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Operation Sharp Guard

February 21, 2023

Operation Sharp Guard was a multi-year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union on shipments to the former Yugoslavia.[1][2][3][4] Warships and maritime patrol aircraft from 14 countries were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.

Operation Sharp Guard
Part of NATO intervention in Bosnia
NATO ships enforcing the blockade
ObjectiveBlockade former Yugoslavia
Date15 June 1993 – 2 October 1996
Executed by Western European Union
 NATO

The operation began on 15 June 1993. It was suspended on 19 June 1996, and was terminated on 2 October 1996.

Background

The operation replaced naval blockades Operation Maritime Guard (of NATO; begun by the U.S. in November 1992) and Sharp Fence (of the WEU).[5] It put them under a single chain of command and control (the "Adriatic Military Committee", over which the NATO and WEU Councils exerted joint control), to address what their respective Councils viewed as wasteful duplication of effort.[1][2][6][7] Some maintain that despite the nominal official joint command and control of the operation, in reality it was NATO staff that ran the operation.[8][9]

Purpose

The operation's purpose was, through a blockade on shipments to the former Yugoslavia,[10] to enforce economic sanctions and an arms embargo of weapons and military equipment against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and rival factions in Croatia and Bosnia.[11][12][13] The Yugoslav Wars were being waged, and the participants hoped to limit the fighting by limiting supplies to it.

Blockade

Fourteen nations contributed ships and patrol aircraft to the operation. At any given time, 22 ships and 8 aircraft were enforcing the blockade, with ships from Standing Naval Force Atlantic and Standing Naval Force Mediterranean establishing a rotating duty.[14] (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the U.K., and the U.S.),[11] and eight maritime patrol aircraft, were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.[2][15][16][17][18][19] Most contributors to the operation supplied one or two ships.[17] The Turkish Navy, for example, participated with frigates, submarines, and tankers.[20][21]

 
Italian frigate Zeffiro

The operational area was divided into a series of "sea boxes", each the responsibility of a single warship.[11] Each boarding team was composed of a "guard team" to board and wrest control of the target ship, and a "search team", to conduct the search.[11]

The ships were authorized to board, inspect, and seize both ships seeking to break the blockade and their cargo.[22] The Combined Task Force 440 was commanded by Admiral Mario Angeli of Italy.[2] It marked the first time since its founding in 1949 that NATO was involved in combat operations.[4]

Jadran Express incident

On 11 March 1994, a combined British and Italian intelligence operation led to the capture of the Maltese merchant ship Jadran Express by the Italian frigate Zeffiro, which forced the freighter into the port of Taranto. The ship had departed from Odessa bound to Venice with a cache of 2,000 tons of Soviet-designed weaponry, valued at US $200 million. Manned by Italian marines from the San Marco battalion, the Jadran Express was eventually escorted by Zeffiro to the naval base of La Maddalena, where her cargo was unloaded under heavy security.[23]

Lido II incident

 
Type 22 frigate HMS Chatham

The issue of differing views among nations in the coalition as to the use of force authorized by rules of engagement arose in April 1994.[24] Faced with the Maltese tanker Lido II making its way towards a Montenegrin port with 45,000 tons of fuel oil, the American cruiser USS Philippine Sea asked the NATO commander (a British Commodore) for guidance, and received authorization to use "disabling fire" to stop the tanker, if necessary.[24] He received confirmation that he should follow the British commodore's guidance from his own higher authority.[24] Under U.S. Navy standards, "disabling fire" means firing rounds into the ship's engineering space. The U.S. cruiser was about to pass the order along to the Dutch Kortenaer-class frigate HNLMS Van Kinsbergen. However, the fact that the Dutch definition of "disabling fire" involves launching rounds into the bridge of the target ship, with an increased risk of loss of life, became important.[24] The ship was boarded by Dutch Marines inserted by helicopter from HNLMS Van Kinsbergen and eventually stopped without firing a shot on the first of May.[24] Three Yugoslav Navy Končar-class corvettes challenged the NATO operation and one of them tried to ram the British frigate HMS Chatham as it was assisting Van Kinsberger. The corvettes eventually fled following the reaction of the British warship, supported by Italian Tornado aircraft which scrambled from an airbase at Gioia Del Colle. Lido II had to undergo repairs before being diverted to Italy, since the crew had sabotaged the ship's engine room. The leaking was contained by an engineer party from HMS Chatham. Seven Yugoslav stowaways were found on board.[25][26] A similar incident had taken place off Montenegro a year before, on 8 February 1993, when a boarding party from the Italian frigate Espero forcibly seized the Maltese freighter Dimitrakis, which feigned an emergency in order to divert her route to the port of Bar. The merchant was smuggling coal to the Serbs from Romania.[27]

