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Propaganda and Agitation Department

January 01, 1970

The Propaganda and Agitation Department (PAD, Korean: 선전선동부[1]),[a] officially translated as the Publicity and Information Department,[3] is a department of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) tasked with coordinating the creation and dissemination of propaganda in North Korea. It is the highest propaganda organization in the country.

Publicity and Information Department of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
선전선동부
Emblem of the Workers' Party of Korea
Agency overview
Formed1945; 79 years ago (1945)
JurisdictionPropaganda in North Korea
HeadquartersPyongyang, North Korea
Agency executives
Parent agencyCentral Committee

The history of the department can be traced back to the Soviet Civil Administration following the division of Korea in 1945. Agitation operations by the department reached their height in the years after the Korean War.

Although nominally under the Central Committee of the WPK, the department reports directly to Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un. The department is currently under the effective guidance of its deputy department director Kim Yo-jong, sister of Kim Jong Un, while its nominal head is Ri Il-hwan. The department has various bureaus and offices under its control.

The department sets guidelines for all propaganda materials produced and all North Korean media is overseen by it. However, in order to maintain its clandestine nature, actions relating to repression of the media are nominally attributed to the Ministry of Culture [ko]. When newspapers are published in North Korea, they go through three rounds of censorship. The first is handled by the editors of the paper. The second and third levels are taken care of by the department.

The department also translates foreign works, which are censored from the public, for the use of the country's political elite.[4]

Organization edit

 
Newspapers in North Korea go through three rounds of censorship, two of which are by the PAD.

The Propaganda and Agitation Department (PAD) is under the supervision of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK).[5] It is the highest propaganda organization in the country. The PAD formulates propaganda policy, controls cultural life, and produces propaganda materials.[6] It disseminates Juche, Songun, "Strong and Prosperous Nation",[7] and socialist ideologues and indoctrinates both party members and ordinary citizens with them.[6][8][9] The PAD uses both formal and informal settings to achieve these goals.[10] Because the WPK has a rich history in propaganda, the PAD is quite influential within the party structure.[6] Along with the Organization and Guidance Department, with which it cooperates,[9] it is one of the most important departments of the WPK.[6] Although nominally under the Central Committee of the WPK, the PAD reports directly to Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un.[3] The PAD's headquarters are in the center of Pyongyang.[3] The PAD is roughly analogous to the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party.[7]

All propaganda materials are produced in accordance with guidelines set by the PAD,[11] and all media is overseen by it.[12] Limits set for content by the PAD are strict.[13] The PAD controls the press in North Korea, but in order to maintain its behind-the-scenes nature, actions relating to repression of the media are often publicly attributed to the Ministry of Culture [ko] instead.[14] When newspapers are published in North Korea, they go through three rounds of censorship. The first is handled by the editors of the paper. The second and third levels are taken care of by the PAD. Its General Bureau of Publication Guidance reviews both newspapers and other types of publications and broadcasts. The PAD's Newspaper Administration is the final level of press censorship.[15] Likewise, radio and television broadcasts and the Korean Central News Agency are also under supervision of the PAD through the Korean Central Broadcasting Committee, to which it appoints personnel; only the Voice of National Salvation [ko] is controlled by the United Front Department of the party instead.[16] The PAD cooperates with the State Security Department and Ministry of Social Security to curtail international broadcasting into North Korea.[7] The General Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Ministry of Defense maintains a separate structure, but the PAD cooperates with it. Other partners include the Party History Institute and the Korean Documentary Films Studio.[5]

The PAD has numerous bureaus and offices under it.[7] For instance, the April 15 Literary Production company is directly under the PAD and the company often supplies the department with executives.[17][5] The Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Workers' Publishing House, and Kumsong Youth Publishing House [ko] are also under its control.[5] The PAD also translates otherwise forbidden foreign works for the use of the country's political elite.[4] The Korea Film Studios and the 25 April Film Studio are under the Ministry of Culture, but the PAD controls them and their staff.[5]

