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Nordic Mobile Telephone

March 08, 2023

NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) is an automatic cellular phone system specified by Nordic telecommunications administrations (PTTs) and opened for service on 1 October 1981. NMT is based on analogue technology (first generation or 1G) and two variants exist: NMT-450 and NMT-900. The numbers indicate the frequency bands used. NMT-900 was introduced in 1986 and carries more channels than the older NMT-450 network.

The Mobira Cityman 150, Nokia's NMT-900 mobile phone from 1989 (left), compared to the dual-band GSM Nokia 1100 phone from 2003.[1]

The NMT specifications were free and open, allowing many companies to produce NMT hardware and pushing prices down. The success of NMT was important to Nokia (then Mobira) and Ericsson. First Danish implementers were Storno (then owned by General Electric, later taken over by Motorola) and AP (later taken over by Philips). Initial NMT phones were designed to mount in the trunk of a car, with a keyboard/display unit at the driver's seat. "Portable" versions existed, though they were still bulky, and with battery life a big problem. Later models such as Benefon's were as small as 100 mm (3.9 inches) and weighed only about 100 grams.

History

NMT stands for Nordisk MobilTelefoni or Nordiska MobilTelefoni-gruppen.

 
An NMT phone from the early 1980s made by Norwegian-based Simonsen Radiofabrikk

The NMT network was opened in Sweden and Norway in 1981, and in Denmark and Finland in 1982. It was a response to the increasing congestion and heavy requirements of the manual mobile phone networks: ARP (150 MHz) in Finland, MTD (450 MHz) in Sweden and Denmark, and OLT in Norway. Iceland joined in 1986. However, Ericsson introduced the first commercial service in Saudi Arabia on 1 September 1981 to 1,200 users, as a pilot test project, one month before they did the same in Sweden. By 1985 the network had grown to 110,000 subscribers in Scandinavia and Finland, 63,300 in Norway alone, which made it the world's largest mobile network at the time.[2]

The NMT network has mainly been used in the Nordic countries, Baltic countries, Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Serbia, Turkey, Croatia, Bosnia, Russia, Ukraine and in Asia. The introduction of digital mobile networks such as GSM has reduced the popularity of NMT and the Nordic countries have suspended their NMT networks. In Estonia the NMT network was shut down in December 2000. In Finland TeliaSonera's NMT network was suspended on 31 December 2002. Norway's last NMT network was suspended on 31 December 2004. Sweden's TeliaSonera NMT network was suspended on 31 December 2007. The NMT network (450 MHz) however has one big advantage over GSM which is the range; this advantage is valuable in big but sparsely populated countries such as Iceland. In Iceland, the GSM network reaches 98% of the country's population but only a small proportion of its land area. The NMT system however reaches most of the country and a lot of the surrounding waters, thus the network was popular with fishermen and those traveling in the vast empty mainland. In Iceland the NMT service was stopped on 1 September 2010, when Síminn closed down its NMT network.

 
Ericsson Hotline NMT-900 phone from 1995

In Denmark, Norway and Sweden the NMT-450 frequencies have been auctioned off to Swedish Nordisk Mobiltelefon which later became Ice.net and renamed to Net 1 that built a digital network using CDMA 450. During 2015, the network has been migrated to 4G.

France also developed an NMT network in 1988 (in parallel with Radiocom 2000) but with slight variations. As a result, it could not roam with other NMT networks around the world.[3]

In Russia Uralwestcom shut down their NMT network on 1 September 2006 and Sibirtelecom on 10 January 2008. Skylink, subsidiary company of Tele2 Russia operates NMT-450 network as of 2016 in Arkhangelsk Oblast and Perm Krai.[4][5] These networks are used in sparsely populated areas with long distance. License for the provision of services was valid until 2021.[6]

Technology

The cell sizes in an NMT network range from 2 km to 30 km. With smaller ranges the network can service more simultaneous callers; for example in a city the range can be kept short for better service. NMT used full duplex transmission, allowing for simultaneous receiving and transmission of voice. Car phone versions of NMT used transmission power of up to 15 watt (NMT-450) and 6 watt (NMT-900), handsets up to 1 watt. NMT had automatic switching (dialing) and handover of the call built into the standard from the beginning, which was not the case with most preceding car phone services, such as the Finnish ARP. Additionally, the NMT standard specified billing as well as national and international roaming.