Suspension

The blockade was suspended following a UN decision to end the arms embargo, and NATO's Southern Command said that: "NATO and WEU ships will no longer challenge, board or divert ships in the Adriatic".[2] The Independent warned at the time that "In theory, there could now be a massive influx of arms to Bosnia, Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), although senior military and diplomatic sources yesterday said that they thought this would be unlikely."[2]

Applicable UN resolutions

The blockade was conducted in accordance with numerous United Nations Security Council Resolutions: UNSCR 713,[28] UNSCR 757,[29] UNSCR 787[30] UNSCR 820,[31] and UNSCR 943.[32] Resolution 787 authorized participating states to "use such measures ... as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping ... to insure strict implementation of" the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia.[1] Over the course of the operation, the blockade was redefined in accordance with UNSCR 1021[33] and UNSCR 1022.[34]

Ships participating (Extract)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Bruce A. Elleman; S. C. M. Paine (2007). Naval coalition warfare: from the Napoleonic War to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77082-8. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Christopher Bellamy (June 20, 1996). "Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic". The Independent. from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  3. ^ "U.S. Draws Criticism for Drawing out of Bosnia Blockade" 2022-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, NPR, November 13, 1994
  4. ^ a b Peter L. Hays; Brenda J. Vallance; Alan R. Van Tassel (1997). American Defense Policy. JHU Press. p. 533. ISBN 0-8018-5473-3. Retrieved June 7, 2010. operation sharp guard.
  5. ^ Carla Norrlof (2010). America's Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74938-1. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  6. ^ Trevor Findlay (1996). Challenges for the new peacekeepers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829199-X. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  7. ^ Simon Duke (2000). The elusive quest for European security: from EDC to CFSP. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-22402-8. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  8. ^ Giovanna Bono (2003). NATO's 'peace-enforcement' tasks and 'policy communities,' 1990-1999. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-0944-8. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  9. ^ Volker Rittberger (2001). German foreign policy since unification: theories and case studies. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6040-0. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  10. ^ Judy Woodruf (June 2, 2010). "As Flotilla Inquiry Calls Grow Louder, Legality of Gaza Blockade Examined". PBS NewsHour. from the original on June 18, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  11. ^ a b c d Kathleen M. Reddy, "Operation Sharp Guard: Lesson Learned for the Policymaker and Commander" 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, June 13, 1997, retrieved June 7, 2010
  12. ^ "Analysis: NATO's predecessor about to go out of business". United Press International. November 20, 2000. Retrieved June 7, 2010.[dead link]
  13. ^ a b Jack Sweetman (2002). American naval history: an illustrated chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-present. Naval Institute Press. p. 292. ISBN 1-55750-867-4. Retrieved June 7, 2010. operation sharp guard.
  14. ^ Vaughan Lowe; Adam Roberts; Jennifer Welsh (2008). The United Nations Security Council and war: the evolution of thought and practice since 1945. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-953343-5. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  15. ^ Michael Brzoska; George A. Lopez (2009). Putting teeth in the tiger: improving the effectiveness of arms embargoes. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84855-202-9. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  16. ^ Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen (2006). Germany, pacifism and peace enforcement; Europe in change. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-7268-9. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  17. ^ a b G. C. de Nooy (1996). The role of European naval forces after the Cold War. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-411-0227-2. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  18. ^ Ronald M. Williamson (2000). Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida, 1940-2000: An Illustrated History. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56311-730-4. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  19. ^ Bernd Horn (2006). The Canadian way of war: serving the national interest. Dundurn Press Ltd. ISBN 1-55002-612-7. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  20. ^ Brad K. Blitz (2006). War and change in the Balkans: nationalism, conflict and cooperation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-67773-4. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  21. ^ Nurşin Ateşoğlu Güney (2007). Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-4931-1. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  22. ^ William J. Durch (1996). UN peacekeeping, American politics, and the uncivil wars of the 1990s. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-16075-5. from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  23. ^ "Le armi di Zhukov in un deposito a Santo Stefano Erano a bordo della nave Jadran Express fermata nel 1994 nel canale di Otranto - La Nuova Sardegna". Archivio - La Nuova Sardegna (in Italian). from the original on 2018-09-02. Retrieved 2018-09-02.
  24. ^ a b c d e Stacey A. Poe, "Rules of Engagement: Complexities of Coalition Interaction in Military Operations Other than War" 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine, Faculty of the Nava War College, February 13, 1995
  25. ^ "NATO and WEU ships encounter Yugoslav Navy while preventing violation of UN embargo". Press Release by NATO/WEU force conducting the Operation Sharp Guard in the Adriatic Sea, 1 May 1994. Release 94/13
  26. ^ McLaughlin, Rob (2009). United Nations Naval Peace Operations in the Territorial Sea. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, p. 42, note 81. ISBN 90-04-17479-6
  27. ^ Giorgerini, Giorgio (2006). La guerra asimmetrica. Impiego delle forze aeronavali italiane nell'ambito di dispositivi joint & combined proiettati in teatri operativi lontani; composizione, sostenibilità logistica di un"Expeditionary Group" (PDF) (in Italian). Centro Militare di Studi Strategici. p. 52. (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
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  29. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/757 (1992)". NATO. from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  30. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/787 (1992)". NATO. from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  31. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/820 (1993)". NATO. from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  32. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/943 (1994)". NATO. September 23, 1994. from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  33. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/1021 (1995)". NATO. from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  34. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/1022 (1995)". NATO. from the original on January 26, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  35. ^ Frank Gale (January 4, 2008). "Stephenville native appointed commander of HMCS Calgary". The Western Star. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  36. ^ a b c d e "Factsheets : Operation Sharp Guard". Air Force Historical Studies Office. from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  37. ^ "Destroyer Joins Operation Sharp Guard". CINCUSNAVEUR - Commander in Chief, US Naval Forces, Europe. 23 May 1996. from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  38. ^ John Pike. "DD 979 Conolly". Globalsecurity.org. from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  39. ^ "Military News" 2016-07-30 at the Wayback Machine, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 6, 1994, retrieved June 8, 2010

