Busek

Busek Company Incorporated is an American spacecraft propulsion company that builds thrusters, electronics, and various systems for spacecraft.

Busek Company Incorporated

Concept art of the Lunar Gateways' Power and Propulsion Element with Busek Hall effect thrusters (outer pair on each side)
Company type	Aerospace
Founded	1985
Founder	Vlad Hruby
Headquarters	Natick, Massachusetts , United States
Products	Spacecraft propulsion
Website	www.busek.com

History

Busek was founded in 1985 by Vlad Hruby in Natick, Massachusetts.^[1] Busek started as a laboratory outside of Boston, Massachusetts.

Flight missions

TacSat-2

 

Busek's BHT-200 hall effect thruster

The first US Hall thruster flown in space, Busek's BHT-200, was launched aboard the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) TacSat-2 satellite. The Busek thruster was part of the Microsatellite Propulsion Integration (MPI) Experiment and was integrated on TacSat-2 under the direction of the DoD Space Test Program. TacSat-2 launched on December 16, 2006 from the NASA Wallops Flight Facility.^[2]

LISA Pathfinder

The first electrospray thruster that made it to space was manufactured by Busek and launched aboard the European Space Agency's LISA Pathfinder satellite on December 3, 2015. The micro-newton colloid-style electric thruster was developed under contract with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA ST-7 Program) and part of NASA's Disturbance Reduction System (DRS), which serves a critical role in the LISA Pathfinder science mission.^[3][4]

AEHF

Aerojet, under license with Busek,^[5][6] manufactured the 4 kW Hall thruster (the BPT-4000) which was flown aboard the USAF AEHF communications spacecraft.

OneWeb

In 2023, Busek announced the successful on-orbit commissioning of its BHT-350 Hall-effect thrusters on 80 OneWeb satellites, launched in December 2022 and January 2023 on SpaceX Falcon 9 rockets. The new OneWeb communications satellites use the thrusters for orbit-raising, station-keeping, collision avoidance and de-orbiting at the conclusion of each satellite’s mission.^[7]

Contracts

NASA

Busek will be providing Hall thrusters for NASA's Artemis Program. As part of the Power and Propulsion Element, Busek's 6 kW Hall thrusters will work in combination with NASA's Advanced Electric Propulsion System to provide orbit-raising and station-keeping capabilities for the Lunar Gateway. The Lunar Gateway's polar near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) will require periodic orbit adjustment, and electric propulsion will use solar energy for this task.^[8]

Research and development

Propulsion

 

Busek's BIT-3 ion thruster operating on several propellants

Busek has demonstrated experimental xenon Hall thrusters at power levels exceeding 20kW.^[9] Busek has also developed Hall thrusters that operate on iodine,^[10][11] bismuth,^[12][13] carbon dioxide,^[14] magnesium,^[15] zinc,^[16] and other substances. An iodine fueled 200 W Busek Hall thruster will fly on NASA's iSat (Iodine Satellite) mission. Busek is also preparing a 600 Watt iodine Hall thruster system for future Discovery Class missions.^[17]

Other publicized Busek technologies include RF ion engines^[18] and a resistojet rocket.^[19] Another focus is CubeSat propulsion, proposed for the 2018 Lunar IceCube mission.^[20]

As of July 2012^[update], Busek was working on a DARPA-funded program called DARPA Phoenix, which aimed to recycle some parts of on-orbit spacecraft.^[21]

In September 2013, NASA awarded an 18‑month Phase I contract to Busek to develop an experimental concept called a High Aspect Ratio Porous Surface (HARPS) microthruster system for use in tiny CubeSat spacecraft.^[22][23]

In March 2021, Busek and Maxar Technologies completed an end-to-end hot fire test campaign validating the 6-kilowatt solar electric propulsion (SEP) subsystem for the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) of NASA’s Gateway in lunar orbit.^[24]

Orbital Debris Remover (ORDER)

In order to deal with space debris, Busek proposed in 2014 a remotely controlled vehicle to rendezvous with this debris, capture it, and attach a smaller deorbit satellite to the debris. The remotely controlled vehicle would then drag the debris/smallsat-combination, using a tether, to the desired location. The larger satellite would then tow the debris/smallsat combination to either deorbit or move it to a higher graveyard orbit by means of electric propulsion. The larger satellite, named the Orbital Debris Remover, or ORDER, would carry over 40 SUL (Satellite on an Umbilical Line) deorbit satellites and sufficient propellant for a large number of orbital manoeuvres required to effect a 40-satellite debris removal mission over many years. Busek projected the cost for such a space tug to be US$80 million.^[25]