Signaling

NMT voice channel is transmitted with FM (Frequency Modulation)[7] and NMT signaling transfer speeds vary between 600 and 1,200 bits per second, using FFSK (Fast Frequency Shift Keying) modulation. Signaling between the base station and the mobile station was implemented using the same RF channel that was used for audio, and using the 1,200 bit/s FFSK modem. This caused the periodic short noise bursts, e.g. during handover, that were uniquely characteristic to NMT sound.

Security

In the original NMT specification the voice traffic was not encrypted; it was possible to listen to calls using e.g. a scanner or a cable ready TV. As a result, some scanners have had the NMT bands blocked so they could not be accessed. Later versions of the NMT specifications defined optional analog scrambling which was based on two-band audio frequency inversion. If both the base station and the mobile station supported scrambling, they could agree upon using it when initiating a phone call. Also, if two users had mobile (phone) stations supporting scrambling, they could turn it on during conversation even if the base stations didn't support it. In this case, audio would be scrambled all the way between the 2 mobile stations. While the scrambling method was not at all as strong as encryption of current digital phones, such as GSM or CDMA, it did prevent casual listening with scanners. Scrambling is defined in NMT Doc 450-1: System Description (1999-03-23) and NMT Doc 450-3 and 900-3: Technical Specification for the Mobile Station (1995-10-04)'s Annex 26 v.1.1: Mobile Station with Speech Scrambling – Split Inversion Method (Optional) (1998-01-27).

Data transfer

NMT also supported a simple but robust integrated data transfer mode called DMS (Data and Messaging Service) or NMT-Text, which used the network's signaling channel for data transfer. Using DMS, text messaging was also possible between two NMT handsets before SMS service started in GSM, but this feature was never commercially available except in Russian, Polish and Bulgarian NMT networks. Another data transfer method was called NMT Mobidigi with transfer speeds of 380 bits per second. It required external equipment.

Commercial deployments

Country Operator(s) ƒ (MHz) Launch date End of service Notes
  Saudi Arabia Sep 1981 [8]
  Sweden Oct 1981 2007 NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986.[9]
  Norway Nov 1981 2004 NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986.[9]
  Denmark Jan 1982 NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986.[9]
  Finland Mar 1982 2002 NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986.[9]
  Spain 452.325-456.800[10] Jun 1982 Named TMA-450 (based on NMT-450).[11]
  Austria 451.300-455.740[10] Nov 1984 Aug 1997[12] Named C-Netz. NMT-900 service launched in Jul 1990.[9]
  Netherlands KPN Jan 1985 1999[13] Named ATF-3. NMT-900 (ATF-4) service launched in Jan 1989.[9]
  Luxembourg Jun 1985 [9]
  Oman 1985 [14]
  Tunisia 1985 [14]
  Malaysia Telekom Malaysia 452.000-456.475[10] 1985 Named ATUR 450.[15][14]
  Iceland Jul 1986 [9]
  Turkey 415.500-419.975[10] 1986 [14]
  Thailand 1986 [14]
  Indonesia 479.000-483.480[10] 1986 [14]
  China 1986 [16]
  Belgium Apr 1987 [9]
  Morocco 1987 [14]
  Switzerland Sep 1987 Launched with NMT-900 only.[9]
  Cyprus 1988 [9]
  France SFR Apr 1989 Named NMT-F (French version).[9][14]
  Algeria 1989 [14]
  Cambodia 1989 [14]
  Faroe Islands 1989 [14]
  Northern Cyprus 1989 [16]
  Yugoslavia 1990 [16]
  Hungary Westel 452.230-454.370[10] Oct 1990[17] Jun 2003[18] [19]
  Estonia 453.000-457.475[10] 1991 [20]
  Russia Sep 1991 2017 [21]
  Poland Centertel / Orange Jun 1992[22] Jun 2012[23] [24]
  Uzbekistan Uzdunrobita Oct 1992 Nov 1995[25] [26]
  Lithuania 1992 [16]
  Ukraine UMC Jul 1993 Oct 2006[27] [19]
  Bulgaria MOBIKOM 452.500-457.475[10] 1993 2008 [28]
  Czechia 451.310-455.730[10] Sep 1991 Jul 2006 [19] Eurotel provider
  Slovakia [19]
  Romania [19]
  Latvia [19]
  Croatia 411.675-415.850[10]

