Orcadians

Orcadians, also known as Orkneymen,^[2] are an ethnic group native to the Orkney Islands, who speak an Orcadian dialect of the Scots language, a West Germanic language, and share a common history, culture and ancestry.^[3] Speaking Norn, a native North Germanic language into the 19th or 20th century,^[4] Orcadians descend significantly from North Germanic peoples, with around a third of their ancestry derived from Scandinavia, including a majority of their patrilineal line.^[5] According to anthropological study, the Orcadian ethnic composition is similar to that of Icelandic people; a comparable islander ethnicity of North Germanic origin.^[5]

Orcadians

Total population
21,349 currently resident population of Orkney
Regions with significant populations
Mainland, Orkney	17,162^[1]
South Ronaldsay	909^[1]
Westray	588^[1]
Languages
Insular Scots (Orcadian dialect), Scottish English; historically Norn and Pictish
Religion
Presbyterianism
Related ethnic groups
Shetlanders, Lowland Scots, Norwegians, Faroese, Icelanders, Greenlandic Norsemen, and Anglo-Metis

Historically, they are also descended from the Picts,^[6][a] Norse,^[8] and Lowland Scots.^[9]

Background

Orcadian ethnic group formation

An Orcadian ethnicity has developed since around 900 AD. Goethe University's historian, Daniel Föller, describes the Orcadian ethnic group's early ethnogenesis occurring between the 10th and 12th centuries, during the same period in which the Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, and Manx ethnicities emerged.^[10] According to historian James Hunter, the "ethnic composition" of Orcadians was then significantly impacted by colonisation from Lowland Scots people between 1494 and 1659.^[9]

Anthropologist Agnar Helgason's research in 2001 found that the mtDNA ancestry of Orcadians is around 36 percent "Scandinavian", suggesting an ethnic composition comparable to Icelanders, a modern North Germanic ethnic group. 2003 research found that the majority of Orcadians can trace their patrilineality to Scandinavia, with 55% of Y chromosome DNA relating to migrating North Germanic peoples.^[5] In research analysing different European ethnic groups, physician Lars Klareskog and geneticist Peter K. Gregersen have compared the Orcadian ethnicity in relation to other European island-based ethnicities, such as Sardinian people.^[11]

Orcadian identity, governance, and nationalism

Orcadians have a range of ethnic or national identities, including Orcadian, Scottish, and British.^[12] Swedish artist, Gunnie Moberg, suggests that within the Orkney Islands, "People are Orcadian first, then Scots or British".^[13] Historian Hugh Kearney has written that Orkney's historical connection with the North Sea Empire has allowed Orcadians to remain "ethnically distinctive".^[13] With regards to self-governance, Laurentian University's historian Daniel Travers has written that Orkney Islands Council has "considerably more influence over insular matters than other counties" in the United Kingdom.^[13]

Researcher, James B. Minahan, has described the Orcadian people as a stateless nation, noting their history of seeking independence from Scotland, their opposition to the 1979 Scottish devolution referendum, and a history of seeking "political status that the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, and the Faroese Islands" have in relationship with the sovereign states of the UK and Denmark, respectively.^[14]

Colonial era migration

During the colonial era, Orcadians have been documented migrating in search of opportunity. York University historian, Carolyn Podruchny, notes that "freemen" (as opposed to "voyageurs"), involved in the North American fur trade up until the early 19th-century came from a range of disparate ethnic groups and "could be métis, Orcadians, other Scots, English, and Iroquoians from the St. Lawrence valley".^[15] Emigrants to London and York, England, also found inland posts related to the fur trade. According to ethnohistorian Jennifer S. H. Brown, "at least twenty-eight Orkneymen became either governors, chief factors, chief traders, or district master between the early 1700s and the mid-1800s".^[2]