History edit

The history of the PAD can be traced back to the Soviet Civil Administration following the division of Korea in 1945. Agitation operations by the PAD reached their height in the years after the Korean War. They included speed campaigns such as the Chollima Movement and Pyongyang Speed [ko], labor methodologies like the Chongsan-ri Method [ja] and the Taean Work System, and the Three Revolutions Movement [ko].[7]

Kim To-man was the chief of the PAD until his involvement with the Kapsan Faction Incident that sought to oust Kim Il Sung in 1967.[18] Kim To-man had commissioned Act of Sincerity – described variously as either a film or a stage play[19] – about the life of Pak Kum-chol without the approval of Kim Il Sung. In North Korean society, this was an inexcusable offense, and Kim To-man was forced to go.[20] Kim Jong Il probably helped in purging him.[21] After this and related purges the PAD shaped the societal landscape of North Korea to allow Kim Il Sung to cement his rule and become the supreme leader of North Korea.[7]

Kim Jong-il edit

Kim Jong Il had entered service of the PAD in February 1966.[22] He was appointed the head of the PAD's Guidance Section of Culture and Art and Publication and Press section in September 1967 after a meeting in which Kim Il Sung criticized those who were associated with the Kapsan Faction Incident.[23][6] In 1969, Kim Jong Il was promoted the deputy chief of the entire PAD. During this time, he not only designed and issued party IDs and oversaw the handling of portraits of Kim Il-sung. In practice, Kim Jong Il ran the entire department because his nominal superior Kim Kuk-tae suffered from ill health and Yang Hyong-sop, who was tasked with ideological affairs, was engaged with science and education policy instead of propaganda.[24] In September 1973, Kim Jong Il became the chief of the PAD, a position which he held until 1985.[6]

Kim Jong Il's years in the PAD were marked by his effort to become an expert in the field of propaganda,[6] as well as him developing his charisma.[25] Kim Jong Il's main contribution in the department was to devise the "monolithic ideological system", later codified as the Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System. Kim's various efforts greatly benefited the North Korean cult of personality.[24] During this time, the film director Choe Ik-gyu, a close confidant of his, also rose in the ranks of the PAD, becoming its vice director in 1972.[26] Choe developed mass games that would evolve into the Arirang Festival,[27] the organizing of which he is still overseeing.[28] Choe fell in and out of favor repeatedly,[29] and finally resigned from the PAD for good in 2010 after being briefly its director.[30][31] The department was important because of role in mass mobilization.[32] Kim Jong Il was known as a great fan of music, film, and theater since young age and his position within the department was natural fit.[33]

The PAD helped to create a cultural milieu in which Kim Jong Il was named his father's successor at the Sixth Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea in 1980.[7] When his succession became urgent in the 1990s, the PAD fabricated a convincing personal history for him because he lacked any true military credentials.[34] He continued to influence the daily affairs of the PAD after his succession.[5]

Kim Jong-un edit

Before the death of Kim Jong-il, it was already speculated that the imminent succession would employ the PAD.[35] Kim Jong Un's sister Kim Yo-jong became the de facto leader of PAD when she was appointed its first deputy director and put in charge of "idolization projects" of Kim Jong Un.[36][37] The nominal director is Pak Kwang-ho.[3][38]