References

  1. ^ (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 27 August 2003. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  2. ^ Nordsveen, Arve M (28 November 2005). (in Norwegian). Norsk Telemuseum. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007.
  3. ^ http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/67286/928182127.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y[bare URL PDF]
  4. ^
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  7. ^ Petersen, Julie K. (2002). The telecommunications illustrated dictionary. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420040678.
  8. ^ "The launch of NMT". www.ericsson.com. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Shi, Mingtao (2007). Technology Base of Mobile Cellular Operators in Germany and China: A Comparative Study from the Perspective of the Resource Based View. Univerlagtuberlin. ISBN 978-3-7983-2057-4.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/SGP_1998-2002/SG2/Documents/2000/169E.doc[bare URL DOX/DOCX file]
  11. ^ MANUEL, HUIDOBRO MOYA, JOSÉ (1 January 2006). Redes y servicios de telecomunicaciones (in Spanish). Editorial Paraninfo. ISBN 978-84-283-2922-4.
  12. ^ online, heise. "30 Jahre Mobilfunk in Österreich". heise online (in German). Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  13. ^ "ATF". www.cryptomuseum.com. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k https://media.crai.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/05145230/Insights-The-Economics-of-5G-article-6-Open-or-Closed-System-May2021.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  15. ^ Abdullah, Abdul Majid. "Evolution of the Malaysian cellular sector". The Star. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  16. ^ a b c d https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub2646.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  17. ^ "The first mobile network was launched in Hungary thirty years ago". Tek Deeps. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  18. ^ "Magyar Telekom". Magyar Telekom. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Berlage, Michael (1995). "Telecommunications Development in Central and Eastern Europe". International Political Science Review. 16 (3): 283–303. doi:10.1177/019251219501600307. ISSN 0192-5121. JSTOR 1601586. S2CID 154796034.
  20. ^ "SOME EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS STEP UP EFFORTS TO OFFER GSM". RCR Wireless News. 30 November 1999. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  21. ^ "История сотовой связи в России: от трёхкилограммовой Nokia до LTE". ИА "РУСНОРД". Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  22. ^ Eastern Europe Business Bulletin. Eastern Europe Business Information Center, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. 1993.
  23. ^ "450MHz band has great potential, even for LTE - Telecoms.com". telecoms.com. 3 October 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  24. ^ "[Jak to działało] Sieć NMT – telekomunikacja na początku lat 90". android.com.pl (in Polish). 2 April 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  25. ^ (PDF) https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/jfile/report/05001110/05001110_001_BUP_0.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ^ "Cis Cellular Commercial Operation". 21 October 1992.
  27. ^ "UMC shuts down NMT". telegeography.com. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  28. ^ "BULGARIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS MOVES PAST 1929 WIRED SYSTEM". RCR Wireless News. 30 November 1999. Retrieved 21 June 2022.