Well-known Orcadians

• Jim Baikie (1940–2017), Scottish comics artist, who is best known for his work with Alan Moore on Skizz^[16]
• William Balfour Baikie (1825–1864), explorer and naturalist
• George Mackay Brown (1921–1996), poet, author, playwright
• Kate Brown (b. 1960), 38th governor of Oregon, of partial Orcadian descent
• Mary Brunton (1778–1818), author of Self-Control, Discipline, and other novels
• Dr. David Clouston (1871–1948), author and agriculturalist
• J. Storer Clouston (1870–1944), author and historian
• Thomas Clouston (1840–1915), psychiatrist, Superintendent of the Royal Edinburgh Asylum
• James Copland (1791–1870), physician and prolific medical writer
• Stanley Cursiter (1887–1976), artist
• William Towrie Cutt (1898–1981), author
• Walter Traill Dennison (1826–1894), Orcadian folklorist
• Kris Drever (b. 1978), folk singer and guitarist
• Magnus Erlendsson (Saint Magnus) (c. 1070–1117), Earl of Orkney c. 1105–1117
• John Flett (geologist) (1869–1947) and his son William Roberts Flett FRSE (1900–1979) also a geologist
• Matthew Forster Heddle (1828–1897), geologist, author of The Mineralogy of Scotland
• Colonel Henry Halcro Johnston (1856–1939), botanist, physician, rugby union international and Deputy Lieutenant for Orkney
• Lt.Col. James Johnston (1724–1800), early and principal Scottish merchant at Quebec following the fall of New France
• Malcolm Laing (1762–1818), author of the History of Scotland from the Union of the Crowns to the Union of the Kingdoms
• Samuel Laing (1780–1868), author of A Residence in Norway, and translator of the Heimskringla, the Icelandic chronicle of the kings of Norway
• Samuel Laing (1812–1897), chairman of the London, Brighton & South Coast railway, and introducer of the system of "parliamentary" trains with fares of one penny a mile.
• Kristin Linklater (b. 1946), voice teacher, actor, director and author
• Magnus Linklater (b. 1942), journalist, son of Eric Linklater
• John D. Mackay (1909–1970), headmaster and Orkney patriot
• Ernest Marwick (1915–1977), a writer noted for his writings on Orkney folklore and history
• Murdoch McKenzie (d. 1797), hydrographer
• F. Marian McNeill (1885–1973) folklorist, best known for writing The Silver Bough^[17]
• Edwin Muir (1887–1959), author and poet
• Dr. John Rae (1813–1893), Arctic explorer
• Robert Rendall (1898–1967), poet, and amateur naturalist
• Rognvald Kali Kolsson (Saint Rognvald) (c. 1103–1158), Earl of Orkney 1136–1158
• Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney (c. 1345–1400), Earl of Orkney
• Julyan Sinclair, television presenter
• Bessie Skea a.k.a. Bessie Grieve (1923–1996), writer of prose and poetry about nature and Orkney life
• Thomas Stewart Traill (1781–1862), professor of medical jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh and editor of the 8th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Cameron Stout (b. 1971) winner of Big Brother in 2003, brother of Julyan Sinclair
• Margaret Tait (1918–1999), filmmaker and poet
• Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson (d. 1158), known as Thorbjorn the Clerk, Viking
• James Wallace (fl. 1684–1724), physician and botanist
• William Walls (1819–1893), lawyer and industrialist
• Thomas Webster (1772–1844), geologist and architect
• Sylvia Wishart (1936–2008), landscape artist
• Jennifer & Hazel Wrigley (b. c. 1970) folk musicians

People associated with Orkney

• Rev. Matthew Armour (1820–1903), Sanday's radical Free Kirk Minister^[18]
• Sweyn Asleifsson or Sveinn Ásleifarson (c. 1115–1171), Viking, born in Caithness, who appears in the Orkneyinga Saga
• V. Gordon Childe (1892–1957), Australian archaeologist and philologist who excavated Maeshowe
• Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934–2016), composer and Master of the Queen's Music
• Robert Frost (1874–1963) American poet^[b][19]
• John Gow (c. 1698–1725), a notorious pirate
• Andrew Greig (b. 1951), writer
• Jo Grimond (1913–1993), Liberal Party leader and MP for Orkney and Shetland 1950–1983
• David Harvey (b. 1948), footballer
• Ingibiorg Finnsdottir (d. c. 1069), wife of Thorfinn the Mighty, mother of Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson, subsequently queen of Scotland
• Eric Linklater (1899–1974), novelist, playwright, journalist, essayist and poet
• Margaret, Maid of Norway (1283–1290, Orkney), Queen of Scots and a Norwegian princess^[20]
• Robert Shaw (1927–1978), English actor and novelist
• William Sichel (b. 1951), ultra distance runner
• Luke Sutherland (b. 1971), writer of novels Jelly Roll, Sweetmeat, and Venus as a Boy
• Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness (b. 1954), former MP for Orkney and Shetland (1983–2001), MSP for Orkney (1999–2007), Deputy First Minister of Scotland and leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats

See also

• Earldom of Orkney
• Prehistoric Orkney, for the ancient Orcadians

Footnotes

1. Ritchie notes the presence of an Orcadian ruler at the court of a Pictish high king at Inverness in 565 AD.^[7]
2. Robert Frost's ancestors were Scotch-English. His mother was a Scottish emigrant who appears in most records as Isabelle Moody (Moodie); her family was from Orkney.