Leadership edit

 
Kim Yo-jong, Deputy Department Director and the de facto leader of PAD

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ PAD is the literal translation. The name 선전선동부 is a Sino-Korean reading of 宣傳煽動部, a name used to refer to this department in Chinese-language Yonhap News Agency reports.[2] For explanation on a similarly contested translation, see Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party § Name.
  1. ^ Jun, Jenny; LaFoy, Scott; Sohn, Ethan (2015). North Korea's Cyber Operations: Strategy and Responses. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4422-5903-4.
  2. ^ 金與正被證實隸屬朝鮮勞動黨宣傳煽動部 [Kim Yo-jong confirmed as working for the WPK PAD]. 韓聯社（南韓聯合通訊社） (in Chinese). 27 April 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e Madden, Michael (28 February 2018). "North Korea's New Propagandist?". 38 North. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  4. ^ a b Jang 2015, p. 32.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "KWP Propaganda and Agitation Department" 2009, p. 2.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Lim 2015, p. 10.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "KWP Propaganda and Agitation Department" 2009, p. 1.
  8. ^ North Korea Handbook 2002, p. 166.
  9. ^ a b Jieun Baek (2016). North Korea's Hidden Revolution: How the Information Underground Is Transforming a Closed Society. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-300-22447-4.
  10. ^ Philo Kim (2002). "An Analysis of Religious Forms of Juche Ideology in Comparison with Christianity". International Journal of Korean Unification Studies. 11 (1): 127–144. ISSN 1229-6902.
  11. ^ Lim 2015, p. 11.
  12. ^ Hoare, James (2012). "Media". Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-8108-6151-0.
  13. ^ Jang 2015, p. 33.
  14. ^ North Korea Handbook 2002, p. 170.
  15. ^ North Korea Handbook 2002, p. 410.
  16. ^ "KWP Propaganda and Agitation Department" 2009, pp. 1–2.
  17. ^ North Korea Handbook 2002, p. 173.
  18. ^ Lim 2008, pp. 43, 37.
  19. ^ Myers 2015, p. 95n52.
  20. ^ Lim 2008, p. 39.
  21. ^ Martin 2007, pp. 353–354.
  22. ^ Armstrong, Charles K. (2013). Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-8014-6893-3.
  23. ^ Lim 2008, pp. 39, 42–43.
  24. ^ a b c Lim 2008, p. 43.
  25. ^ Baek 2008, p. 218.
  26. ^ North Korea Handbook 2002, p. 185.
  27. ^ Fischer 2016, p. 62.
  28. ^ Fischer 2016, p. 310.
  29. ^ "Choe Ik-gyu" 2009, p. 1.
  30. ^ a b "Choe Ik-gyu" 2009, p. 2.
  31. ^ a b c "Personnel Shuffles in the first half of 2010". North Korea Leadership Watch. 4 June 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  32. ^ Jang 2015, p. 42.
  33. ^ Jang 2015, pp. 42–43.
  34. ^ Oh, Kongdan; Hassig, Ralph C. (2004). North Korea through the Looking Glass. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8157-9820-0.
  35. ^ Baek 2008, p. 228.
  36. ^ Lee Sang Yong (24 July 2015). "Kim Jong-un's sister promoted to run 'idolisation projects' in North Korea". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  37. ^ a b "KJU Arranges Banquet and Performance for PRC Delegation". North Korea Leadership Watch. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  38. ^ a b In-Chan Hwang (11 October 2017). "Choe Ryong Hae appointed N.K. party's highest position". The Dong-a Ilbo. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  39. ^ David-West, Alzo (2011). "Between Confucianism and Marxism-Leninism: Juche and the Case of Chŏng Tasan". Korean Studies. 35 (1): 93–121. doi:10.1353/ks.2011.0007. ISSN 1529-1529. S2CID 144136781.
  40. ^ Lankov 1999, p. 48.
  41. ^ Madden 2012, p. 3.
  42. ^ Henry, Terrence (1 May 2005). "After Kim Jong Il". The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  43. ^ "Senior DPRK Officials Visit Ku'msusan to Mark Anniversary of KIS' Demise". North Korea Leadership Watch. 8 July 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  44. ^ Lee Sang Yong (20 July 2015). . Daily NK. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  45. ^ "Kim Ki Nam". North Korea Leadership Watch. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  46. ^ Baek 2008, p. 224.