March 08, 2023
nordic, mobile, telephone, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Nordic Mobile Telephone news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message NMT Nordic Mobile Telephony is an automatic cellular phone system specified by Nordic telecommunications administrations PTTs and opened for service on 1 October 1981 NMT is based on analogue technology first generation or 1G and two variants exist NMT 450 and NMT 900 The numbers indicate the frequency bands used NMT 900 was introduced in 1986 and carries more channels than the older NMT 450 network The Mobira Cityman 150 Nokia s NMT 900 mobile phone from 1989 left compared to the dual band GSM Nokia 1100 phone from 2003 1 The NMT specifications were free and open allowing many companies to produce NMT hardware and pushing prices down The success of NMT was important to Nokia then Mobira and Ericsson First Danish implementers were Storno then owned by General Electric later taken over by Motorola and AP later taken over by Philips Initial NMT phones were designed to mount in the trunk of a car with a keyboard display unit at the driver s seat Portable versions existed though they were still bulky and with battery life a big problem Later models such as Benefon s were as small as 100 mm 3 9 inches and weighed only about 100 grams Contents 1 History 2 Technology 2 1 Signaling 2 2 Security 2 3 Data transfer 3 Commercial deployments 4 ReferencesHistory EditNMT stands for Nordisk MobilTelefoni or Nordiska MobilTelefoni gruppen An NMT phone from the early 1980s made by Norwegian based Simonsen Radiofabrikk The NMT network was opened in Sweden and Norway in 1981 and in Denmark and Finland in 1982 It was a response to the increasing congestion and heavy requirements of the manual mobile phone networks ARP 150 MHz in Finland MTD 450 MHz in Sweden and Denmark and OLT in Norway Iceland joined in 1986 However Ericsson introduced the first commercial service in Saudi Arabia on 1 September 1981 to 1 200 users as a pilot test project one month before they did the same in Sweden By 1985 the network had grown to 110 000 subscribers in Scandinavia and Finland 63 300 in Norway alone which made it the world s largest mobile network at the time 2 The NMT network has mainly been used in the Nordic countries Baltic countries Switzerland France Netherlands Hungary Poland Bulgaria Romania Czech Republic Slovakia Slovenia Serbia Turkey Croatia Bosnia Russia Ukraine and in Asia The introduction of digital mobile networks such as GSM has reduced the popularity of NMT and the Nordic countries have suspended their NMT networks In Estonia the NMT network was shut down in December 2000 In Finland TeliaSonera s NMT network was suspended on 31 December 2002 Norway s last NMT network was suspended on 31 December 2004 Sweden s TeliaSonera NMT network was suspended on 31 December 2007 The NMT network 450 MHz however has one big advantage over GSM which is the range this advantage is valuable in big but sparsely populated countries such as Iceland In Iceland the GSM network reaches 98 of the country s population but only a small proportion of its land area The NMT system however reaches most of the country and a lot of the surrounding waters thus the network was popular with fishermen and those traveling in the vast empty mainland In Iceland the NMT service was stopped on 1 September 2010 when Siminn closed down its NMT network Ericsson Hotline NMT 900 phone from 1995 In Denmark Norway and Sweden the NMT 450 frequencies have been auctioned off to Swedish Nordisk Mobiltelefon which later became Ice net and renamed to Net 1 that built a digital network using CDMA 450 During 2015 the network has been migrated to 4G France also developed an NMT network in 1988 in parallel with Radiocom 2000 but with slight variations As a result it could not roam with other NMT networks around the world 3 In Russia Uralwestcom shut down their NMT network on 1 September 2006 and Sibirtelecom on 10 January 2008 Skylink subsidiary company of Tele2 Russia operates NMT 450 