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Units of the German 11th Army building a pontoon bridge across the Prut River during the advance towards Uman
The offensive started on 2 July, with Romanian forces striking north. On 5 July, Chernivtsi, the capital of Northern Bukovina, was seized by the 3rd and 23rd Vânători de Munte Battalions. On 16 July, Chișinău, the Bessarabian capital, was seized after heavy fighting by Romanian forces spearheaded by the 1st Romanian Armored Division (Divizia 1 Blindată), equipped mainly with 126 R-2 light tanks. By 26 July, the entire region was under Romanian-German control. On 17 August, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were formally re-integrated into the Romanian state.[9]
The combat operations in Southern Bessarabia were some of the most complex in the entire operation, involving artillery, warships, aviation, soldiers and marines from both sides. The Soviet Danube Flotilla consisted of 5 river monitors, 22 armed and armored motor boats and 7 minesweeping boats. The Romanian Danube Flotilla had 7 river monitors, but fewer, about 4, small armed small boats. Fighting in this sector of the front started days before the operation, with a first skirmish between Soviet and Romanian warships on 23 June, when the Soviet vessels attempted to break the Romanian naval blockade. During the night of 9/10 July, the Soviet warships took advantage of the reduced visibility and managed to sneak out of the blockade. On 26 June, in support of the sea-borne Raid on Constanța, Soviet armored motor gunboats landed troops at Chilia Veche and captured most of the Romanian 15th Marine Infantry Battalion, Romanian losses amounting to 468 troops. The remnants of the battalion, supported by one armed boat and two motorboats, managed to defend Stipoc Island against further Soviet attacks. The Romanian 17th Marine Infantry Battalion managed to hold the Periprava sector all throughout the Operation and the preceding days, repelling numerous Soviet attacks. During this time, its artillery also sank four Soviet armored boats. On the night of 22–23 July, the battalion occupied Tatarbunary. Ultimately, the losses of the Soviet Danube Flotilla amounted to two river monitors damaged, five armored motor boats sunk and one more damaged. On 18–19 July, the Flotilla withdrew from the Danube Delta. Thus, on 22 July, the Romanians occupied Reni, Izmail, Kiliya and Vylkove.[10][11]
Naval engagements
The Romanian naval formation involved in the operation, the Tulcea Tactical Group, fought several naval engagements against the Soviet Navy. These battles resulted in the damaging of two Soviet monitors and two armored motor gunboats, as well as the sinking of another armored motor gunboat.[12] The two damaged Soviet gunboats were the result of an action preceding the operation by several days.[citation needed]
Action of 13 July
On 13 July, the Romanian monitor Mihail Kogălniceanu encountered a Soviet monitor near the village of Copana Balca. The Romanian monitor attacked, scoring a direct hit against her Soviet counterpart. The Soviet warship returned fire with no result before retreating.[13]
Action of 14 July
On 14 July, Mihail Kogălniceanu attacked the Soviet monitor Udarnyy at Ismail. Like on the previous day, the Romanian monitor scored a direct hit against her Soviet foe, despite the latter's fierce return fire. Udarnyy continued firing while retreating, but yet again, no damage was inflicted upon the Romanian warship.[14]
Action off Isaccea
At some point during the Operation, Romanian armed barges shelled and sank an armored motor gunboat off Isaccea.[15]
Air combat
The first Soviet-Romanian aerial combat was carried out by Sub-Lieutenant Teodor Moscu of Escadrila 51. While flying over Southern Bessarabia, his Heinkel He 112 was attacked by a formation of five Polikarpov I-16. The Romanian pilot swiftly shot down three of them, causing the other two to retreat. Eight more Soviet aircraft were shot down during this battle and 40 more were strafed on the ground, but the Romanians lost 11 of their own aircraft to Soviet ground fire. On 12 July, responding to a powerful Red Army counteroffensive, the Romanians assembled an air fleet of 59 bombers (mostly of Italian and Polish construction) escorted by 54 fighters (including Romanian-made IAR-80s). This mixed force swept the Soviets from the sky before decimating Soviet ground forces (artillery, troops, transports and tanks). In one instance, IAR-80 pilot Vasile Claru ran out of ammunition after destroying three of the six Polikarpovs pursuing him. Consequently, he rammed his plane into a fourth, killing a deputy Soviet squadron commander (M. Shamanov), but Claru himself didn't survive the crash either. Ultimately, the Soviet counteroffensive was repulsed with heavy losses. By 26 July, the Romanians had established air supremacy over Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. They flew a total of 5,100 missions, claiming 88 enemy aircraft shot down in aerial combat plus 108 destroyed on the ground for the cost of 58 of their own aircraft. An additional 59 Soviet aircraft were shot down by Romanian flak.[16]
^Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group South - Page 41 Robert Kirchubel, Howard Gerrard - 2003 "Hitler finally felt chances of a Soviet ground attack were low enough that his far right flank could move out under Operation Munich. All Axis forces in Romania nominally fell under the command of dictator Ion Antonescu."
