Central American migrant caravans

Central American migrant caravans,^[1] also known as the Viacrucis del migrante ("Migrant's Way of the Cross"),^[2][3][4] are migrant caravans that travel from Central America to the Mexico–United States border to demand asylum in the United States. The largest and best known of these were organized by Pueblo Sin Fronteras (A People Without Borders) that set off during Holy Week in early 2017 and 2018 from the Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA), but such caravans of migrants began arriving several years earlier, and other unrelated caravans continued to arrive into late 2018.

The Northern Triangle of Central America three countries, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. These countries share a border tripoint at Trifinio Fraternidad Transboundary Biosphere Reserve, and also aspects of classical cultures, history, society, and politics.

There is some disagreement as to whether the migrant caravans are primarily composed of refugees seeking asylum or are merely large concentrations of traditional economic migrants. Numerous human rights organizations document the increase in violence and abuse in recent years in Central American countries.^[5][6][7][8] A report by the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, cited by Amnesty International, noted that between 2007 and 2012, several Central American countries had the highest average annual female homicide rates in the world, although the average annual male homicide rates in the world are higher.^[9][10] Other studies of the composition of the caravans indicated that the caravans more resemble traditional economic migrants.^[11] The causes of the migration, as well as the proper way to settle or deport the migrants themselves, remains a source of political debate within the U.S.

Causes of the migration

Drought and crop failure in the Central American dry corridor and climate change in Honduras have been factors in the formation of the caravans.^{[12][13][14][15][16]}Honduras is one of the poorest and most violent countries in Central America. The country experienced a coup d'état in 2009 and is one of the most unequal countries in the world, while the poverty rate stood at 64.3% in 2018. Drought and crop failure is also one of the causes of emigration.^[17][18]

According to the newspaper Le Monde, "Caught between extreme poverty and ultra-violence, more and more Hondurans are choosing to flee their country, driven by the most extreme despair". An opposition Honduran politician considers that migrants "do not run after the American dream, they flee the Honduran nightmare".^[19]

First caravans

Discussions of illegal immigration typically claim that there have been many caravans. Those that antedate 2017 were small affairs that did not move as a group to the U.S. border.

These "Stations of the Cross" migrant caravans have been held in southern Mexico for at least the last five years [2013–2018]. They began as short processions of migrants, some dressed in biblical garb and carrying crosses, as an Easter-season protest against the kidnappings, extortion, beatings and killings suffered by many Central American migrants as they cross Mexico. Individuals in the caravans often try to reach the U.S. border but usually not as part of the caravan. The caravans typically don't proceed much farther north than the Gulf coast state of Veracruz.^[20]

2017 caravan

Pueblo Sin Fronteras supported its first Holy Week caravan in 2017.^[21]

On 25 March 2018, a group of about 700 migrants (80% from Honduras) began their way north from Tapachula.^[22] By 1 April, the caravan had arrived in Matías Romero, Oaxaca, and grown to about 1,200 people.^[23] In mid-April, 500 migrants continued northward from Mexico City—the caravan's last official stop—toward Tijuana, in separate groups riding atop freight train cars.^[24] Two busloads of the migrants arrived in Tijuana on 25 April and a further four busloads were making their way from Hermosillo.^[25] On 29 April 2018, after traveling 2,500 miles (4,000 km) across Mexico, the migrants' caravan came to an end in Tijuana, at the Mexico–United States border at Friendship Park.^[26][27]

More than 150 migrants prepared to seek asylum from United States immigration officials.^[28] United States Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the caravan "a deliberate attempt to undermine our laws and overwhelm our system".^[28] On 30 April, Sessions' Justice Department announced criminal charges against eleven people for crossing the border illegally.^[29]

American aid worker Scott Warren with the organization No More Deaths was arrested on 12 May on charges of illegally harboring people in the country, hours after releasing a report accusing the U.S. Border Patrol of tampering with water sources for migrants crossing the Arizona desert.^[30] He pleaded not guilty and was ultimately acquitted in November 2019.^[31][32]

Late 2018 caravan

 