network as of 2016 in Arkhangelsk Oblast and Perm Krai 4 5 These networks are used in sparsely populated areas with long distance License for the provision of services was valid until 2021 6 Technology EditThe cell sizes in an NMT network range from 2 km to 30 km With smaller ranges the network can service more simultaneous callers for example in a city the range can be kept short for better service NMT used full duplex transmission allowing for simultaneous receiving and transmission of voice Car phone versions of NMT used transmission power of up to 15 watt NMT 450 and 6 watt NMT 900 handsets up to 1 watt NMT had automatic switching dialing and handover of the call built into the standard from the beginning which was not the case with most preceding car phone services such as the Finnish ARP Additionally the NMT standard specified billing as well as national and international roaming Signaling Edit NMT voice channel is transmitted with FM Frequency Modulation 7 and NMT signaling transfer speeds vary between 600 and 1 200 bits per second using FFSK Fast Frequency Shift Keying modulation Signaling between the base station and the mobile station was implemented using the same RF channel that was used for audio and using the 1 200 bit s FFSK modem This caused the periodic short noise bursts e g during handover that were uniquely characteristic to NMT sound Security Edit In the original NMT specification the voice traffic was not encrypted it was possible to listen to calls using e g a scanner or a cable ready TV As a result some scanners have had the NMT bands blocked so they could not be accessed Later versions of the NMT specifications defined optional analog scrambling which was based on two band audio frequency inversion If both the base station and the mobile station supported scrambling they could agree upon using it when initiating a phone call Also if two users had mobile phone stations supporting scrambling they could turn it on during conversation even if the base stations didn t support it In this case audio would be scrambled all the way between the 2 mobile stations While the scrambling method was not at all as strong as encryption of current digital phones such as GSM or CDMA it did prevent casual listening with scanners Scrambling is defined in NMT Doc 450 1 System Description 1999 03 23 and NMT Doc 450 3 and 900 3 Technical Specification for the Mobile Station 1995 10 04 s Annex 26 v 1 1 Mobile Station with Speech Scrambling Split Inversion Method Optional 1998 01 27 Data transfer Edit NMT also supported a simple but robust integrated data transfer mode called DMS Data and Messaging Service or NMT Text which used the network s signaling channel for data transfer Using DMS text messaging was also possible between two NMT handsets before SMS service started in GSM but this feature was never commercially available except in Russian Polish and Bulgarian NMT networks Another data transfer method was called NMT Mobidigi with transfer speeds of 380 bits per second It required external equipment Commercial deployments EditCountry Operator s ƒ MHz Launch date End of service Notes Saudi Arabia Sep 1981 8 Sweden Oct 1981 2007 NMT 900 service launched in Dec 1986 9 Norway Nov 1981 2004 NMT 900 service launched in Dec 1986 9 Denmark Jan 1982 NMT 900 service launched in Dec 1986 9 Finland Mar 1982 2002 NMT 900 service launched in Dec 1986 9 Spain 452 325 456 800 10 Jun 1982 Named TMA 450 based on NMT 450 11 Austria 451 300 455 740 10 Nov 1984 Aug 1997 12 Named C Netz NMT 900 service launched in Jul 1990 9 Netherlands KPN Jan 1985 1999 13 Named ATF 3 NMT 900 ATF 4 service launched in Jan 1989 9 Luxembourg Jun 1985 9 Oman 1985 14 Tunisia 1985 14 Malaysia Telekom Malaysia 452 000 456 475 10 1985 Named ATUR 450 15 14 Iceland Jul 1986 9 Turkey 415 500 419 975 10 1986 14 Thailand 1986 14 Indonesia 479 000 483 480 10 1986 14 China 1986 16 Belgium Apr 1987 9 Morocco 1987 14 Switzerland Sep 1987 Launched with NMT 900 only 9 Cyprus 1988 9 France SFR Apr 1989 Named NMT F French version 9 14 Algeria 1989 