^Germany and the Axis powers from coalition to collapse R. L. DiNardo - 2005 "It was not until early July, once the Soviet offensive was spent, that the Romanian Fourth Army was ready to go over to the offensive.101 Operation Munchen turned out to be a somewhat staggered affair. Schobert's German Eleventh Army "
^Deutsche und Juden in Bessarabien, 1814-1941 Mariana Hausleitner - 2005 "... größte Katastrophe für die Juden Bessarabiens war die Rückeroberung Bessarabiens durch die rumänische Armee im Juli 1941."
^Dutu A., Dobre F., Loghin L. Armata Romana in al doilea razboi mondial (1941-1945) - Dictionar Enciclopedic, Editura Enciclopedica, 1999
^Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940-1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, pp. 52-59 and 87-88
^Jonathan Trigg, Death on the Don: The Destruction of Germany's Allies on the Eastern Front, History Press Limited, 2017 Chapter 3
^Jonathan Trigg, Death on the Don: The Destruction of Germany's Allies on the Eastern Front, History Press Limited, 2017 Chapter 3
^Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940-1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, p. 58
^Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940-1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, p. 58
^Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940-1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, p. 58
^Frank Joseph, The Axis Air Forces: Flying in Support of the German Luftwaffe, ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 164
Bibliography
Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian (1995). Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN1-85409-267-7.
February 10, 2023
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian July 2012 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 2 738 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Prigranichnye srazheniya v Moldavii see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ru Prigranichnye srazheniya v Moldavii to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Operation Munchen Romanian Operațiunea Munchen was the Romanian codename of a joint German Romanian offensive during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II with the primary objective of recapturing Bessarabia Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region ceded by Romania to the Soviet Union a year before Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 6 The operation concluded successfully after 24 days of fighting Axis formations involved included the Romanian Third and the Fourth Armies and the German Eleventh Army 7 The invasion was followed by a genocide against the Jewish population of Bessarabia 8 Operation MunchenPart of Operation Barbarossaof the Eastern Front of World War IIRomanian cavalryman escorting Soviet prisonersDate2 26 July 1941LocationBessarabia Northern Bukovina Hertsa regionResultAxis victoryBelligerentsSoviet Union Romania GermanyCommanders and leadersYakov Cherevichenko Ivan Tyulenev Pavel Ponedelin Filipp OktyabrskiyIon Antonescu Nicolae Ciupercă Petre Dumitrescu E R von Schobert Horia MacellariuUnits involvedOdessa Military District 9th Army 12th Army 18th ArmyArmy Group Antonescu 3rd Army 4th Army 11th ArmyStrength364 700 troops700 tanks1 750 aircraft5 river monitors22 armored motor gunboats325 685 troops 1 201 tanks 672 aircraft1 monitor6 river monitors4 armed boats 5 divisions 420 aircraftCasualties and lossesTotal 17 8938 519 killed missing 9 374 wounded255 aircraft 2 2 river monitors damaged7 armored motor gunboats sunk 3 Total 21 7384 112 killed 12 120 wounded 5 506 missing 4 58 aircraft 5 Operation Munchen Units of the German 11th Army building a pontoon bridge across the Prut River during the advance towards Uman The offensive started on 2 July with Romanian forces striking north On 5 July Chernivtsi the capital of Northern Bukovina was seized by the 3rd and 23rd Vanători de Munte Battalions On 16 July Chișinău the Bessarabian capital was seized after heavy fighting by Romanian forces spearheaded by the 1st Romanian Armored Division Divizia 1 Blindată equipped mainly with 126 R 2 light tanks By 26 July the entire region was under Romanian German control On 17 August Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were formally re integrated into the Romanian state 9 Contents 1 Fighting in Southern Bessarabia 2 Naval engagements 2 1 Action of 13 July 2 2 Action of 14 July 2 3 Action off Isaccea 3 Air combat 4 See also 5 References 6 BibliographyFighting in Southern Bessarabia EditThe combat operations in Southern Bessarabia were some of the most complex in the entire operation involving artillery warships aviation soldiers and marines from both sides The Soviet Danube Flotilla consisted of 5 river monitors 22 armed and armored motor boats and 7 minesweeping boats The Romanian Danube Flotilla had 7 river monitors but fewer about 4 small armed small boats Fighting in this sector of the front started days before the operation with a first skirmish between Soviet and Romanian warships on 23 June when the Soviet vessels attempted to break the Romanian naval blockade During the night of 9 10 July the Soviet warships took advantage of the reduced visibility and managed to sneak out of the blockade On 26 June in support of the sea borne Raid on Constanța Soviet armored motor gunboats landed troops at Chilia Veche and captured most of the Romanian 15th Marine Infantry Battalion Romanian losses amounting to 468 troops The remnants of the battalion supported by one armed boat and two motorboats managed to defend Stipoc Island against