The operation began on November 22, 1992.[4][5] It followed NATO Operation Maritime Monitor, and was in support of UN Security Council Resolution 787, which called upon states acting individually or otherwise to enforce the UN embargoes of the former Yugoslavia ("calls upon States ... to use such measures commensurate with the specific circumstances as may be necessary" to enforce the embargo).[1][2][4][6][7]
It authorized NATO to use force, and included stopping, inspecting, and diverting ships bound for the former Yugoslavia.[5][8] All ships bound to or coming from the territorial waters of the former Yugoslavia were halted for inspection and verification of their cargoes and destinations.[9]
With support from Turkey, the Netherlands, and Germany, the operation was strengthened to allow for NATO aircraft to shoot down aircraft that violated the blockade.[10] An article in the academic journal International Affairs stated that Operation Maritime Guard was: "the first authorized use of force to back a UN Security Council resolution".[11]
In April 1993, a NATO official said that warships would shoot if necessary to stop a ship to enforce the blockade, with inert munitions which could include machine gun bullets and armor-piercing cannon shells.[12][13]
The blockade comprised destroyers from Turkey, Italy, Germany, Greece, and the United Kingdom, and frigates from the United States and the Netherlands, assisted by NATO Maritime Patrol Aircraft.[14][15] The frigate USS Kauffman and aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt were among the warships that took part in the operation.[16][17]AWACS supported the effort with its sophisticated maritime radar by providing blockading ships with long-range sea surveillance coverage.[18]
The blockade was directed by the Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe, U.S. Admiral Mike Boorda.[1]
Under the blockade, 12,367 ships were contacted, 1,032 of them were inspected or diverted to a port to be inspected, and 9 ships were found to be violating the UN embargoes.[1]
Successoredit
Its successor was Operation Sharp Guard. That was a multi-year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union on shipments to the former Yugoslavia that began on June 15, 1993, was suspended on June 19, 1996, and was terminated on October 2, 1996.[19][20][21][22]
^ abcdJohn Pike. "Operation Maritime Guard". Globalsecurity.org. from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
^ abUgo Caruso (2007). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
^"Peace-Keeping Operations: Requirements and Effectiveness; NATO's Role" (PDF). June 2001. (PDF) from the original on November 13, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
^ abJennifer Medcalf (2005). NATO: a beginner's guide. Oneworld Publications. ISBN9781851683536. Retrieved June 8, 2010 – via Internet Archive. operation maritime guard.
^ abKaufman, Joyce P. (2002). NATO and the former Yugoslavia: crisis, conflict, and the Atlantic Alliance. ISBN9780742510227. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
^Craig H. Allen (2007). Maritime counterproliferation operations and the rule of law. ISBN9780275996987. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
^John Pike. "Operation Maritime Monitor". Globalsecurity.org. from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
^Regional Organizations. The Air Force Law Review. 1997. from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
^"Interoperability of U.S. and NATO Allied Air Forces: Supporting Data and Case Studies" 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, RAND, 2003
^Giovanna Bono (2003). NATO's 'peace-enforcement' tasks and 'policy communities,' 1990-1999. ISBN9780754609445. from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
^"NATO: from Kosovo to Kabul" 2011-07-12 at the Wayback Machine, 2009
^"Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
^"The Times-News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
^James Gow (1997). Triumph of the lack of will: international diplomacy and the Yugoslav War. Columbia University Press. p. 130. ISBN9780231109161. Retrieved June 8, 2010 – via Internet Archive. operation maritime guard.
^"Lessons From Bosnia: The IFOR Experience" 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, 1998
^"USS Kaufmann: Command History for Calendar Year 1993" 2012-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, 1994
^"The Argus-Press - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
^"NATO AWACS: Alliance Keystone for Out-of-Area Operations". Journal.forces.gc.ca. from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
^Bruce A. Elleman; S. C. M. Paine (2007). Naval coalition warfare: from the Napoleonic War to Operation Iraqi Freedom. ISBN9780415770828. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
^Bellamy, Christopher (June 20, 1996). "Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic". The Independent. London. from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
^"NPR : Transcripts Search Results". from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
^Peter L. Hays; Brenda J. Vallance; Alan R. Van Tassel (1997). American defense policy. JHU Press. p. 533. Retrieved June 7, 2010 – via Internet Archive. operation sharp guard.