External links

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
United Nations Security Council Resolutions
  • Security Council resolutions
  • UN Security Council Official Website, including all resolutions
  • , December 1995
  • General Framework Agreement
  • "Evolution of the Conflict", NATO Handbook, December 18, 2002
  • , Barberan, J. F., Revista de Aeronáutica y Astronáutica, no. 727, pp. 750–57. October 2003

February 21, 2023
operation, sharp, guard, multi, year, joint, naval, blockade, adriatic, nato, western, european, union, shipments, former, yugoslavia, warships, maritime, patrol, aircraft, from, countries, were, involved, searching, stopping, blockade, runners, part, nato, in. Operation Sharp Guard was a multi year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union on shipments to the former Yugoslavia 1 2 3 4 Warships and maritime patrol aircraft from 14 countries were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners Operation Sharp GuardPart of NATO intervention in BosniaNATO ships enforcing the blockadeObjectiveBlockade former YugoslaviaDate15 June 1993 2 October 1996Executed byWestern European Union NATO The operation began on 15 June 1993 It was suspended on 19 June 1996 and was terminated on 2 October 1996 Contents 1 Background 2 Purpose 3 Blockade 3 1 Jadran Express incident 3 2 Lido II incident 3 3 Suspension 4 Applicable UN resolutions 5 Ships participating Extract 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksBackground EditThe operation replaced naval blockades Operation Maritime Guard of NATO begun by the U S in November 1992 and Sharp Fence of the WEU 5 It put them under a single chain of command and control the Adriatic Military Committee over which the NATO and WEU Councils exerted joint control to address what their respective Councils viewed as wasteful duplication of effort 1 2 6 7 Some maintain that despite the nominal official joint command and control of the operation in reality it was NATO staff that ran the operation 8 9 Purpose EditThe operation s purpose was through a blockade on shipments to the former Yugoslavia 10 to enforce economic sanctions and an arms embargo of weapons and military equipment against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and rival factions in Croatia and Bosnia 11 12 13 The Yugoslav Wars were being waged and the participants hoped to limit the fighting by limiting supplies to it Blockade EditFourteen nations contributed ships and patrol aircraft to the operation At any given time 22 ships and 8 aircraft were enforcing the blockade with ships from Standing Naval Force Atlantic and Standing Naval Force Mediterranean establishing a rotating duty 14 Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Greece Italy the Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey the U K and the U S 11 and eight maritime patrol aircraft were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners 2 15 16 17 18 19 Most contributors to the operation supplied one or two ships 17 The Turkish Navy for example participated with frigates submarines and tankers 20 21 Italian frigate Zeffiro The operational area was divided into a series of sea boxes each the responsibility of a single warship 11 Each boarding team was composed of a guard team to board and wrest control of the target ship and a search team to conduct the search 11 The ships were authorized to board inspect and seize both ships seeking to break the blockade and their cargo 22 The Combined Task Force 440 was commanded by Admiral Mario Angeli of Italy 2 It marked the first time since its founding in 1949 that NATO was involved in combat operations 4 Jadran Express incident Edit On 11 March 1994 a combined British and Italian intelligence operation led to the capture of the Maltese merchant ship Jadran Express by the Italian frigate Zeffiro which forced the freighter into the port of Taranto The ship had departed from Odessa bound to Venice with a cache of 2 000 tons of Soviet designed weaponry valued at US 200 million Manned by Italian marines from the San Marco battalion the Jadran Express was eventually escorted by Zeffiro to the naval base of La Maddalena where her cargo