See also

• AEHF – Series of American military satellitesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• FalconSAT-3 – Program within the United States Air Force Academy for building small satellitesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• FalconSAT-5 – satellitePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallbackPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces (USA-221)
• LISA Pathfinder – 2015 European Space Agency spacecraft
• Lunar IceCube – Nanosatellite launched in 2022
• TacSat-2 – US military satellite
• OneWeb – Global communications companyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

References

1. "Spotlight | Busek Co. Inc". SpaceNews. 2014-08-25. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
2. Goebel, Dan; Katz, Ira (2008). Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 442. ISBN 978-0470429273.
3. "Colloid Microthrusters Demonstrated on LISA Pathfinder | Science Mission Directorate". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
4. Ziemer, John K.; Randolph, Thomas; Hruby, Vlad; Spence, Douglas; Demmons, Nathaniel; Roy, Tom; Connolly, William; Ehrbar, Eric; Zwahlen, Jurg; Martin, Roy (2006). "Colloid Microthrust Propulsion for the Space Technology 7 (ST7) and LISA Missions". AIP Conference Proceedings. 873. Greenbelt, Maryland (USA): AIP: 548–555. doi:10.1063/1.2405097.
5. Wilhelm, S. "In rocket technology, the ion is king of the jungle". Puget Sound Business Journal, May 16, 1999.
6. (PDF). Air Force SBIR Impact. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-03. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
7. Werner, Debra. "Busek ramps up production for OneWeb Constellation". Space News, February 6, 2023.
8. Herman, Dan; Gray, Timothy; Johnson, Ian; Kerl, Taylor; Lee, Ty; Silva, Tina (15 September 2019). The Application of Advanced Electric Propulsion on the NASA Power and Propulsion Element (PDF). International Electric Propulsion Conference. Vienna, Austria. p. 15.
9. Boyd, I.; Sun, Q.; Cai, C.; Tatum, K. "Particle Simulation of Hall Thruster Plumes in the 12V Vacuum Chamber" (PDF). IEPC Paper 2005-138, Proceedings of the 29th International Electric Propulsion Conference, Princeton University, 2005.
10. Szabo, James; Pote, Bruce; Paintal, Surjeet; Robin, Mike; Hillier, Adam; Branam, Richard D.; Huffmann, Richard E. (2012-07-01). "Performance Evaluation of an Iodine-Vapor Hall Thruster". Journal of Propulsion and Power. 28 (4): 848–857. doi:10.2514/1.B34291.
11. Marshall Space Flight Center. "Iodine-Compatible Hall Effect Thruster". NASA Tech Briefs, June 2016.
12. Walker, M. "Propulsion and Energy: Electric Propulsion (Year in Review, 2005)" (PDF). Aerospace America, December 2005.
13. Marshall Space Flight Center (November 2008). "Hall-Effect Thruster Utilizing Bismuth as Propellant". NASA Tech Briefs, 32, 11.
14. Bergin, C. (January 9, 2012). "Enabling the future: NASA Call for exploration revolution via NIAC concepts". NASA Spaceflight.com.
15. Glenn Research Center. "Improved Hall Thrusters Fed by Solid Phase Propellant". NASA Tech Briefs, July 2015.
16. Szabo, J.; Robin, M.; Duggan, J..; Hofer, R. "Light Metal Propellant Hall Thrusters". IEPC paper 09-138, Proceedings of the 31st International Electric Propulsion Conference, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2009.
17. "Iodine Hall Thruster for Space Exploration". NASA SBIR/STTR Success Stories, 5 May 2016.
18. Krejci, David; Lozano, Paul (2018). "Space Propulsion Technology for Small Spacecraft". Proceedings of the IEEE. 106 (3): 362–378. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2017.2778747. hdl:1721.1/114401. S2CID 3268221.
19. Goddard Space Flight Center. "Micro-Resistojet for Small Satellites". NASA Tech Briefs, June 2008.
20. . Morehead State University. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
21. Johnson, C. "Boston-area firms to help recycle satellites". The Boston Globe, July 30, 2012.
22. "Game Changing Development". NASA. 2022-12-19. Retrieved 2024-04-19.
23. Small Satellite Propulsion. (PDF), p. 12. AstroRecon 2015. January 8–10, 2015. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
24. "Maxar and Busek Thruster System for NASA Lunar Gateway Passes Critical Milestone". AP NEWS. 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
25. Foust, Jeff (2014-11-25). "Companies Have Technologies, but Not Business Plans, for Orbital Debris Cleanup". Space News. Archived from the original on December 6, 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-06.