External linksedit
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United Nations Security Council Resolutions
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Evolution of the Conflict NATO Handbook 2009-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
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operation, maritime, guard, nato, blockade, international, waters, adriatic, former, yugoslavia, part, nato, intervention, bosniauss, theodore, roosevelt, which, participated, objectiveblockade, former, yugoslavia, datenovember, 1992, 1993executed, nato, conte. Operation Maritime Guard was a NATO blockade in the international waters of the Adriatic Sea of the former Yugoslavia 1 2 3 Operation Maritime GuardPart of the NATO intervention in BosniaUSS Theodore Roosevelt which participated in Operation Maritime GuardObjectiveBlockade the former Yugoslavia DateNovember 22 1992 1993Executed by NATO Contents 1 Scope 2 Forces and results 3 Successor 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksScope editThe operation began on November 22 1992 4 5 It followed NATO Operation Maritime Monitor and was in support of UN Security Council Resolution 787 which called upon states acting individually or otherwise to enforce the UN embargoes of the former Yugoslavia calls upon States to use such measures commensurate with the specific circumstances as may be necessary to enforce the embargo 1 2 4 6 7 It authorized NATO to use force and included stopping inspecting and diverting ships bound for the former Yugoslavia 5 8 All ships bound to or coming from the territorial waters of the former Yugoslavia were halted for inspection and verification of their cargoes and destinations 9 With support from Turkey the Netherlands and Germany the operation was strengthened to allow for NATO aircraft to shoot down aircraft that violated the blockade 10 An article in the academic journal International Affairs stated that Operation Maritime Guard was the first authorized use of force to back a UN Security Council resolution 11 In April 1993 a NATO official said that warships would shoot if necessary to stop a ship to enforce the blockade with inert munitions which could include machine gun bullets and armor piercing cannon shells 12 13 Forces and results edit nbsp USS KauffmanThe blockade comprised destroyers from Turkey Italy Germany Greece and the United Kingdom and frigates from the United States and the Netherlands assisted by NATO Maritime Patrol Aircraft 14 15 The frigate USS Kauffman and aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt were among the warships that took part in the operation 16 17 AWACS supported the effort with its sophisticated maritime radar by providing blockading ships with long range sea surveillance coverage 18 The blockade was directed by the Commander in Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe U S Admiral Mike Boorda 1 Under the blockade 12 367 ships were contacted 1 032 of them were inspected or diverted to a port to be inspected and 9 ships were found to be violating the UN embargoes 1 Successor editIts successor was Operation Sharp Guard That was a multi year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union on shipments to the former Yugoslavia that began on June 15 1993 was suspended on June 19 1996 and was terminated on October 2 1996 19 20 21 22 See also edit nbsp Politics portalYugoslav Wars Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raidReferences edit a b c d John Pike Operation Maritime Guard Globalsecurity org Archived from the original on May 15 2010 Retrieved June 8 2010 a b Ugo Caruso 2007 The Interplay between Council of Europe OSCE EU and NATO PDF Archived from the original PDF on June 12 2010 Retrieved June 8 2010 Peace Keeping Operations Requirements and Effectiveness NATO s Role PDF June 2001 Archived PDF from the original on November 13 2010 Retrieved June 8 2010 a b Jennifer Medcalf 2005 NATO a beginner s guide Oneworld Publications ISBN 9781851683536 Retrieved June 8 2010 via Internet Archive operation maritime guard a b Kaufman Joyce P 2002 NATO and the former Yugoslavia crisis conflict and the Atlantic Alliance ISBN 9780742510227 Retrieved June 8 2010 Craig H Allen 2007 Maritime counterproliferation operations and the rule of law ISBN 9780275996987 Retrieved June 8 2010 John Pike Operation Maritime Monitor Globalsecurity org Archived from the original on May 15 2010 Retrieved June 8 2010 Regional Organizations The Air Force Law Review 1997 Archived from the original on March 7 2022 Retrieved June 8 2010 Interoperability of U S and NATO Allied Air Forces Supporting Data and Case Studies Archived 2012 10 02 at the Wayback Machine RAND 2003 Giovanna Bono 2003 NATO s peace enforcement tasks and policy communities 1990 1999 ISBN 9780754609445 Archived from the original on March 7 2022 Retrieved June 8 2010 NATO from Kosovo to Kabul Archived 2011 07 12 at the Wayback Machine 2009 Toledo Blade Google News Archive Search news google com Retrieved 2016 03 25 The Times News Google News Archive Search news google com Archived from the original on 2022 03 07 Retrieved 2016 03 25 James Gow 1997 Triumph of the lack of will international diplomacy and the Yugoslav War Columbia University Press p 130 ISBN 9780231109161 Retrieved June 8 2010 via Internet Archive operation maritime guard Lessons From Bosnia The IFOR Experience Archived 2012 10 02 at the Wayback Machine 1998 USS Kaufmann Command History for Calendar Year 1993 Archived 2012 11 03 at the Wayback Machine 1994 The Argus Press Google News Archive Search news google com Archived from the original on 2022 03 07 Retrieved 2016 03 25 NATO AWACS Alliance Keystone for Out of Area Operations Journal forces gc ca Archived from the original on July 17 2011 Retrieved June 8 2010 Bruce A Elleman S C M Paine 2007 Naval coalition warfare from the Napoleonic War to Operation Iraqi Freedom ISBN 9780415770828 Retrieved June 7 2010 Bellamy Christopher June 20 1996 Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic The Independent London Archived from the original on November 8 2012 Retrieved June 7 2010 NPR Transcripts Search Results Archived from the original on 2022 03 07 Retrieved 2011 10 26 Peter L Hays Brenda J Vallance Alan R Van Tassel 1997 American defense policy JHU Press p 533 Retrieved June 7 2010 via Internet Archive operation sharp guard External links edit nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article United Nations Security Council Resolutions Complete list and text of all resolutions UN Security Council Official Website including full text of all resolutions Evolution of the Conflict NATO Handbook Archived 2009 09 04 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Operation Maritime Guard amp oldid 1185153854, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
