JBOD (derived from "just a bunch of disks"): described multiple hard disk drives operated as individual independent hard disk drives.
SPAN or BIG: A method of combining the free space on multiple hard disk drives from "JBoD" to create a spanned volume. Such a concatenation is sometimes also called BIG/SPAN. A SPAN or BIG is generally a spanned volume only, as it often contains mismatched types and sizes of hard disk drives.[1]
MAID (derived from "massive array of idle drives"): an architecture using hundreds to thousands of hard disk drives for providing nearline storage of data, primarily designed for "Write Once, Read Occasionally" (WORO) applications, in which increased storage density and decreased cost are traded for increased latency and decreased redundancy.
JBOD (abbreviated from "Just a Bunch Of Disks"/"Just a Bunch Of Drives") is an architecture using multiple hard drives exposed as individual devices. Hard drives may be treated independently or may be combined into one or more logical volumes using a volume manager like LVM or mdadm, or a device-spanning filesystem like btrfs; such volumes are usually called "spanned" or "linear | SPAN | BIG".[2][3][4] A spanned volume provides no redundancy, so failure of a single hard drive amounts to failure of the whole logical volume.[5][6] Redundancy for resilience and/or bandwidth improvement may be provided, in software, at a higher level.
Concatenation or spanning of drives is not one of the numbered RAID levels, but it is a popular method for combining multiple physical disk drives into a single logical disk. It provides no data redundancy. Drives are merely concatenated together, end to beginning, so they appear to be a single large disk. It may be referred to as SPAN or BIG (meaning just the words "span" or "big", not as acronyms).[citation needed]
In the adjacent diagram, data are concatenated from the end of disk 0 (block A63) to the beginning of disk 1 (block A64); end of disk 1 (block A91) to the beginning of disk 2 (block A92). If RAID 0 were used, then disk 0 and disk 2 would be truncated to 28 blocks, the size of the smallest disk in the array (disk 1) for a total size of 84 blocks.[citation needed]
What makes a SPAN or BIG different from RAID configurations is the possibility for the selection of drives. While RAID usually requires all drives to be of similar capacity[a] and it is preferred that the same or similar drive models are used for performance reasons, a spanned volume does not have such requirements.[1][7]
Implementations
The initial release of Microsoft's Windows Home Server employs drive extender technology, whereby an array of independent drives are combined by the OS to form a single pool of available storage. This storage is presented to the user as a single set of network shares. Drive extender technology expands on the normal features of concatenation by providing data redundancy through software – a shared folder can be marked for duplication, which signals to the OS that a copy of the data should be kept on multiple physical drives, whilst the user will only ever see a single instance of their data.[8] This feature was removed from Windows Home Server in its subsequent major release.[9]
The btrfs filesystem can span multiple devices of different sizes, including RAID 0/1/10 configurations, storing 1 to 4 redundant copies of both data and metadata.[10] (A flawed RAID 5/6 also exists, but can result in data loss.)[10] For RAID 1, the devices must have complementary sizes. For example, a filesystem spanning two 500 GB devices and one 1 TB device could provide RAID1 for all data, while a filesystem spanning a 1 TB device and a single 500 GB device could only provide RAID1 for 500 GB of data.
The ZFS filesystem can likewise pool multiple devices of different sizes and implement RAID, though it is less flexible, requiring the creation of virtual devices of fixed size on each device before pooling.[11]
In enterprise environments, enclosures are used to expand a server's data storage by using JBOD[12] devices. This is often a convenient way to scale-up storage when needed by daisy-chaining additional disk shelves.[13]
MAID
MAID (abbreviated from "massive array of idle drives") is an architecture using hundreds to thousands of hard drives for providing nearline storage of data. MAID is designed for "Write Once, Read Occasionally" (WORO) applications.[14][15][16]
Compared to RAID technology, MAID has increased storage density, and decreased cost, electrical power, and cooling requirements. However, these advantages are at the cost of much increased latency, significantly lower throughput, and decreased redundancy. Drives designed for multiple spin-up/down cycles (e.g. laptop drives) are significantly more expensive.[17] Latency may be as high as tens of seconds.[18] MAID can supplement or replace tape libraries in hierarchical storage management.[15]
To allow a more gradual tradeoff between access time and power savings, some MAIDs such as Nexsan's AutoMAID incorporate drives capable of spinning down to a lower speed.[19] Large scale disk storage systems based on MAID architectures allow dense packaging of drives and are designed to have only 25% of disks spinning at any one time.[18]
^Rouse, Margaret (September 2005). "JBOD (just a bunch of disks or just a bunch of drives)". SearchStorage.TechTarget.com. TechTarget. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
^"Five Years of Btrfs | MarkMcB". markmcb.com. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
^"JBOD Data Storage Enclosures". ServerPartDeals.com. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
^"Western Digital Ultrastar Data60 Hybrid Storage Platform SE4U60 Gen3 | 4U60 60-Bay Data Center JBOD Enclosure | Up to 1PB". ServerPartDeals.com. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
^"MAID (massive array of idle disks)". TechTarget.com. January 2009. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
^ abDennis Colarelli; Dirk Grunwald (2002-07-26). "Massive Arrays of Idle Disks For Storage Archives" (PDF). University of Colorado. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
^"What does WORO stand for?". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
^SGI (2012). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
^ abCook, Rick (2004-07-12). "Backup budgets have it MAID with cheap disk" Retrieved on 2008-07-15