Late 2018 caravan

Migrants from Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador gathered on 12 October to meet at San Pedro Sula, the second largest city in Honduras. The caravan began the next day, intending to reach the United States to flee from violence, poverty, and political repression.^[33][34] The caravan began with about 160 migrants but quickly gathered over 500 participants as it marched through Honduras.^[35] Bartolo Fuentes, a former Honduran congressman and one of the march coordinators, stated that the goal of the caravan was to find safety in numbers as it traveled north.^[36] Though he was at first convinced that the caravan was a spontaneous movement, Fuentes has since told several news agencies that the caravan was organized and popularized through a faked social media account bearing his own name and photograph, which has since been deleted from Facebook. Fuentes says he first heard about the fake account from Irineo Mujica of the organization Pueblo Sin Fronteras.^[37] The same day it left, United States Vice President Mike Pence urged the presidents of Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala to persuade their citizens to stay home.^[38] Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández advised his citizens to return home and to "not let yourselves be used for political purposes".^[39] Pueblo Sin Fronteras did not organize the October caravan, but expressed its solidarity with it. Irineo Mujico, the director of Pueblo Sin Fronteras, did not himself recommend another caravan to the United States, instead advising its members to seek asylum in Mexico.^[40]

 

Migrants looking for routes on a map of Mexico, November 2018

As the caravan passed through the Guatemalan city of Chiquimula, Fuentes was arrested by police and deported.^[41] Other Hondurans, traveling on buses, had their papers seized or were arrested, forcing migrants to travel on foot.^[42] On entering Tecún Umán on 18 October 2018, the caravan numbered around 5,000, but began shrinking due to the speed of parts of the caravan and its reception in shelters in Tecún Umán.^[43] The same day, U.S. President Donald Trump threatened to deploy the U.S. military and close the U.S.–Mexico border to keep the caravan from entering the country.^[44] Trump also threatened to cut aid to countries allowing the caravans to pass through.^[45] Also on 18 October, Mexico flew two Boeing 727s transporting Federal Police officers to the Guatemala–Mexico border.^[46] The next day, 19 October, an estimated 4,000 migrants had gathered in Ciudad Tecún Umán in Guatemala. Mexican officials, including the ambassador to Guatemala, requested that migrants appear individually at the border for processing. The migrants ignored the request, and marched on the bridge, overwhelming Guatemalan police and Mexican barriers on the bridge, then entered Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas, and encountered Federal Police in riot gear. After an hour-long standoff with police, whom migrants threw shoes and stones at, tear gas was used to push the migrants back onto the bridge. Officials reported that at least six Mexican police officers had been injured. After hostilities ended, migrants formed into lines and began processing by Mexican authorities. By the mid-afternoon, migrants were allowed entry in Mexico and were taken by bus to Tapachula. According to the Commissioner of the Federal Police, Manelich Castilla Craviotto, this was for processing and shelter. Migrants with valid visas and documentation were allowed immediate entrance, while asylum-seekers would be detained in a migration center for 45 days.^[47]

 

Migrants hearing a mariachi, Mexico City, November 2018

On 20 October, about 2,000 migrants who had crossed the Suchiate River and entered Ciudad Hidalgo decided to rebuild the caravan to continue their trek to the United States.^[48] The caravan again resumed its march early on 21 October from Tapachula.^[48] A force of 700 Federal Police officers, mostly women, formed a human barricade on the Suchiate–Tapachula highway, but withdrew as the 5,000-strong caravan of migrants came within 200 meters (660 ft). By the afternoon, the migrants reached Tapachula and its leaders decided to rest there, 40 kilometers (25 mi) inside Mexico.^[49] Their march began again the next day, bound for Huixtla, another 40 kilometres (25 mi) away from Tapachula. Simultaneously, Guatemalan officials reported that another thousand migrants entered the country from Honduras, while another 1,000 migrants were reported making for Tapachula from Ciudad Hidalgo.^[50]

Irineo Mujica was arrested in Ciudad Hidalgo on 22 October while walking with a group of migrants to a church. Mujica was pulled out of a crowd of migrants by Mexican authorities and pushed into a white van. According to Pueblo Sin Fronteras, he was not involved in organizing the caravan and was conducting humanitarian work in Tapachula.^[51] Mujica has since claimed that he and Pueblo Sin Fronteras were initially opposed to the timing of this migrant caravan, because they believed it would be used to build anti-immigration sentiment during the 2018 US midterm election.^[37]

Also on 22 October, President Donald Trump said the U.S. would begin curtailing tens of millions of dollars in aid to three Central American nations, because they did not stop the caravan.^[52][53] President Trump also threatened to send the U.S. military to close the border and stop the caravan.^[54]

 

Central American migrants charging their phones, Mexico City, November 2018

On 26 October, when the caravan was in the Arriaga Municipality of the state of Chiapas, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto unveiled his program entitled "Estás en tu casa" ("You are at home").^[55] This initiative allows caravan migrants meeting certain criteria to receive benefits and begin to normalize their immigration status in Mexico. Migrants who follow Mexican laws and are granted refugee status will, according to the plan, be entitled to temporary work permits and IDs, medical attention, housing in local establishments, and schooling for children.^[56] In order to qualify, however, migrants must agree to settle in the states of Chiapas or Oaxaca and not continue to move north.^[56]