was unloaded under heavy security 23 Lido II incident Edit Type 22 frigate HMS Chatham The issue of differing views among nations in the coalition as to the use of force authorized by rules of engagement arose in April 1994 24 Faced with the Maltese tanker Lido II making its way towards a Montenegrin port with 45 000 tons of fuel oil the American cruiser USS Philippine Sea asked the NATO commander a British Commodore for guidance and received authorization to use disabling fire to stop the tanker if necessary 24 He received confirmation that he should follow the British commodore s guidance from his own higher authority 24 Under U S Navy standards disabling fire means firing rounds into the ship s engineering space The U S cruiser was about to pass the order along to the Dutch Kortenaer class frigate HNLMS Van Kinsbergen However the fact that the Dutch definition of disabling fire involves launching rounds into the bridge of the target ship with an increased risk of loss of life became important 24 The ship was boarded by Dutch Marines inserted by helicopter from HNLMS Van Kinsbergen and eventually stopped without firing a shot on the first of May 24 Three Yugoslav Navy Koncar class corvettes challenged the NATO operation and one of them tried to ram the British frigate HMS Chatham as it was assisting Van Kinsberger The corvettes eventually fled following the reaction of the British warship supported by Italian Tornado aircraft which scrambled from an airbase at Gioia Del Colle Lido II had to undergo repairs before being diverted to Italy since the crew had sabotaged the ship s engine room The leaking was contained by an engineer party from HMS Chatham Seven Yugoslav stowaways were found on board 25 26 A similar incident had taken place off Montenegro a year before on 8 February 1993 when a boarding party from the Italian frigate Espero forcibly seized the Maltese freighter Dimitrakis which feigned an emergency in order to divert her route to the port of Bar The merchant was smuggling coal to the Serbs from Romania 27 Suspension Edit HMS Nottingham The blockade was suspended following a UN decision to end the arms embargo and NATO s Southern Command said that NATO and WEU ships will no longer challenge board or divert ships in the Adriatic 2 The Independent warned at the time that In theory there could now be a massive influx of arms to Bosnia Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro although senior military and diplomatic sources yesterday said that they thought this would be unlikely 2 Applicable UN resolutions EditThe blockade was conducted in accordance with numerous United Nations Security Council Resolutions UNSCR 713 28 UNSCR 757 29 UNSCR 787 30 UNSCR 820 31 and UNSCR 943 32 Resolution 787 authorized participating states to use such measures as may be necessary to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping to insure strict implementation of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia 1 Over the course of the operation the blockade was redefined in accordance with UNSCR 1021 33 and UNSCR 1022 34 Ships participating Extract EditBelgian Navy Westdiep Wandelaar Canadian Forces Maritime Command HMCS Algonquin 35 HMCS Huron HMCS Iroquois HMCS Preserver HMCS Protecteur HMCS Toronto HMCS Ville de Quebec HMCS Fredericton Royal Danish Navy HDMS Niels Juel French Navy 36 Commandant Blaison Jean Bart La Fayette Premier Maitre L HER CDT de Pimodan German Navy Emden Rheinland Pfalz Rommel Niedersachsen Hellenic Navy Elli Hydra Themistoklis Thraki Italian Navy Espero Euro Fenice Libeccio Grecale Luigi Durand de la Penne Lupo Zeffiro Royal Netherlands Navy 36 HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerk HNLMS Jan van Brakel HNLMS Karel Doorman HNLMS Abraham van der Hulst HNLMS Philips van Almonde HNLMS Piet Hein HNLMS Pieter Florisz HNLMS Van Kinsbergen HNLMS Witte de With HNLMS Zuiderkruis A832 Portuguese Navy NRP Vasco da Gama Spanish Navy Andalucia Asturias Extremadura Numancia Reina Sofia 36 Royal Norwegian Navy HNoMS Narvik Turkish Navy TCG Ege TCG Kocatepe 36 Royal Navy 2 HMS Battleaxe HMS Brilliant HMS Brazen HMS Campbeltown HMS Chatham HMS Cumberland HMS Edinburgh HMS Glasgow HMS