Works cited edit

  • Baek Seung Joo (2008). "Prospects on characteristics of the North Korean succession system and its foreign policy in the Post-Kim Jong Il era". Korean Journal of Defense Analysis. 20 (3): 215–230. doi:10.1080/10163270802309105. ISSN 1016-3271.
  • "Choe Ik-gyu" (PDF). North Korea Leadership Watch. October 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  • Fischer, Paul (2016). A Kim Jong-Il Production: Kidnap, Torture, Murder... Making Movies North Korean-Style. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-241-97000-3.
  • Jang Jin-sung (2015). Dear Leader: My Escape from North Korea. Translated by Shirley Lee. New York: Atria. ISBN 978-1-4767-6656-0.
  • Jae-Cheon Lim (2008). Kim Jong-il's Leadership of North Korea. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-01712-6.
  • — (2015). Leader Symbols and Personality Cult in North Korea: The Leader State. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-56741-7.
  • "KWP Propaganda and Agitation Department" (PDF). North Korea Leadership Watch. November 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  • Lankov, Andrei N. (1999). "Kim Il Sung's Campaign against the Soviet Faction in Late 1955 and the Birth of Chuch'e". Korean Studies. 23 (1): 43–67. doi:10.1353/ks.1999.0003. ISSN 1529-1529. S2CID 154905899.
  • Madden, Michael (2012). "Jong Kyong Hui (Chŏng Kyŏng-hŭi)". KPA Journal. 2 (11): 3–4. OCLC 741222847. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  • Martin, Bradley K. (2007). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-4299-0699-9.
  • Myers, B. R. (2015). North Korea's Juche Myth. Busan: Sthele Press. ISBN 978-1-5087-9993-1.
  • North Korea Handbook. Seoul: Yonhap News Agency. 2002. ISBN 978-0-7656-3523-5.