further Soviet attacks The Romanian 17th Marine Infantry Battalion managed to hold the Periprava sector all throughout the Operation and the preceding days repelling numerous Soviet attacks During this time its artillery also sank four Soviet armored boats On the night of 22 23 July the battalion occupied Tatarbunary Ultimately the losses of the Soviet Danube Flotilla amounted to two river monitors damaged five armored motor boats sunk and one more damaged On 18 19 July the Flotilla withdrew from the Danube Delta Thus on 22 July the Romanians occupied Reni Izmail Kiliya and Vylkove 10 11 Naval engagements EditThe Romanian naval formation involved in the operation the Tulcea Tactical Group fought several naval engagements against the Soviet Navy These battles resulted in the damaging of two Soviet monitors and two armored motor gunboats as well as the sinking of another armored motor gunboat 12 The two damaged Soviet gunboats were the result of an action preceding the operation by several days citation needed Action of 13 July Edit On 13 July the Romanian monitor Mihail Kogălniceanu encountered a Soviet monitor near the village of Copana Balca The Romanian monitor attacked scoring a direct hit against her Soviet counterpart The Soviet warship returned fire with no result before retreating 13 Action of 14 July Edit On 14 July Mihail Kogălniceanu attacked the Soviet monitor Udarnyy at Ismail Like on the previous day the Romanian monitor scored a direct hit against her Soviet foe despite the latter s fierce return fire Udarnyy continued firing while retreating but yet again no damage was inflicted upon the Romanian warship 14 Action off Isaccea Edit At some point during the Operation Romanian armed barges shelled and sank an armored motor gunboat off Isaccea 15 Air combat EditThe first Soviet Romanian aerial combat was carried out by Sub Lieutenant Teodor Moscu of Escadrila 51 While flying over Southern Bessarabia his Heinkel He 112 was attacked by a formation of five Polikarpov I 16 The Romanian pilot swiftly shot down three of them causing the other two to retreat Eight more Soviet aircraft were shot down during this battle and 40 more were strafed on the ground but the Romanians lost 11 of their own aircraft to Soviet ground fire On 12 July responding to a powerful Red Army counteroffensive the Romanians assembled an air fleet of 59 bombers mostly of Italian and Polish construction escorted by 54 fighters including Romanian made IAR 80s This mixed force swept the Soviets from the sky before decimating Soviet ground forces artillery troops transports and tanks In one instance IAR 80 pilot Vasile Claru ran out of ammunition after destroying three of the six Polikarpovs pursuing him Consequently he rammed his plane into a fourth killing a deputy Soviet squadron commander M Shamanov but Claru himself didn t survive the crash either Ultimately the Soviet counteroffensive was repulsed with heavy losses By 26 July the Romanians had established air supremacy over Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina They flew a total of 5 100 missions claiming 88 enemy aircraft shot down in aerial combat plus 108 destroyed on the ground for the cost of 58 of their own aircraft An additional 59 Soviet aircraft were shot down by Romanian flak 16 See also EditRomanian Navy during World War II Action of 9 July 1941 Naval operations in Romanian occupied Soviet watersReferences Edit Axworthy 1995 p 45 Axworthy 1995 p 286 Antony Preston Warship 2001 2002 Conway Maritime Press 2001 p 72 Axworthy 1995 p 47 Axworthy 1995 p 286 Operation Barbarossa 1941 Army Group South Page 41 Robert Kirchubel Howard Gerrard 2003 Hitler finally felt chances of a Soviet ground attack were low enough that his far right flank could move out under Operation Munich All Axis forces in Romania nominally fell under the command of dictator Ion Antonescu Germany and the Axis powers from coalition to collapse R L DiNardo 2005 It was not until early July once the Soviet offensive was spent that the Romanian Fourth Army was ready to go over to the offensive 101 Operation Munchen turned out to be a somewhat staggered affair Schobert s German Eleventh Army Deutsche und Juden in Bessarabien 1814 1941 Mariana Hausleitner 2005 grosste Katastrophe fur die Juden Bessarabiens war die Ruckeroberung Bessarabiens durch die rumanische Armee im Juli 1941 Dutu A Dobre F Loghin L Armata Romana in al doilea razboi mondial 1941 1945 Dictionar Enciclopedic Editura Enciclopedica 1999 Jipa Rotaru Ioan Damaschin Glorie și dramă Marina Regală Romană 1940 1945 Ion Cristoiu Publishing 2000 pp 52 59 and 87 88 Jonathan Trigg Death on the Don The Destruction of Germany s Allies on the Eastern Front History Press Limited 2017 Chapter 3 Jonathan Trigg Death on the Don The Destruction of Germany s Allies on the Eastern Front History Press Limited 2017 Chapter 3 Jipa Rotaru Ioan Damaschin Glorie și dramă Marina Regală Romană 1940 1945 Ion Cristoiu Publishing 2000 p 58 Jipa Rotaru Ioan Damaschin Glorie și dramă Marina Regală Romană 1940 1945 Ion Cristoiu Publishing 2000 p 58 Jipa Rotaru Ioan Damaschin Glorie și dramă Marina Regală Romană 1940 1945 Ion Cristoiu Publishing 2000 p 58 Frank Joseph The Axis Air Forces Flying in Support of the German Luftwaffe ABC CLIO 2011 p 164Bibliography EditAxworthy Mark Scafes Cornel Craciunoiu Cristian 1995 Third Axis Fourth Ally Romanian Armed Forces in the European War 1941 1945 London Arms amp Armour Press ISBN 1 85409 267 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Operation Munchen amp oldid 1122888650, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