As the second caravan entered Mexico on 30 October, the main body of some 4,000 migrants, at Santiago Niltepec, demanded "safe and dignified" transportation to Mexico City. Migrants still crossing into Mexico over the Suchiate river were dissuaded by Mexican helicopters and police.^[57]

"The fact that the first of these caravans was able to move from Honduras into Guatemala and then into Mexico is inspiring other migrants to travel in large groups, reversing the long-established logic of Central American migration to the United States: Rather than trying to travel undetected, some migrants are trading invisibility for safety in numbers."
- Kirk Semple and Elisabeth Malkin for The New York Times, 31 October 2018^[58] "...at least 100 were "kidnapped" (exhausted walkers were lured into vehicles) in the state of Puebla and allegedly handed over to the Zetas gang..."^[59]

Some scientists contend that the impact of climate change is causing crop failures and exacerbating poverty in Central America, thereby creating what the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has called "climate refugees."^[60] According to Robert Albro, a researcher at the Center for Latin American and Latino Studies at American University, "The main reason people are moving is because they don't have anything to eat. This has a strong link to climate change – we are seeing tremendous climate instability that is radically changing food security in the region."^[61]

Table

Late 2018 Central American migrant caravan

Date	Place	State	Total Distance	Population	Source
12 October	San Pedro Sula	Honduras	0 km (0 mi)	160
13 October	Santa Rosa de Copán	Honduras	171 km (106 mi)	1,000	^[62]
14 October	Ocotepeque	Honduras	265 km (165 mi)	1,700	^[63]
15 October	Aguas Calientes	Honduras/Guatemala border	287 km (178 mi)	1,600	^[64]
16 October	Chiquimula	Guatemala	353 km (219 mi)	2,000	^[65]
18 October	Ciudad de Guatemala	Guatemala	408 km (254 mi)	3,000	^[66]
19 October	Ciudad Tecun Uman	Guatemala	653 km (406 mi)	3,000	^[67]
21 October	Tapachula	Chiapas, Mexico	687 km (427 mi)	7,000	^[68]
24 October	Huixtla	Chiapas, Mexico	728 km (452 mi)	4,500–7,200	^[69]
25 October	Mapastepec	Chiapas, Mexico	791 km (492 mi)	4,000–5,000	^[70]
26 October	Tonala	Chiapas, Mexico	914 km (568 mi)	3,600–5,500	^[71]
27 October	Arriaga	Chiapas, Mexico	938 km (583 mi)	3,500	^[72]
28 October	Tapanatepec	Oaxaca, Mexico	980 km (610 mi)	4,000	^[73]
30 October	Santiago Niltepec	Oaxaca, Mexico	1,080 km (670 mi)	4,000	^[57]
31 October	Juchitán de Zaragoza	Oaxaca, Mexico	1,165 km (724 mi)^[74]	4,000–6,000	^[75]^[76]
2 November	Matías Romero	Oaxaca, Mexico	1,219 km (757 mi)^[77]	4,000	^[78]
3 November	Isla, Veracruz	Veracruz, Mexico	1,400 km (870 mi)^[79]	4,000	^[80]^[81]^[82]
5 November	Mexico City	Greater Mexico City, Mexico	1,885 km (1,171 mi)^[83]	4,500–6,000	^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87]
10 November	Santiago de Querétaro	Querétaro, Mexico	2,112 km (1,312 mi)^[88]	6,531	^[89]^[90]^[91]
11 November	Irapuato	Guanajuato, Mexico	2,225 km (1,383 mi)^[92]	?	^[89]
13 November	Guadalajara	Jalisco, Mexico	2,463 km (1,530 mi)^[93]	2,000	^[94]
15 November	Tijuana	Baja California, Mexico	4,980 km (3,090 mi)^[95]	1,500	^[96]

Border actions

 

The normally busy San Ysidro Border Crossing was closed on November 25, 2018, after migrants rushed Mexican border guards.