Nottingham HMS Beaver RFA Orangeleaf U S Navy USS America USS Anzio USS Arthur W Radford 37 USS Bainbridge USS Boone USS Boston USS Cincinnati USS Cape St George USS Comte de Grasse USS Conolly 38 USS Dale USS Deyo USS Dwight D Eisenhower USS Edenton USS Elrod USS Groton USS John Rodgers USS Josephus Daniels USS Kauffman USS Kidd USS Mississippi USS Mitscher USS Monterey USS Nassau USS Nicholas USS Normandy 13 USS Pensacola USS Peterson USS Ponce USS Saipan USS Samuel B Roberts 36 USS Scott 39 USS Simpson USS South Carolina USS Thomas S Gates USS Trepang SSN 674 USS Theodore Roosevelt USS Thorn USS Vicksburg USS Yorktown USNS KanawhaSee also Edit Politics portal Oceans portalYugoslav Wars Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raidReferences Edit a b c Bruce A Elleman S C M Paine 2007 Naval coalition warfare from the Napoleonic War to Operation Iraqi Freedom Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 77082 8 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 7 2010 a b c d e f g Christopher Bellamy June 20 1996 Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic The Independent Archived from the original on November 8 2012 Retrieved June 7 2010 U S Draws Criticism for Drawing out of Bosnia Blockade Archived 2022 03 07 at the Wayback Machine NPR November 13 1994 a b Peter L Hays Brenda J Vallance Alan R Van Tassel 1997 American Defense Policy JHU Press p 533 ISBN 0 8018 5473 3 Retrieved June 7 2010 operation sharp guard Carla Norrlof 2010 America s Global Advantage US Hegemony and International Cooperation Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 74938 1 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 7 2010 Trevor Findlay 1996 Challenges for the new peacekeepers Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 829199 X Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 7 2010 Simon Duke 2000 The elusive quest for European security from EDC to CFSP Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 0 312 22402 8 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 7 2010 Giovanna Bono 2003 NATO s peace enforcement tasks and policy communities 1990 1999 Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 0 7546 0944 8 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 7 2010 Volker Rittberger 2001 German foreign policy since unification theories and case studies Manchester University Press ISBN 0 7190 6040 0 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 8 2010 Judy Woodruf June 2 2010 As Flotilla Inquiry Calls Grow Louder Legality of Gaza Blockade Examined PBS NewsHour Archived from the original on June 18 2011 Retrieved June 7 2010 a b c d Kathleen M Reddy Operation Sharp Guard Lesson Learned for the Policymaker and Commander Archived 2012 10 02 at the Wayback Machine June 13 1997 retrieved June 7 2010 Analysis NATO s predecessor about to go out of business United Press International November 20 2000 Retrieved June 7 2010 dead link a b Jack Sweetman 2002 American naval history an illustrated chronology of the U S Navy and Marine Corps 1775 present Naval Institute Press p 292 ISBN 1 55750 867 4 Retrieved June 7 2010 operation sharp guard Vaughan Lowe Adam Roberts Jennifer Welsh 2008 The United Nations Security Council and war the evolution of thought and practice since 1945 Oxford University Press US ISBN 978 0 19 953343 5 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 9 2010 Michael Brzoska George A Lopez 2009 Putting teeth in the tiger improving the effectiveness of arms embargoes Emerald Group Publishing ISBN 978 1 84855 202 9 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 8 2010 Anja Dalgaard Nielsen 2006 Germany pacifism and peace enforcement Europe in change Manchester University Press ISBN 0 7190 7268 9 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 8 2010 a b G C de Nooy 1996 The role of European naval forces after the Cold War Martinus Nijhoff Publishers ISBN 90 411 0227 2 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 7 2010 Ronald M Williamson 2000 Naval Air Station Jacksonville Florida 1940 2000 An Illustrated History Turner Publishing Company ISBN 1 56311 730 4 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 7 2010 