Further reading edit

Primary sources edit

External links edit

January 01, 1970
propaganda, agitation, department, korean, 선전선동부, officially, translated, publicity, information, department, department, central, committee, workers, party, korea, tasked, with, coordinating, creation, dissemination, propaganda, north, korea, highest, propaga. The Propaganda and Agitation Department PAD Korean 선전선동부 1 a officially translated as the Publicity and Information Department 3 is a department of the Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea WPK tasked with coordinating the creation and dissemination of propaganda in North Korea It is the highest propaganda organization in the country Publicity and Information Department of the Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea선전선동부Emblem of the Workers Party of KoreaAgency overviewFormed1945 79 years ago 1945 JurisdictionPropaganda in North KoreaHeadquartersPyongyang North KoreaAgency executivesRi Il hwan DirectorKim Yo jong Deputy Department DirectorParent agencyCentral Committee The history of the department can be traced back to the Soviet Civil Administration following the division of Korea in 1945 Agitation operations by the department reached their height in the years after the Korean War Although nominally under the Central Committee of the WPK the department reports directly to Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un The department is currently under the effective guidance of its deputy department director Kim Yo jong sister of Kim Jong Un while its nominal head is Ri Il hwan The department has various bureaus and offices under its control The department sets guidelines for all propaganda materials produced and all North Korean media is overseen by it However in order to maintain its clandestine nature actions relating to repression of the media are nominally attributed to the Ministry of Culture ko When newspapers are published in North Korea they go through three rounds of censorship The first is handled by the editors of the paper The second and third levels are taken care of by the department The department also translates foreign works which are censored from the public for the use of the country s political elite 4 Contents 1 Organization 2 History 2 1 Kim Jong il 2 2 Kim Jong un 3 Leadership 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Works cited 6 Further reading 6 1 Primary sources 7 External linksOrganization edit nbsp Newspapers in North Korea go through three rounds of censorship two of which are by the PAD The Propaganda and Agitation Department PAD is under the supervision of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea WPK 5 It is the highest propaganda organization in the country The PAD formulates propaganda policy controls cultural life and produces propaganda materials 6 It disseminates Juche Songun Strong and Prosperous Nation 7 and socialist ideologues and indoctrinates both party members and ordinary citizens with them 6 8 9 The PAD uses both formal and informal settings to achieve these goals 10 Because the WPK has a rich history in propaganda the PAD is quite influential within the party structure 6 Along with the Organization and Guidance Department with which it cooperates 9 it is one of the most important departments of the WPK 6 Although nominally under the Central Committee of the WPK the PAD reports directly to Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un 3 The PAD s headquarters are in the center of Pyongyang 3 The PAD is roughly analogous to the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party 7 All propaganda materials are produced in accordance with guidelines set by the PAD 11 and all media is overseen by it 12 Limits set for content by the PAD are strict 13 The PAD controls the press in North Korea but in order to maintain its behind the scenes nature actions relating to repression of the media are often publicly attributed to the Ministry of Culture ko instead 14 When newspapers are published in North Korea they go through three rounds of censorship The first is handled by the editors of the paper The second and third levels are taken care of by the PAD Its General Bureau of Publication Guidance reviews both newspapers and other types of publications and broadcasts The PAD s Newspaper Administration is the final level of press censorship 15 Likewise radio and television broadcasts and the Korean Central News Agency are also under supervision of the PAD through the Korean Central Broadcasting Committee to which it appoints personnel only the Voice of National Salvation ko is controlled by the United Front Department of the party instead 16 The PAD cooperates with the State Security Department and Ministry of Social Security to curtail international broadcasting into North Korea 7 The General Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Ministry of Defense maintains a separate structure but the PAD cooperates with it Other partners include the Party History Institute and the Korean Documentary Films Studio 5 The PAD has numerous bureaus and offices under it 7 For instance the April 15 Literary Production company is directly under the PAD and the company often supplies the department with executives 17 5 The Workers Party of Korea Publishing House Foreign Languages Publishing House Workers Publishing House and Kumsong Youth Publishing House ko are also under its control 5 The PAD also translates otherwise forbidden foreign works for the use of the country s