Norrmalmstorg robbery
The Norrmalmstorg robbery was a bank robbery and hostage crisis best known as the origin of the term Stockholm syndrome. It occurred at the Norrmalmstorg Square in Stockholm, Sweden, in August 1973 and was the first criminal event in Sweden to be covered by live television.[1]
| Norrmalmstorg robbery | |
|---|---|
Front view of the former Kreditbanken building at Norrmalmstorg in 2005 | |
| Location | Norrmalmstorg, Stockholm, Sweden |
| Date | 23–28 August 1973 |
Attack type | Bank robbery, hostage taking |
| Weapons | Various |
| Injured | 2 |
| Perpetrators | Jan-Erik Olsson |
Jan-Erik Olsson was a convicted criminal who had disappeared while on furlough from prison and then held up the Kreditbanken bank, taking four hostages in the process. During the negotiations that followed, Swedish Minister of Justice Lennart Geijer allowed Olsson's former cellmate and friend Clark Olofsson to be brought from prison to the bank. Although Olofsson was a long-time career criminal, it was deemed unlikely that he was in league with Olsson.[2] Famously, the hostages then bonded with their captors and appeared to protect them. However, the hostages were in fact simply distrustful of the police and their willingness to risk the hostages' lives.[3] Police finally mounted a tear-gas attack five days into the crisis, and the robbers surrendered.
Olsson was sentenced to 10 years for the robbery, and Olofsson was ultimately acquitted. The counter-intuitive actions of the hostages led to a great deal of academic and public interest in the case, including a 2003 Swedish television film titled Norrmalmstorg, a 2018 Canadian film titled Stockholm and a 2022 Swedish Netflix television series Clark.[4]
Events
Jan-Erik Olsson was on leave from prison on August 23, 1973 when he went into Kreditbanken on Norrmalmstorg, Stockholm and attempted to rob it.[5] Swedish police were notified shortly after and arrived on the scene. One officer, Ingemar Warpefeldt, suffered injuries to his hand after Olsson opened fire,[6] while another was ordered to sit in a chair and sing a song.[6] Olsson then took four bank employees hostage: Birgitta Lundblad, Elisabeth Oldgren, Kristin Ehnmark, and Sven Säfström.[7] He demanded his friend Clark Olofsson be brought there,[8] along with three million Swedish kronor, two guns, bulletproof vests, helmets and a Ford Mustang.[5][9]
Olsson was initially misidentified as Kaj Hansson,[10] another escaped prisoner, and someone who specialized in bank robberies.[7]
Olsson was a repeat offender who had committed several armed robberies and acts of violence, the first when he had been 16.[1]
The government gave permission for Olofsson to be brought as a communication link with the police negotiators. The hostage Kristin Enmark said that she felt safe with Olsson and Olofsson but feared that the police might escalate the situation by using violent methods.[11] Olsson and Olofsson barricaded the inner main vault in which they kept the hostages. Negotiators agreed that they could have a car to escape but would not allow them to take hostages with them if they tried to leave.[12]
Olsson called Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, said that he would kill the hostages and backed up his threat by grabbing one of them in a stranglehold. She was heard screaming as he hung up.[6] The next day, the hostage Kristin Enmark called Palme, said that she was very displeased with his attitude and asked him to let the robbers and the hostages leave.[6][13]
Olofsson walked around the vault and sang Roberta Flack's "Killing Me Softly".[6] On August 26, the police drilled a hole into the main vault from the apartment above and took a widely circulated photograph of the hostages with Olofsson. Olsson fired his weapon into the hole on two occasions and wounded a police officer in the hand and face.[1]
Olsson had fired his weapon and threatened to kill the hostages if any gas attack was attempted.[14] Nonetheless, on August 28 police used tear gas, and Olsson and Olofsson surrendered after an hour. None of the hostages sustained permanent injuries.[15]
Aftermath
Both Olsson and Olofsson were convicted, and Olofsson was sentenced to an extended prison term for the robbery. He claimed, however, that he had not helped Olsson but had only tried to save the hostages by keeping the situation calm. He was later acquitted in the Svea Court of Appeal and served only the remainder of his prior sentence. He went on to meet the hostage Kristin Enmark several times, and their families became friends. He also committed several more crimes.[16]