Bernd Horn 2006 The Canadian way of war serving the national interest Dundurn Press Ltd ISBN 1 55002 612 7 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 7 2010 Brad K Blitz 2006 War and change in the Balkans nationalism conflict and cooperation Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 67773 4 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 8 2010 Nursin Atesoglu Guney 2007 Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 0 7546 4931 1 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 8 2010 William J Durch 1996 UN peacekeeping American politics and the uncivil wars of the 1990s Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 0 312 16075 5 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved June 8 2010 Le armi di Zhukov in un deposito a Santo Stefano Erano a bordo della nave Jadran Express fermata nel 1994 nel canale di Otranto La Nuova Sardegna Archivio La Nuova Sardegna in Italian Archived from the original on 2018 09 02 Retrieved 2018 09 02 a b c d e Stacey A Poe Rules of Engagement Complexities of Coalition Interaction in Military Operations Other than War Archived 2017 02 02 at the Wayback Machine Faculty of the Nava War College February 13 1995 NATO and WEU ships encounter Yugoslav Navy while preventing violation of UN embargo Press Release by NATO WEU force conducting the Operation Sharp Guard in the Adriatic Sea 1 May 1994 Release 94 13 McLaughlin Rob 2009 United Nations Naval Peace Operations in the Territorial Sea Martinus Nijhoff Publishers p 42 note 81 ISBN 90 04 17479 6 Giorgerini Giorgio 2006 La guerra asimmetrica Impiego delle forze aeronavali italiane nell ambito di dispositivi joint amp combined proiettati in teatri operativi lontani composizione sostenibilita logistica di un Expeditionary Group PDF in Italian Centro Militare di Studi Strategici p 52 Archived PDF from the original on 2022 03 20 Retrieved 2018 09 04 NATO IFOR UN Resolution S RES 713 1991 NATO Archived from the original on January 25 2010 Retrieved June 7 2010 NATO IFOR UN Resolution S RES 757 1992 NATO Archived from the original on March 29 2017 Retrieved June 7 2010 NATO IFOR UN Resolution S RES 787 1992 NATO Archived from the original on January 25 2010 Retrieved June 7 2010 NATO IFOR UN Resolution S RES 820 1993 NATO Archived from the original on January 24 2010 Retrieved June 7 2010 NATO IFOR UN Resolution S RES 943 1994 NATO September 23 1994 Archived from the original on January 17 2010 Retrieved June 7 2010 NATO IFOR UN Resolution S RES 1021 1995 NATO Archived from the original on January 25 2010 Retrieved June 7 2010 NATO IFOR UN Resolution S RES 1022 1995 NATO Archived from the original on January 26 2010 Retrieved June 7 2010 Frank Gale January 4 2008 Stephenville native appointed commander of HMCS Calgary The Western Star Archived from the original on February 4 2013 Retrieved June 9 2010 a b c d e Factsheets Operation Sharp Guard Air Force Historical Studies Office Archived from the original on July 22 2011 Retrieved June 8 2010 Destroyer Joins Operation Sharp Guard CINCUSNAVEUR Commander in Chief US Naval Forces Europe 23 May 1996 Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 Retrieved 7 September 2018 John Pike DD 979 Conolly Globalsecurity org Archived from the original on September 12 2009 Retrieved June 9 2010 Military News Archived 2016 07 30 at the Wayback Machine Pittsburgh Post Gazette January 6 1994 retrieved June 8 2010External links Edit Wikisource has original text related to this article United Nations Security Council Resolutions Security Council resolutions UN Security Council Official Website including all resolutions NATO Regional HQ Allied Forces Southern Europe Fact Sheet on Operation Sharp Guard Update on Operation Sharp Guard December 1995 General Framework Agreement Evolution of the Conflict NATO Handbook December 18 2002 Operation Sharp Guard the sea embargo of Serbia and Montenegro Barberan J F Revista de Aeronautica y Astronautica no 727 pp 750 57 October 2003 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Operation Sharp Guard amp oldid 1120864610, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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