, smaller, battle, corse, mar. The Order of battle at the Battle of Genoa recounts the British Neapolitan and French fleets which participated in a short campaign in the Gulf of Genoa during the French Revolutionary Wars The campaign featured the principal Battle of Genoa on 13 14 March 1795 and an earlier smaller battle off Cap Corse on 8 March Losses were even although the British succeeded in capturing two French ships in the main action two British ships were also lost elsewhere during the campaign The French foray into the Ligurian Sea was driven back to a safe harbour resulting in a restoration of the British blockade of Toulon and leading to a second battle later in the year The Agamemnon engaging the Ca Ira 13 March 1795 Nicholas Pocock 1810 NMMThe campaign began on 3 March when the French Mediterranean Fleet sailed from the naval base at Toulon for an operation in the Ligurian Sea 1 During the winter they had been under constant blockade from a British fleet based at San Fiorenzo on Corsica which had been captured in a British invasion the previous year 2 In February the British fleet under the command of Vice Admiral William Hotham had sailed from San Fiorenzo to Leghorn for repairs leaving behind HMS Berwick damaged in a January storm 3 When news of Hotham s withdrawal reached Toulon Contre amiral Pierre Martin sailed the French fleet out and caught Berwick off the northern coast of Corsica The damaged ship was unable to outrun pursuit and surrendered at the action of 8 March 1795 after the captain was decapitated by French shot 4 Hotham discovered Martin s movements and sailed to meet him encountering the French near Cape Noli on 10 March 5 For several days both fleets lay becalmed unable to come to action On 13 March the wind increased and Hotham attacked Martin falling back under pursuit One of Martin s rearguard Ca Ira collided with another ship and fell back 6 Ca Ira was engaged by first the frigate HMS Inconstant and then HMS Agamemnon under Captain Horatio Nelson 7 Elsewhere there was scattered fighting between other British and French ships Over night the French flagship accidentally detached from the fleet and in the morning Hotham renewed the attack overwhelming Ca Ira and the Censeur sent to support it 8 A French counterattack was beaten off although HMS Illustrious and HMS Courageux were badly damaged 9 Hotham declined to renew the action due to concern for his damaged ships to the frustration of his subordinates particularly Nelson 10 The French withdrew to Gourjean Bay and then Toulon and the British to the Gulf of La Spezia 11 There a storm drove the damaged Illustrious ashore and the ship was destroyed 12 In the aftermath both fleets refitted and prepared for another engagement in early July the French fleet was again attacked by the British at the Battle of the Hyeres Islands and the rearmost ship Alcide was overrun and destroyed 13 Contents 1 Hotham s fleet 2 Martin s fleet 3 Notes 4 References 5 BibliographyHotham s fleet editNote that as carronades were not traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship s rate 14 these ships may have been carrying more guns than indicated below Officers killed in action are marked with a symbol nbsp British Royal Navy nbsp Navy of the Kingdom of Naples Ships in this colour were destroyed or captured during the campaign Vice Admiral William Hotham s fleet Ship Rate Guns Fleet Commander Casualties Notes Killed Wounded Total Van squadron HMS Captain Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Samuel Reeve 3 19 22 Heavily engaged 13 March damaged HMS Bedford Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Davidge Gould 7 18 25 Heavily engaged 13 March badly damaged Tancredi Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Chevalier Francesco Caracciolo 1 5 6 HMS Princess Royal Second rate 98 nbsp Vice Admiral Samuel GoodallCaptain John Child Purvis 3 8 11 Engaged 14 March HMS Agamemnon Third rate 64 nbsp Captain Horatio Nelson 0 13 13 Heavily engaged 13 and 14 March Minerva Fifth rate 32 nbsp 0 4 4 Heavily engaged 13 March Pilade Fifth rate nbsp 0 0 0 HMS Lowestoffe Fifth rate 32 nbsp Captain Benjamin Hallowell 0 0 0 Heavily engaged 14 March damaged HMS Poulette Sixth rate 26 nbsp Commander Ralph Willett Miller 0 0 0 HMS Tarleton Brig 14 nbsp Commander Charles Brisbane 0 0 0 Centre squadron HMS Illustrious Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Thomas Frederick 20 70 90 Heavily engaged 14 March badly damaged Lost main and mizzenmasts Wrecked on the Italian coast 17 March HMS Courageux Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Augustus Montgomery 15 33 48 Heavily engaged 14 March badly damaged Lost main and mizzenmasts HMS Britannia First rate 100 nbsp Vice Admiral William HothamCaptain John Holloway 1 18 19 HMS Egmont Third rate 74 nbsp Captain John Sutton 7 21 28 Heavily engaged 13 March damaged HMS Windsor Castle Second rate 98 nbsp Rear Admiral Robert LinzeeCaptain John Gore 6 31 37 HMS Inconstant Fifth rate 36 nbsp Captain Thomas Fremantle 3 14 17 Heavily engaged 13 March damaged HMS Meleager Fifth rate 32 nbsp Captain George Cockburn 0 0 0 Rear squadron HMS Diadem Third rate 64 nbsp Captain Charles Tyler 3 7 10 HMS St George Second rate 98 nbsp Vice Admiral Sir Hyde ParkerCaptain Thomas Foley 4 13 17 HMS Terrible Third rate 74 nbsp Captain George Campbell 0 6 6 HMS Fortitude Third rate 74 nbsp Captain William Young 1 4 5 HMS Romulus Fifth rate 36 nbsp Captain George Hope 0 0 0 HMS Moselle Brig 18 nbsp Commander Charles Dudley Pater 0 0 0 Fox Cutter 14 nbsp Lieutenant John Gibson 0 0 0 Total casualties 74 killed 254 wounded Sources James p 261 Clowes p 272 HMS Berwick Ship Rate Guns Fleet Commander Casualties