A week before the 2018 midterm elections, the US Government sent 5,200 active-duty soldiers to the US-Mexico border to "harden" it further. 2,100 National Guard troops were already present.^[97]

On November 23, mayor of Tijuana Juan Manuel Gastélum declared a "humanitarian crisis" in response to the large number of migrants in the city.^[98] By this date, over 5,000 members of the caravan were staying at the Tijuana Stadium— a structure with a capacity of 3,000.^[99]

On November 25, a group of approximately 500 migrants marched to the San Ysidro Port of Entry to demand answers. Frustrated by the slow pace of asylum application processing (approximately 60 per day) and the dire living conditions in their tent cities, they attempted to bypass the Mexican Federal Police to reach the border wall when a commotion occurred.^[100] A member of the caravan was caught on video throwing rocks at border agents while at the border wall. In response, the United States Border Patrol launched tear gas over the border at the group, which included women and children, and subsequently shut down the crossing for six hours.^[101] Photographs of the incident received significant media attention and sparked extensive international commentary. 42 migrants were arrested, and a total of 4 Border agents were struck by rocks.^[102]

Political reaction in the U.S.

In the United States, the migrant caravan was a major issue for President Donald Trump and other Republicans and conservatives in the 2018 mid-term elections. Immigrant invasion rhetoric and George Soros conspiracy theories were used by conservative commentators on Fox News. The caravan was described as an "invading horde" by Laura Ingraham, an "invasion" by Steve Doocy, "a full-scale invasion by a hostile force" by Michelle Malkin,^[103] "a criminal involvement on the part of these leftist mobs" and "a highly organized, very elaborate sophisticated operation" by Chris Farrell.^[104] According to closed captioning transcripts, the word "invasion" was used in relation to the caravan more than 60 times on Fox News in October 2018 and more than 75 times on Fox Business.^[105] Commentators noted that mentions of the caravan by Fox News dropped dramatically immediately following the 2018 midterm elections.^{[106][107][108]}

Disinformation was promoted by Trump and supporters including the claim that there were "criminals and unknown Middle Easterners" in the caravan, despite the lack of any publicized evidence for this charge.^[109] Likewise, Vice President Pence in an interview with Fox News stated:

What the president of Honduras told me is that the caravan was organized by leftist organizations, political activists within Honduras, and he said it was being funded by outside groups, and even from Venezuela ... So the American people, I think, see through this—they understand this is not a spontaneous caravan of vulnerable people.^[110]

The president of Honduras at the time, Juan Orlando Hernández, was a member of the right-wing National party^[111] and an opponent of the Venezuelan government led by Nicolás Maduro.^[112]

The Twitter account of the Department of Homeland Security "confirmed" that within the caravan there were people who are "gang members or have significant criminal histories," but did not offer any evidence of ties. NRATV alleged that "a bevy of left-wing groups" were working with George Soros and the Venezuelan government "to try to influence the 2018 midterms by sending Honduran migrants north in the thousands".^[109]

On November 2, 2018, five days before the election, the Department of Homeland Security website issued a press release, "Myth vs. Fact: Caravan", stating that "over 270 individuals along the caravan route have criminal histories, including known gang membership". It cited no sources for the specific numbers and crimes claimed, but did cite Mexican officials to back up their claim that the caravan contained criminal groups.^[113] The DHS also claimed the caravan contained migrants from Afghanistan, Somalia, India and Bangladesh, though they didn't cite any sources.^[113]

One study by the National Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) at the University of Southern California and the Institute for Defense Analyses stated that the Central American immigrants the U.S. and claiming asylum had more in common with economic migrants than traditional refugees.^[11] Both groups receive funding or sponsorship from the US government.^[114][115]

Reactions in Mexico

Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador said: "Obviously, we have to help because Central American migrants pass through our territory and we have to bring order to this migration, make sure it's legal."^[116]

Initially positive, the Mexican public's sentiment soured rapidly. El Universal's October 2018 survey found that 64.5% of the Mexican public believed that Central American migrants increased violence or unemployment; this figure increased to 73% in the following month's survey. 56% of the public believed that López Obrador needs to be "tougher" on future migrants.^[117]

The 2019 survey found that 58% of Mexican respondents oppose migration from Central America.^[118]

Late 2020 caravans

As the United States prepared for elections in 2020 unknown groups promoted messages on social media sites for another caravan.^[119]

In October 2020, migrant caravans from Honduras have been either intercepted by Guatemalan Army officers and deported back to Honduras upon reaching the border crossings, or some of them have evaded border restrictions and reached Guatemala City, with intent to continuing their journey to Mexico. The Mexican military and border police have repeatedly warned that no migrant caravans will be allowed to cross into Mexico.