political elite 4 The Korea Film Studios and the 25 April Film Studio are under the Ministry of Culture but the PAD controls them and their staff 5 History editThe history of the PAD can be traced back to the Soviet Civil Administration following the division of Korea in 1945 Agitation operations by the PAD reached their height in the years after the Korean War They included speed campaigns such as the Chollima Movement and Pyongyang Speed ko labor methodologies like the Chongsan ri Method ja and the Taean Work System and the Three Revolutions Movement ko 7 Kim To man was the chief of the PAD until his involvement with the Kapsan Faction Incident that sought to oust Kim Il Sung in 1967 18 Kim To man had commissioned Act of Sincerity described variously as either a film or a stage play 19 about the life of Pak Kum chol without the approval of Kim Il Sung In North Korean society this was an inexcusable offense and Kim To man was forced to go 20 Kim Jong Il probably helped in purging him 21 After this and related purges the PAD shaped the societal landscape of North Korea to allow Kim Il Sung to cement his rule and become the supreme leader of North Korea 7 Kim Jong il edit Kim Jong Il had entered service of the PAD in February 1966 22 He was appointed the head of the PAD s Guidance Section of Culture and Art and Publication and Press section in September 1967 after a meeting in which Kim Il Sung criticized those who were associated with the Kapsan Faction Incident 23 6 In 1969 Kim Jong Il was promoted the deputy chief of the entire PAD During this time he not only designed and issued party IDs and oversaw the handling of portraits of Kim Il sung In practice Kim Jong Il ran the entire department because his nominal superior Kim Kuk tae suffered from ill health and Yang Hyong sop who was tasked with ideological affairs was engaged with science and education policy instead of propaganda 24 In September 1973 Kim Jong Il became the chief of the PAD a position which he held until 1985 6 Kim Jong Il s years in the PAD were marked by his effort to become an expert in the field of propaganda 6 as well as him developing his charisma 25 Kim Jong Il s main contribution in the department was to devise the monolithic ideological system later codified as the Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System Kim s various efforts greatly benefited the North Korean cult of personality 24 During this time the film director Choe Ik gyu a close confidant of his also rose in the ranks of the PAD becoming its vice director in 1972 26 Choe developed mass games that would evolve into the Arirang Festival 27 the organizing of which he is still overseeing 28 Choe fell in and out of favor repeatedly 29 and finally resigned from the PAD for good in 2010 after being briefly its director 30 31 The department was important because of role in mass mobilization 32 Kim Jong Il was known as a great fan of music film and theater since young age and his position within the department was natural fit 33 The PAD helped to create a cultural milieu in which Kim Jong Il was named his father s successor at the Sixth Congress of the Workers Party of Korea in 1980 7 When his succession became urgent in the 1990s the PAD fabricated a convincing personal history for him because he lacked any true military credentials 34 He continued to influence the daily affairs of the PAD after his succession 5 Kim Jong un edit Before the death of Kim Jong il it was already speculated that the imminent succession would employ the PAD 35 Kim Jong Un s sister Kim Yo jong became the de facto leader of PAD when she was appointed its first deputy director and put in charge of idolization projects of Kim Jong Un 36 37 The nominal director is Pak Kwang ho 3 38 Leadership edit nbsp Kim Yo jong Deputy Department Director and the de facto leader of PAD Kim To man 24 Pak Chang ok director 1950 1955 39 Pak Yong bin director February 1950 40 Jong Kyong hui zh vice director 1961 41 Kim Hyon nam director 2002 42 Choe Ik gyu director 2009 February 2010 30 31 Kang Nung su director February 2010 31 Jong Ha chol zh vice director 5 Ri Jae il former first deputy director 43 Kim Ki nam vice director 1966 October 2017 44 3 45 Pak Kwang ho director October 2017 January 2020 38 Ri Jae il director January 2020 present Kim Yo jong deputy department director and de facto director November 2014 present 37 Kim Jong Il 6 Kim Jong nam 46 See also edit nbsp North Korea portal nbsp Freedom of speech portal Agitprop Censorship in North Korea List of newspapers in North Korea List of radio stations in North Korea Room 39 Television in North KoreaReferences edit PAD is the literal translation The name 선전선동부 is a Sino Korean reading of 宣傳煽動部 a name used to refer to this department in Chinese language Yonhap News Agency reports 2 For explanation on a similarly contested translation see Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party Name Jun Jenny LaFoy Scott Sohn Ethan 2015 North Korea s Cyber Operations Strategy and Responses Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield p 48 ISBN 978 1 4422 5903 4 金與正被證實隸屬朝鮮勞動黨宣傳煽動部 Kim Yo jong confirmed as working for the WPK PAD 韓聯社 南韓聯合通訊社 in Chinese 27 April 2018 a b c d e Madden Michael 28 February 2018 North Korea s New Propagandist 38 North Retrieved 11 March 2018 a b Jang 2015 p 32 a b c d e f g KWP Propaganda and Agitation Department 2009 p 2 a b c d e f g h Lim 2015 p 10 a b c d e f g KWP Propaganda and Agitation Department 2009 p 1 North Korea