Olsson was sentenced to 10 years in prison.[17] He received many admiring letters from women who found him attractive. He later got engaged to a woman who was not, despite what some state,[18][citation needed] one of the former hostages. After his release, he is alleged to have committed further crimes. After having been on the run from Swedish authorities for ten years for alleged financial crimes, he turned himself in to police in 2006, only to be told that the charges were no longer being actively pursued.[19]
The hostages sympathised[citation needed] with their captors, which has led to academic interest in the matter. The Swedish term Norrmalmstorgssyndromet (Norrmalmstorg syndrome), later known as Stockholm syndrome, was coined by the criminologist Nils Bejerot.[20] The hostages, although they were threatened by Olsson, never became violent toward the police or toward each other.[1]
In 1996, Jan-Erik Olsson moved to northeastern Thailand with his wife and son,[6][21] and moved back to Sweden in 2013. Olsson's autobiography Stockholms-syndromet was published in Sweden in 2009.[1]
In popular culture
The 2003 television film Norrmalmstorg, directed by Håkan Lindhé, is loosely based on the events.[22] A fictionalized version of the robbery is told in Stockholm, a 2018 Canadian film directed by Robert Budreau.[23]
The podcast Criminal spoke with Olofsson about the Norrmalmstorg robbery in the episode "Hostage".[24]
In 2022, Netflix produced a six-episode series named Clark, directed by Jonas Åkerlund and starring Bill Skarsgård as Clark Olofsson.[4]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e . Expressen. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015.
- ^ Svensson, Per (2016-11-07). Dramat på Norrmalmstorg: 23 till 28 augusti 1973. ISBN 9789100169350.
- ^ Hill, Jess (2019). See What You Made Me Do: Power, Control and Domestic Abuse. Melbourne: Black Inc. ISBN 1760641405. OCLC 1246246503.
- ^ a b "Swedish Crime-Drama Series 'Clark' on Netflix: Everything We Know So Far". Netflix. 14 December 2021.
- ^ a b "Norrmalmstorgsdramat". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Karlsson, Jan (2 May 1999). "Rånarens krav: släpp Clark fri" [The robbers demand: set Clark free]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). p. 17. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ a b Lang, Daniel (November 18, 1974). . The New Yorker. Archived from the original on Oct 23, 2022.
- ^ "Stockholm Police Lock Gunman, Others in a Vault". The New York Times. Vol. 122, no. 42218. 26 August 1973.
- ^ Serena, Katie. Stockholm Syndrome And The Strange Bank Robbery Behind It All That’s Interesting, February 19, 2018, updated May 1, 2019.
- ^ "Swedish Robber Holds Hostages 2d Day". The New York Times. 24 August 1973.
- ^ "The Birth of "Stockholm Syndrome," 40 Years Ago – History in the Headlines". Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ^ "Nils Bejerot: Strategin i sexdagarskriget vid Norrmalmstorg" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-08-05.
- ^ "Lyssna på Kristin Enmark prata med Olof Palme under gisslandramat" [Listen to Kristin Enmark talk to Olof Palme during the hostage drama]. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). 5 Oct 2015.
- ^ "40 år sedan Norrmalmstorgsdramat – Avgörande ögonblick". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Retrieved 2019-06-07.
- ^ Kamm, Henry (29 August 1973). "Stockholm Police Seize 2 in Vault, Free 4 Hostages". The New York Times. Vol. 122, no. 42221.
- ^ Kordon, Suzanne (21 May 2000). "Exklusiv intervju med Clark Olofsson". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
- ^ . Worldcrunch. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ^ Annin, Peter (8 July 1985). "Hostages: Living in The Aftermath". U.S. News & World Report. p. 34.
Two women even became engaged to two of the hostage takers.
- ^ "Janne Olsson anmälde sig själv | Kvällsposten". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 2019-06-07.
- ^ "Nils Bejerot – Uppslagsverk – NE.se". www.ne.se. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
- ^ "'Inhuman beast' finds his peace". Bangkok Post. 21 March 2010.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Gentele, Jeanette (1 September 2003). "Norrmalmstorgsdramat blir riktigt spännande tv". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Grobar, Matt (2018-04-19). "Ethan Hawke & Noomi Rapace Learn True Meaning Of 'Stockholm' Syndrome — Tribeca Studio". Deadline. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
- ^ "Hostage". Criminal. April 26, 2019.
External links
- Police photo of hostages and captor of Norrmalmstorg robbery
- Nils Bejerot: The six day war in Stockholm, New Scientist, 1974