Early 2021 caravans

After Joe Biden won the 2020 United States presidential election, there was a resurgence in migrant caravan activities. Fox News has claimed this to be related to Biden's planned amnesty for illegal immigrants within his first 100 days in office.^[120]

On January 13, just one week prior to the Joe Biden's presidential inauguration, more than 3,000 people departed Honduras and El Salvador for the United States. That number grew to approximately 7,000-8,000 one week later.^[121]

On January 16, Guatemala and Mexico deployed the military to their borders, in an attempt to stop the migrant caravan from transiting through their countries on the way to the United States.^[122][123] Three days later, the migrant caravans reportedly dissolved in the Guatemalan-Honduran border region, and most its participants were deported back to Honduras.^[124][125]

2022 caravans

From June 2022, up to 15,000 migrants, mostly from Central America and Venezuela, started to set out from the southern Mexico city of Tapachula in a caravan bound to the United States. ^[126][127] On 5 July, a caravan of almost 7,000 people departed from Tapachula. They broke up in Huixtla after two days.^[128]

On 11 December 2022, a migrant caravan of over 1,000 people crossed illegally into El Paso from Ciudad Juarez.^[129]

2023-2024 caravans

In April and May 2023, caravans of between 2,000 and 3,000 people departed from Tapachula.^[130] In October, another caravan of 4,000 people departed from Tapachula. ^[131]

In December 2023, a migrant caravan called "Exodus for Poverty" totalled between 8,000 and 10,000 arrived in the Mexican state of Chiapas. In January 2024, nearly 2,000 migrants have arrived in Oaxaca. ^[132]

See also

• 2014 American immigration crisis
• Asylum in the United States
• Brooks County, Texas
• European migrant crisis
• Illegal immigration to the United States
• List of Mexico–United States border crossings
• The Mariel boatlift
• Mexico–United States border crisis
• Missing in Brooks County
• Operation Faithful Patriot
• El tren de la muerte
• Vietnamese boat people