References

1. National Records of Scotland (15 August 2013). "Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands" (PDF). Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two) (PDF) (Report). SG/2013/126. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
2. Jennifer S. H. Brown (1996). "Company Men with a Difference". Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0806128139. It is clear, however, that while the Lowland Scots were not viewed as particularly distinct from the English ethnically or socially, the Orkneymen acquired considerable visibility as a separate group
3. "The Orcadians – The people of Orkney". Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
4. Jones, Charles (1997). The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh University Press. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-7486-0754-9
5. S Goodacre (31 January 2005). "Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods". Heredity (journal). Nature Publishing Group. A further study suggests that Icelanders and Orkney Islanders have similar proportions of Scandinavian mtDNA ancestry (E36%; Helgason et al, 2001). ... A sizeable component of Scandinavian patrilineal ancestry has been reported in Orkney (55%) and Shetland (68%) based on likelihood estimates of population admixture and principal components analyses of haplotype frequencies (Capelli et al, 2003).
6. Thomson, William P.L. (2008). The New History of Orkney. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-1-84158-696-0.
7. Ritchie, Anna (2003). "The Picts". In Omand, Donald (ed.). The Orkney Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn. p. 39. ISBN 1-84158-254-9.
8. "Genetic study reveals 30% of white British DNA has German ancestry". The Guardian.
9. James Hunter (2010). "No joy without Clan Donald: 1494 - 1659". Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1845965396. Lowland colonisation of Orkney and Shetland had gone some way, by James VI's reign, to effecting irrevocable changes both in the ethnic composition and linguistic identity of those island groups. ... the five or six hundred Lowlanders who arrived in the vicinity of Stornoway towards the end of 1598, were themselves obliged to fight for their lives. Unlike Orcadians and Shetlanders, who mounted no effective resistance to settlers from the Lowlands
10. Daniel Föller (2021). "Byzantium and Scandinavia". A Companion to Byzantium and the West, 900-1204. Brill Publishers. p. 274. ISBN 978-9004498792. Before c.1100, when major ethnic groups such as Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders, Orcadians, or Manx had emerged, and with them corresponding political communities
11. Chao Tian; Lars Klareskog; Peter K. Gregersen (November 2009). "European Population Genetic Substructure: Further Definition of Ancestry Informative Markers for Distinguishing among Diverse European Ethnic Groups". Molecular Medicine (journal). Feinstein Institute for Medical Research. p. 371-383. Clearer separation of different ethnic and regional populations was observed when northern and southern European groups were considered separately and the PCA results were influenced by the inclusion or exclusion of ... Sardinian, and Orcadian ethnic groups.
12. Eve Hepburn; Godfrey Baldacchino, eds. (2013). "The long-term propensity for political affiliation in island microstates". Independence Movements in Subnational Island Jurisdictions. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415505857. The greatest impact of the Scottish referendum is likely to unfold in Orkney and Shetland. ... And, unlike the Western Isles, the Northern Isles present the possible articulation of a local ethnic identity in contrast to the national Scots identity.
13. Daniel Travers (2018). "Orkney". The Second World War and the 'Other British Isles': Memory and Heritage in the Isle of Man, Orkney and the Channel Islands. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 91. ISBN 978-1350006942. Schei and Moberg have observed, 'People are Orcadian first, then Scots or British'. Hugh Kearney, in his survey of the 'four' nations of Britain, designated the islands, along with Shetland, a distinct 'subculture' within the British Isles, arguing that involvement with Norse naval empires has meant that Orcadian communities have remain 'ethnically distinctive' ... This unique sense of identity, according to Michael Lang, constitutes both an ethnic and 'national' expression. It is 'ethnic' in the sense that many Orcadians still trace their ancestry back to Norse roots, and 'national' because it provides a way for Orcadians to differentiate themselves from Britain and Scotland. ... Though officially one of the thirty-two council areas of Scotland, the Orkney Islands Council, which administers the islands, has considerably more influence over insular matters than other counties in the UK
14. James Minahan (2002). "Orcadians". Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1466. ISBN 978-0313321115. The Orcadians, culturally and historically distinct ... On 21 February 1994, along with the Shetlanders*, the Orcadians called for a referendum on independence from the rest of Scotland and the establishment of sovereignty and ties directly to the central government in London. Many Orcadians advocate a status similar to that of the Manx ... The Orcadians voted overwhelmingly against the proposal for a Scottish parliament in the 1979 referendum ... Many Orcadians seek the same political status that the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, and the Faroese Islands enjoy.
15. James Minahan (2006). "Disengagement". Making the Voyageur World: Travelers and Traders in the North American Fur Trade. University of Nebraska Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0803287907. Unlike voyageurs they did not comprise an easily identifiable ethnicity or cultural group. Freemen could be métis, Orcadians, other Scots, English, and Iroquoians from the St. Lawrence valley, though this chapter is concerned primarily with French Canadians.
16. "Obituary: Jim Baikie, Orkney-born artist who conquered world of comics". www.scotsman.com. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
17. McNeill, F. Marian. The Silver Bough: A four volume study of the national and local festivals of Scotland (Paperback ed.). Glasgow, UK: William MacLellan. ISBN 0-86241-231-5.
18. . The Orcadian. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
19. Robert Frosts Poems. St. Martens Paperbacks.^{[full citation needed]}
20. "Queen Margaret, Maid of Norway: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2021.

• Omand, Donald, ed. (2003). The Orkney Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-254-9.
• Thomson, William P.L. (2008). The New History of Orkney. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-696-0.