14 Cambodia 1989 14 Faroe Islands 1989 14 Northern Cyprus 1989 16 Yugoslavia 1990 16 Hungary Westel 452 230 454 370 10 Oct 1990 17 Jun 2003 18 19 Estonia 453 000 457 475 10 1991 20 Russia Sep 1991 2017 21 Poland Centertel Orange Jun 1992 22 Jun 2012 23 24 Uzbekistan Uzdunrobita Oct 1992 Nov 1995 25 26 Lithuania 1992 16 Ukraine UMC Jul 1993 Oct 2006 27 19 Bulgaria MOBIKOM 452 500 457 475 10 1993 2008 28 Czechia 451 310 455 730 10 Sep 1991 Jul 2006 19 Eurotel provider Slovakia 19 Romania 19 Latvia 19 Croatia 411 675 415 850 10 References Edit Nokia 1100 phone offers reliable and affordable mobile communications for new growth markets Press release Nokia Corporation 27 August 2003 Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 Retrieved 26 May 2009 Nordsveen Arve M 28 November 2005 Mobiltelefonens historie i Norge in Norwegian Norsk Telemuseum Archived from the original on 13 February 2007 http www tara tcd ie bitstream handle 2262 67286 928182127 pdf sequence 1 amp isAllowed y bare URL PDF Oblastnoj Stacionarnyj FL NMT Oblastnoj Stacionarnyj YuL NMT Skylink Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 Retrieved 5 February 2016 Roskomnadzor Reestr licenzij v oblasti svyazi Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 Retrieved 5 February 2016 Petersen Julie K 2002 The telecommunications illustrated dictionary CRC Press ISBN 9781420040678 The launch of NMT www ericsson com 5 September 2016 Retrieved 21 June 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l Shi Mingtao 2007 Technology Base of Mobile Cellular Operators in Germany and China A Comparative Study from the Perspective of the Resource Based View Univerlagtuberlin ISBN 978 3 7983 2057 4 a b c d e f g h i j https www itu int ITU D study groups SGP 1998 2002 SG2 Documents 2000 169E doc bare URL DOX DOCX file MANUEL HUIDOBRO MOYA JOSE 1 January 2006 Redes y servicios de telecomunicaciones in Spanish Editorial Paraninfo ISBN 978 84 283 2922 4 online heise 30 Jahre Mobilfunk in Osterreich heise online in German Retrieved 21 June 2022 ATF www cryptomuseum com Retrieved 21 June 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k https media crai com wp content uploads 2021 05 05145230 Insights The Economics of 5G article 6 Open or Closed System May2021 pdf bare URL PDF Abdullah Abdul Majid Evolution of the Malaysian cellular sector The Star Retrieved 9 January 2023 a b c d https www usitc gov publications 332 pub2646 pdf bare URL PDF The first mobile network was launched in Hungary thirty years ago Tek Deeps 15 October 2020 Retrieved 22 June 2022 Magyar Telekom Magyar Telekom Retrieved 9 January 2023 a b c d e f Berlage Michael 1995 Telecommunications Development in Central and Eastern Europe International Political Science Review 16 3 283 303 doi 10 1177 019251219501600307 ISSN 0192 5121 JSTOR 1601586 S2CID 154796034 SOME EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS STEP UP EFFORTS TO OFFER GSM RCR Wireless News 30 November 1999 Retrieved 21 June 2022 Istoriya sotovoj svyazi v Rossii ot tryohkilogrammovoj Nokia do LTE IA RUSNORD Retrieved 21 June 2022 Eastern Europe Business Bulletin Eastern Europe Business Information Center U S Department of Commerce International Trade Administration 1993 450MHz band has great potential even for LTE Telecoms com telecoms com 3 October 2012 Retrieved 21 June 2022 Jak to dzialalo Siec NMT telekomunikacja na poczatku lat 90 android com pl in Polish 2 April 2018 Retrieved 21 June 2022 PDF https www jetro go jp ext images jfile report 05001110 05001110 001 BUP 0 pdf a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Cis Cellular Commercial Operation 21 October 1992 UMC shuts down NMT telegeography com Retrieved 22 June 2022 BULGARIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS MOVES PAST 1929 WIRED SYSTEM RCR Wireless News 30 November 1999 Retrieved 21 June 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nordic Mobile Telephone amp oldid 1132556294, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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