References

1. Carcamo, Cindy; Repard, Pauline (29 April 2018). "People 'associated with' Central American caravan have entered U.S. illegally, federal officials say". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
2. "Viacrucis". Pueblo Sin Fronteras. from the original on 2018-10-25. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
3. "Photo gallery: Migrant caravan". Chicago Tribune. 20 March 2018. from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
4. The truth about the caravan 2019-03-11 at the Wayback Machine Ami Horowitz documentary, November 12, 2018, Ami Horowitz channel, YouTube
5. "Why People Are Fleeing Honduras & Guatemala - Central American Refugee Crisis". www.unrefugees.org. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
6. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Women on the Run". UNHCR. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
7. Martínez, Sofía (2018-06-26). "Today's Migrant Flow Is Different". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
8. Entman, Liz (2018-09-24). "Violence at home pushes Central American migrants to U.S." Futurity. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
9. "Fleeing for Our Lives: Central American Migrant Crisis". Amnesty International USA. 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
10. "Global Burden of Armed Violence". Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
11. Dinan, Stephen (28 November 2018). "Caravan mostly standard illegal immigrants, not refugees fleeing violence". The Washington Times. from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
12. Biggs, Marcia; Galiano-Rios, Julia (2019-04-02). "Climate change is killing crops in Honduras -- and driving farmers north". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
13. Leutert, Stephanie (November 6, 2018). "How climate change is affecting rural Honduras and pushing people north". The Washington Post. from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
14. Markham, Lauren (2018-11-09). "The Caravan is a Climate Change Story". Pulitzer Center. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
15. "Erratic weather patterns in the Central American Dry Corridor leave 1.4 million people in urgent need of food assistance". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 25 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
16. Miller, Todd (2017). Storming the wall : climate change, migration, and homeland security. San Francisco, CA: City Lights. pp. 74–75, 81–96. ISBN 9780872867154. OCLC 959035965.
17. "Reporters - Honduras : les migrants de la soif". France 24. February 15, 2019.
18. Gustin, Georgina (2019-07-08). "Ravaged by Drought, a Honduran Village Faces a Choice: Pray for Rain or Migrate". InsideClimate News. Retrieved 2019-08-03.
19. "Le Honduras, un pays " pris en étau entre pauvreté extrême et ultraviolence "". Le Monde.fr. October 22, 2018 – via Le Monde.
20. "Trump calls for immigration matters using 'nuclear ootion' [part 2]". Fort Worth Star-Telegram (Fort Worth, Texas). 3 Apr 2018. p. A5 – via newspapers.com.
21. . 2018-04-04. Archived from the original on 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
22. Galindo, Ramon (29 April 2018). "US: Border Crossing at Capacity, Migrant Caravan Must Wait". NBC Los Angeles. from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
23. Semple, Kirk (2 April 2018). "Trump Transforms Immigrant Caravans in Mexico Into Cause Célèbre". The New York Times. from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
24. "Remnants of migrant caravan resume trek to U.S. border". CBS News. 19 April 2018. from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
25. "Caravan migrants, in the hundreds, reach Tijuana on the Mexico-U.S. border". CBC News. 25 April 2018. from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
26. Averbuch, Maya; Partlow, Joshua (29 April 2018). "At end of migrant caravan on U.S. border, families fear what comes next". The Washington Post. from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
27. Romero, Dennis; Ramos, Annie Rose; Silva, Danielle (28 April 2018). "Border fills to capacity as caravan of migrants arrives, officials say". NBC News. from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
28. Semple, Kirk; Jordon, Miriam (29 April 2018). "Migrant Caravan of Asylum Seekers Reaches U.S. Border". The New York Times. from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
29. Siegler, Kirk (2 May 2018). "In Tijuana, Migrants Seeking Asylum In The U.S. Tell Harrowing Stories Of Crisis". NPR. from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
30. Carranza, Rafael (12 May 2018). "Migrant-aid group says Border Patrol targeted them with arrests". USA Today. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
31. "Trial set for No More Deaths volunteer in immigrant harboring case". Arizona Daily Star. The Associated Press. 31 August 2018. from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
32. Stewart, Savannah (November 20, 2019). "Former ASU faculty associate Scott Warren not guilty in harboring trial". The State Press. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
33. "Hondureños inician caravana migrante desde San Pedro Sula rumbo a Estados Unidos". El Heraldo (Honduras) (in Spanish). 13 October 2018. from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
34. "¿De qué huyen los migrantes de la caravana?". Plumas Atómicas (in Spanish). 18 October 2018. from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
35. . La Tribuna (in Spanish). 13 October 2018. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
36. "Parte una nueva caravana con cientos de migrantes hondureños hacia México y EEUU". Univision (in Spanish). 12 October 2018. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
37. Bensinger, Ken; Zabludovsky, Karla (6 December 2018). "A Mysterious Imposter Account Was Used On Facebook To Drum Up Support For The Migrant Caravan". BuzzFeed. from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
38. Lakhani, Nina (6 April 2018). "'Yes, we can': caravan of 1,600 Honduran migrants crosses Guatemala border". The Guardian. from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
39. "Presidente de Honduras: "No se dejan usar para fines políticos, no pongan en riesgo sus vidas"". La Prensa (in Spanish). 16 October 2018. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
40. "Pueblo Sin Fronteras apoya pero no recomienda otra caravana de hondureños". La Prensa (in Spanish). 16 October 2018. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
41. "Bartolo Fuentes ha sido trasladado a un albergue de ciudad Guatemala". Criterio.hn (in Spanish). 16 October 2018. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
42. Barrera, Whitmer (18 October 2018). "Migrantes hondureños llegan a Tecún Umán y varios cruzan hacia México por el río Suchiate". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