Notes Killed Wounded Total HMS Berwick Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Adam Littlejohn 1 4 5 Defeated and captured at Action of 8 March 1795 while sailing independently off Cap Corse Sources James p 255 Martin s fleet editNote that the number of guns refers to the official complement traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship s rate 14 and that these ships may have been carrying more guns than indicated below althoughobusierswere not carried on French ships in this battle 15 Officers killed in action are marked with a symbol Ships in this colour were destroyed or captured during the campaign Contre amiral Martin s fleet Ship Rate Guns Fleet Commander Casualties Notes Killed Wounded Total Sans Culotte First rate 120 nbsp Contre amiral Pierre MartinCaptain LapalisseRepresentant Letourneur Unknown Engaged 13 March Martin and Letourneur transferred to frigate Friponne in evening Ship subsequently detached from fleet and anchored at Genoa Duquesne Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Zacharie Allemand Unknown Heavily engaged 14 March Damaged Victoire Third rate 80 nbsp Captain Daniel Savary Unknown Heavily engaged 13 March Damaged Tonnant Third rate 80 nbsp Captain Julien Cosmao Kerjulien Unknown Heavily engaged 14 March Damaged Ca Ira Third rate 80 nbsp Captain Louis Marie Coude c 400 Heavily engaged 13 and 14 March Badly damaged and captured Later became HMS Ca Ira Mercure Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Catteford 0 0 0 Damaged in storm 12 March and detached from fleet Did not participate in the battle Censeur Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Pierre Benoit c 350 Heavily engaged 14 March Badly damaged and captured Later became HMS Censeur Alcide Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Leblond Saint Hylaire Unknown Barra Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Andre Maureau Unknown Engaged 13 March Conquerant Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Lemancq Unknown Genereux Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Louis Unknown Guerrier Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Louis Infernet Unknown Heureux Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Charles Lacaille Unknown Peuple Souverain Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Charbonnier Unknown Timoleon Third rate 74 nbsp Captain Joseph Khrom fr Unknown Heavily engaged 14 March Damaged Vestale Frigate 36 nbsp Lieutenant Foucaud 16 Unknown Engaged 13 March Minerve Frigate 40 nbsp Lieutenant Delorme 17 Alceste Frigate 32 nbsp Heavily engaged in action with Berwick on 8 March Badly damaged and withdrew from fleet Artemise Frigate 32 nbsp Lieutenant Decasse 18 Courageuse Frigate nbsp Friponne Frigate nbsp Captain Louis Leonce Trullet 19 Contre amiral Pierre Martin after 13 March Alerte Brig 10 nbsp Hazard Brig 18 nbsp Lieutenant Amand Leduc 20 Scout Brig 18 nbsp Ensign Charabot 21 Total casualties 400 750 Note A Sources Troude p 424 James p 261 Clowes p 272 Notes edit Note A French casualties in the battle are uncertain William James records a figure of 400 killed and wounded on Ca Ira and Censeur alone and notes that further losses on the French ships were inevitable but unknowable 9 His figures are supported by William Laird Clowes 22 In his biography of Nelson Geoffrey Bennett records a total of 750 casualties on the captured ships 23 a figure presumably drawn from Ernle Bradford s estimate of 400 on Ca Ira and 350 on Censeur 24 Digby Smith s book on Napoleonic statistics apparently drawing on James and Clowes lists much higher figures of 600 killed and 1 000 wounded 25 This may come from French histories Onesime Joachim Troude reports 600 French sailors as killed in the battle 26 References edit Clowes p 268 James p 254 Troude p 426 James p 255 Clowes p 269 Gardiner p 116 Bennett p 42 James p 260 a b James p 261 Forester p 75 James p 264 Grocott p 11 Mostert p 163 a b James p 32 James p 262 Fonds Marin p 136 Fonds Marin p 133 Fonds Marin p 131 Fonds Marin p 134 Roche p 238 Roche p 408 Clowes p 272 Bennett p 44 Bradford p 116 Smith p 102 Troude p 431 Bibliography editBennett Geoffrey 2002 1972 Nelson the Commander London Penguin ISBN 0 141391 29 4 Bradford Ernle 1999 1977 Nelson The Essential Hero Ware Wordsworth Military Library ISBN 1 84022 202 6 Clowes William Laird 1997 1900 The Royal Navy A History from the Earliest Times to 1900 Volume III London Chatham Publishing ISBN 1 86176 012 4 Forester C S 2001 1929 Nelson London Chatham Publishing ISBN 1 86176 178 3 Gardiner Robert ed 2001 1996 Fleet Battle and Blockade London Caxton Editions ISBN 1 84067 363 X Grocott Terence 2002 1997 Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary amp Napoleonic Era Caxton Editions ISBN 1 84067 164 5 Ireland Bernard 2005 The Fall of Toulon The Last Opportunity the Defeat the French Revolution Cassell ISBN 0 3043 6726 5 James William 2002 1827 The Naval History of Great Britain Volume 1 1793 1796 London Conway Maritime Press ISBN 0 85177 905 0 Mostert Noel 2007 The Line upon a Wind The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793 1815 Vintage Books ISBN 9 78071 260 9272 Roche Jean Michel 2005 Dictionnaire des batiments de la flotte de guerre francaise de Colbert a nos jours Vol 1 Group Retozel Maury Millau ISBN 978 2 9525917 0 6 OCLC 165892922 1671 1870 Smith Digby 1998 The Napoleonic Wars Data Book Greenhill Books ISBN 1 85367 276 9 OCLC 231766509 Troude Onesime Joachim 1867 Batailles navales de la France in French Vol 2 Challamel aine pp 424 431 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Order of battle at the Battle of Genoa amp oldid 1221398387, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.