Handbook 2002 p 166 a b Jieun Baek 2016 North Korea s Hidden Revolution How the Information Underground Is Transforming a Closed Society New Haven Yale University Press p 30 ISBN 978 0 300 22447 4 Philo Kim 2002 An Analysis of Religious Forms of Juche Ideology in Comparison with Christianity International Journal of Korean Unification Studies 11 1 127 144 ISSN 1229 6902 Lim 2015 p 11 Hoare James 2012 Media Historical Dictionary of Democratic People s Republic of Korea Lanham Scarecrow Press p 261 ISBN 978 0 8108 6151 0 Jang 2015 p 33 North Korea Handbook 2002 p 170 North Korea Handbook 2002 p 410 KWP Propaganda and Agitation Department 2009 pp 1 2 North Korea Handbook 2002 p 173 Lim 2008 pp 43 37 Myers 2015 p 95n52 Lim 2008 p 39 Martin 2007 pp 353 354 Armstrong Charles K 2013 Tyranny of the Weak North Korea and the World 1950 1992 Ithaca Cornell University Press p 321 ISBN 978 0 8014 6893 3 Lim 2008 pp 39 42 43 a b c Lim 2008 p 43 Baek 2008 p 218 North Korea Handbook 2002 p 185 Fischer 2016 p 62 Fischer 2016 p 310 Choe Ik gyu 2009 p 1 a b Choe Ik gyu 2009 p 2 a b c Personnel Shuffles in the first half of 2010 North Korea Leadership Watch 4 June 2010 Retrieved 19 December 2017 Jang 2015 p 42 Jang 2015 pp 42 43 Oh Kongdan Hassig Ralph C 2004 North Korea through the Looking Glass Washington Brookings Institution Press p 89 ISBN 978 0 8157 9820 0 Baek 2008 p 228 Lee Sang Yong 24 July 2015 Kim Jong un s sister promoted to run idolisation projects in North Korea The Guardian Retrieved 28 May 2018 a b KJU Arranges Banquet and Performance for PRC Delegation North Korea Leadership Watch 12 September 2018 Retrieved 7 March 2019 a b In Chan Hwang 11 October 2017 Choe Ryong Hae appointed N K party s highest position The Dong a Ilbo Retrieved 17 October 2018 David West Alzo 2011 Between Confucianism and Marxism Leninism Juche and the Case of Chŏng Tasan Korean Studies 35 1 93 121 doi 10 1353 ks 2011 0007 ISSN 1529 1529 S2CID 144136781 Lankov 1999 p 48 Madden 2012 p 3 Henry Terrence 1 May 2005 After Kim Jong Il The Atlantic Retrieved 1 October 2014 Senior DPRK Officials Visit Ku msusan to Mark Anniversary of KIS Demise North Korea Leadership Watch 8 July 2018 Retrieved 7 March 2019 Lee Sang Yong 20 July 2015 Kim Yo Jong in de facto power of PAD Daily NK Archived from the original on 28 April 2020 Retrieved 28 May 2018 Kim Ki Nam North Korea Leadership Watch 23 February 2018 Retrieved 17 October 2018 Baek 2008 p 224 Works cited edit Baek Seung Joo 2008 Prospects on characteristics of the North Korean succession system and its foreign policy in the Post Kim Jong Il era Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 20 3 215 230 doi 10 1080 10163270802309105 ISSN 1016 3271 Choe Ik gyu PDF North Korea Leadership Watch October 2009 Retrieved 19 December 2017 Fischer Paul 2016 A Kim Jong Il Production Kidnap Torture Murder Making Movies North Korean Style London Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 241 97000 3 Jang Jin sung 2015 Dear Leader My Escape from North Korea Translated by Shirley Lee New York Atria ISBN 978 1 4767 6656 0 Jae Cheon Lim 2008 Kim Jong il s Leadership of North Korea London Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 01712 6 2015 Leader Symbols and Personality Cult in North Korea The Leader State London Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 56741 7 KWP Propaganda and Agitation Department PDF North Korea Leadership Watch November 2009 Retrieved 27 May 2018 Lankov Andrei N 1999 Kim Il Sung s Campaign against the Soviet Faction in Late 1955 and the Birth of Chuch e Korean Studies 23 1 43 67 doi 10 1353 ks 1999 0003 ISSN 1529 1529 S2CID 154905899 Madden Michael 2012 Jong Kyong Hui Chŏng Kyŏng hŭi KPA Journal 2 11 3 4 OCLC 741222847 Retrieved 28 May 2018 Martin Bradley K 2007 Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader North Korea and the Kim Dynasty New York St Martin s Press ISBN 978 1 4299 0699 9 Myers B R 2015 North Korea s Juche Myth Busan Sthele Press ISBN 978 1 5087 9993 1 North Korea Handbook Seoul Yonhap News Agency 2002 ISBN 978 0 7656 3523 5 Further reading editPrimary sources edit Kim Il sung 1973 On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work Speech to Party Propaganda and Agitation Workers December 28 1955 Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House OCLC 1388585 1974 On the Elimination of Formalism and Bureaucracy in Party Work and the Revolutionization of Functionaries Speech to Functionaries of the Department of Organizational Leadership and Propaganda and Agitation Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea October 18 1966 Selected Works Vol IV 2nd ed Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House pp 421 458 OCLC 184772404 Kim Jong il 1987 Propaganda Officials Must Establish a Political Standard and Work Effectively Speech at a Meeting of the Senior Officials of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea December 15 1987 PDF Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House 1992 On Breaking Outdated Patterns and Bringing about a Fresh Change in Party Work Speech to Officials of the Organizational Leadership Department and the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea February 28 1974 Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House OCLC 622619429 External links editOrganizational chart at 38 North Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Propaganda and Agitation Department amp oldid 1216934027, 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