43. Martínez, Carlos (19 October 2018). "La caravana de migrantes hondureños colapsa los albergues en Guatemala". El Faro (in Spanish). from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
44. Durkin, Erin; Lakhani, Nina (18 October 2018). "Trump threatens to close US-Mexico border over Honduran migrant caravan". The Guardian. from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
45. "Migrant caravan: Mexico sends police to southern border". BBC News. 19 October 2018. from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
46. "Mexican government sends federal police to intercept caravan of U.S.-bound migrants". USA Today. 18 October 2018. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
47. Averbuch, Maya; Semple, Kirk (19 October 2018). "As Trump Assails Caravan, a Clash Between Migrants and Mexico Police". The New York Times. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
48. Averbuch, Maya; Semple, Kirk (20 October 2018). "Migrant Caravan Continues North, Defying Mexico and U.S." The New York Times. from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
49. Richards, Tony (21 October 2018). "Attempts to stop migrants fail; 5,000 enter MX, begin march north". Mexico News Daily. from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
50. "5,000 migrants camped out in Chiapas last night and resumed their march today". Mexico Daily News. 22 October 2018. from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
51. "Phoenix activist arrested in southern Mexico while participating in migrant caravan". USA Today. 22 October 2018. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
52. "Trump to cut Central American aid as 7,200-strong caravan continues march north". ABC News. 23 October 2018. from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
53. "Trump vows to cut aid over migrant caravan". BBC News. 22 October 2018. from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
54. Burnett, John; Wamsley, Laurel (18 October 2018). "As Caravan Of Migrants Heads North, Trump Threatens To Close Southern U.S. Border". NPR. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
55. "'Estás en tu casa', dice Peña Nieto a migrantes; ofrece trabajo, salud y educación a centroamericanos". Vanguardia MX (in Spanish). 26 October 2018. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
56. "Migrant caravan: Mexico offers temporary work permits". BBC News. 27 October 2018. from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
57. Sherman, Christoper; Billy, Santiago (30 October 2018). "Migrant caravan demands transport as 2nd group enters Mexico". Associated Press. from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
58. Semple, KirK; Malkin, Elisabeth (31 October 2018). "New Migrant Caravans Trek North, Ignoring Political Repercussions". The New York Times. from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
59. Bonello, Deborah (6 November 2018). "100 people 'kidnapped' from migrant caravan by drug cartels in Mexico". The Telegraph. from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
60. "Climate Change and Disaster Displacement". UNHCR. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
61. Milman, Oliver; Holden, Emily; Agren, David (October 30, 2018). "The unseen driver behind the migrant caravan: climate change". The Guardian. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
62. Guthrie, Amy (13 October 2018). "Spontaneous caravan of migrants winds way through Honduras". Chron. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
63. . Reliefweb.int. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
64. Lind, Dara (25 October 2018). "The migrant caravan, explained". Vox. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
65. Perez D., Sonia (17 October 2018). "Migrant caravan marches on in Guatemala amid Trump's threats". Business Insider. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
66. Perez D., Sonia (18 October 2018). . Time. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
67. Perez D., Sonia; Stevenson, Mark (19 October 2018). "Caravan migrants break Guatemala border fence, rush Mexico". Associated Press. from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
68. Andone, Dakin; Oppmann, Patrick; Gallón, Natalie (22 October 2018). "Migrant caravan resumes march northward from Mexico-Guatemala border – CNN". CNN News. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
69. Agren, David; Holpuch, Amanada (24 October 2018). "Where is the migrant caravan from – and what will happen to it at the border?". The Guardian. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
70. Sherman, Christopher (25 October 2018). "Mexican towns rally for migrants, who try to be good guests". Associated Press. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
71. "Migrant caravan moves on through southern Mexico towards US". Independent Online. 26 October 2018. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
72. Schrank, Delphine (27 October 2018). "Central American caravan moves on in spite of Mexico jobs offer". Reuters. from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
73. Sherman, Christopher (28 October 2018). . Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
74. "San Pedro Sula to Juchitán de Zaragoza". Google Maps. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
75. Mindock, Clark (2 November 2018). "Migrant caravan: Asylum seekers travel through Mexico as Trump walks back suggestion that migrants throwing stones will be shot at border". The Independent. from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
76. Hecimovic, Arnel (31 October 2018). "Migrant caravan in Mexico en route to the US – in pictures". The Guardian. from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
77. "San Pedro Sula to Matias Romero Avendano". Google Maps. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
78. Agren, David (2 November 2018). "Migrant caravan families face illness, exhaustion and danger". The Guardian. from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
79. "San Pedro Sula to Isla". Google Maps. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
80. . The State. 3 November 2018. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
81. "Migranten fürchten sich vor der "Route des Todes"". Märkische Allgemeine (in German). 4 November 2018. from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
82. Perez D., Sonia (3 November 2018). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
83. "San Pedro Sula to Mexico City". Google Maps. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
84. "In pictures: Migrant caravan rests in Mexico City - BBC News". BBC News. 7 November 2018. from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
85. Montes, Juan; Whelan, Robbie (6 November 2018). "Migrant Caravan Makes a Stop in Mexico City". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
86. Agren, David (5 November 2018). "Migrant caravan converges on Mexico City after three weeks on the road". The Guardian. from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
87. Samuels, Brett (5 November 2018). "Migrant caravan reaches Mexican capital". The Hill. from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
88. "San Pedro Sula to Santiago de Querétaro". San Pedro Sula to Santiago de Querétaro.
89. "Migrant caravan moves on to central Mexico city of Irapuato". Idahostatesman.com. Retrieved 2018-11-14. ^{[dead link]}
90. "Menschenrechte: Tausende Migranten aus Zentralamerika erreichen mexikanische Stadt Querétaro - WELT". Welt.de. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
91. "Migrant Caravan Map", Center for Immigration Studies, 10 November 2018, from the original on 11 November 2018, retrieved 10 November 2018
92. "San Pedro Sula to Irapuato". San Pedro Sula to Irapuato.
93. "San Pedro Sula to Guadalajara". San Pedro Sula to Guadalajara.
94. "Migrant caravan reaches Mexico's Guadalajara - Vatican News". Vaticannews.va. 13 November 2018. from the original on 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
95. "San Pedro Sula to Tijuana". San Pedro Sula to Tijuana.
96. "Migrant caravan: More than 1,500 refugees and migrants arrive at US-Mexico border". Independent.co.uk. 16 November 2018. from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
97. Gomez, Alan; Jansen, Bart (29 October 2018). "Pentagon to deploy 5,200 active duty troops to U.S.-Mexico border to halt migrant caravan". USA Today. from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
98. "Mexico: Tijuana declares humanitarian crisis over migrant caravan". the Guardian. Associated Press. 24 November 2018. from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
99. "US closes major border crossing, uses tear gas on asylum seekers". www.aljazeera.com. 25 November 2018. from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
100. "Chaos on the U.S.-Mexico Border". The Week. 18 (902): 4. December 7, 2018.
101. "US closes major border crossing, uses tear gas on asylum seekers". www.aljazeera.com. 25 November 2018. from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
102. . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
103. Folkenflik, David (30 October 2018). "Tensions Rise At Fox News Over Coverage And Rhetoric Surrounding Migrant Caravan". NPR.org. NPR. from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
104. ANAPOL, AVERY (28 October 2018). "Fox Business drops guest who blamed migrant caravan on 'Soros-occupied State Department'". The Hill. from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
105. Stelter, Brian (30 October 2018). "Pittsburgh suspect echoed talking point that dominated Fox News airwaves". CNN Business. from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
106. "Fox News barely mentions "the caravan" the morning after the midterms". 7 November 2018. from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
107. "Now that the election's over, Fox News and Trump seem to have lost interest in the caravan". 8 November 2018. from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
108. "Fox News' coverage of the caravan drops after midterm election". MSNBC. from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
109. Serwer, Adam (28 October 2018). "Trump's Caravan Hysteria Led to This". The Atlantic. from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
110. Doocy, Peter (27 October 2018). "Mike Pence claims he's learned migrant caravan funded by 'outside groups'". Fox News. from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
111. Digital, Libertad. (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
112. "Comunicado del Grupo de Lima". www.gob.pe (in Spanish). from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
113. "Myth vs. Fact: Caravan". Department of Homeland Security. 2018-11-01. from the original on 2018-11-02. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
114. . Department of Homeland Security. 2009-07-06. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved 2021-01-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
115. Taylor, Maxwell D; Institute for Defense Analyses (1968). Case study of a "think tank": the Institute for Defense Analyses. Alexandria, VA. OCLC 32111713.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
116. "Mexican president wants to 'bring order' to Central American migration to U.S." Reuters. April 1, 2019.
117. "No bienvenidos. México cambia sobre migrantes". El Universal. November 25, 2018.
118. "Shocking photo of drowned father and daughter highlights migrants' border peril". The Guardian. June 26, 2019.
119. "Migrant caravan sets off from Honduras with eyes on U.S. border". www.cbsnews.com. CBS/AP. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
120. "Biden's pledge to suspend deportations may be behind migrant caravan". www.foxnews.com. Fox News Channel. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
121. "Migrant caravan departs for U.S., clash with Central American forces". www.10news.com. KGTV. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
122. "Guatemalan troops forcibly clear migrant caravan from highway". The Guardian. January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
123. "The caravan hoped for change. But it's not all up to Biden". Sandra Cuffe and Whitney Eulich. January 18, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
124. "Large migrant caravan dissolves in Guatemala". www.nbcnews.com. NBC/AP. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
125. "Guatemala Breaks Up Migrant Caravan and Deports Thousands". www.bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
126. "Up to 15,000 may join largest ever migrant caravan to walk through Mexico to US". TheGuardian.com. 3 June 2022.
127. "Migrants walk north from southern Mexico in protest". ABC News.
128. "Latest migrant caravan breaks up in Mexico after 2 days". 5 July 2022.
129. "Hundreds of migrants wait to cross Rio Grande to Texas after CBP sent 20 buses back to Mexico". MSN.
130. "3,000 migrants begin walk north from southern Mexico". Politico. 23 April 2023.
131. "Migrant caravan of 4,000 people departs Tapachula in southern Mexico". 31 October 2023.
132. "Migrant caravan disbanded in southern Mexico". PoliticoAnadolu Agency. 26 January 2024.

Further reading

• No Queda de Otra. An Exploration of the Root Cauaes of Migration to the Southern Border (PDF). El Paso, Texas: Hope Border Inatitute. 2021.

External links

• Map: From Africa to Tijuana

via: São Paulo, crossing the Darién Gap on foot, across the Rio Suchiate to Tapachula, and to Tijuana.

at: Coronado, Gary (23 December 2016). "Traversing the Rio Suchiate: Between Africa and the U.S., an illicit river crossing in Latin America". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 November 2018.