^. 2011. Archived from the original on 2014-09-19. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
External links
PCGuide – "Just A Bunch Of Disks" (JBOD)
February 12, 2023
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The most widespread standard for configuring multiple hard disk drives is RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Independent Disks which comes in a number of standard configurations and non standard configurations Non RAID drive architectures also exist and are referred to by acronyms with tongue in cheek similarity to RAID JBOD derived from just a bunch of disks described multiple hard disk drives operated as individual independent hard disk drives SPAN or BIG A method of combining the free space on multiple hard disk drives from JBoD to create a spanned volume Such a concatenation is sometimes also called BIG SPAN A SPAN or BIG is generally a spanned volume only as it often contains mismatched types and sizes of hard disk drives 1 MAID derived from massive array of idle drives an architecture using hundreds to thousands of hard disk drives for providing nearline storage of data primarily designed for Write Once Read Occasionally WORO applications in which increased storage density and decreased cost are traded for increased latency and decreased redundancy Contents 1 JBOD 2 Concatenation SPAN BIG 2 1 Implementations 3 MAID 4 See also 5 Explanatory notes 6 References 7 External linksJBOD EditJBOD abbreviated from Just a Bunch Of Disks Just a Bunch Of Drives is an architecture using multiple hard drives exposed as individual devices Hard drives may be treated independently or may be combined into one or more logical volumes using a volume manager like LVM or mdadm or a device spanning filesystem like btrfs such volumes are usually called spanned or linear SPAN BIG 2 3 4 A spanned volume provides no redundancy so failure of a single hard drive amounts to failure of the whole logical volume 5 6 Redundancy for resilience and or bandwidth improvement may be provided in software at a higher level Concatenation SPAN BIG EditThis section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on Talk Non RAID drive architectures Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced December 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Diagram of a SPAN BIG JBOD setup Concatenation or spanning of drives is not one of the numbered RAID levels but it is a popular method for combining multiple physical disk drives into a single logical disk It provides no data redundancy Drives are merely concatenated together end to beginning so they appear to be a single large disk It may be referred to as SPAN or BIG meaning just the words span or big not as acronyms citation needed In the adjacent diagram data are concatenated from the end of disk 0 block A63 to the beginning of disk 1 block A64 end of disk 1 block A91 to the beginning of disk 2 block A92 If RAID 0 were used then disk 0 and disk 2 would be truncated to 28 blocks the size of the smallest disk in the array disk 1 for a total size of 84 blocks citation needed What makes a SPAN or BIG different from RAID configurations is the possibility for the selection of drives While RAID usually requires all drives to be of similar capacity a and it is preferred that the same or similar drive models are used for performance reasons a spanned volume does not have such requirements 1 7 Implementations Edit The initial release of Microsoft s Windows Home Server employs drive extender technology whereby an array of independent drives are combined by the OS to form a single pool of available storage This storage is presented to the user as a single set of network shares Drive extender technology expands on the normal features of concatenation by providing data redundancy through software a shared folder can be marked for duplication which signals to the OS that a copy of the data should be kept on multiple physical drives whilst the user will only ever see a single instance of their data 8 This feature was removed from Windows Home Server in its subsequent major release 9 The btrfs filesystem can span multiple devices of different sizes including RAID 0 1 10 configurations storing 1 to 4 redundant copies of both data and metadata 10 A flawed RAID 5 6 also exists but can result in data loss 10 For RAID 1 the devices must have complementary sizes For example a filesystem spanning two 500 GB devices and one 1 TB device could provide RAID1 for all data while a filesystem spanning a 1 TB device and a single 500 GB device could only provide RAID1 for 500 GB of data The ZFS filesystem can likewise pool multiple devices of different sizes and implement RAID though it is less flexible requiring the creation of virtual devices of fixed size on each device before pooling 11 In enterprise environments enclosures are used to expand a server s data storage by using JBOD 12 devices This is often a convenient way to scale up storage when needed by daisy chaining additional disk shelves 13 MAID EditMAID abbreviated from massive array of idle drives is an architecture using hundreds to thousands of hard drives for providing nearline storage of data MAID is designed for Write Once Read Occasionally WORO applications 14 15 16 Compared to RAID technology MAID has increased storage density and decreased cost electrical power and cooling requirements However these advantages are at the cost of much increased latency significantly lower throughput and decreased redundancy Drives designed for multiple spin up down cycles e g laptop drives are significantly more expensive 17 Latency may be as high as tens of seconds 18 MAID can supplement or replace tape libraries in hierarchical storage management 15 To allow a more gradual tradeoff between access time and power savings some MAIDs such as Nexsan s AutoMAID incorporate drives capable of spinning down to a lower speed 19 Large scale disk storage systems based on MAID architectures allow dense packaging of drives and are designed to have only 25 of disks spinning at any one time 18 See also EditFile based replication Nested RAID levels Non standard RAID levels Standard RAID levelsExplanatory notes Edit Otherwise in most cases only the drive portions equaling to the size of the smallest RAID set member would be used References Edit a b Explanation of Spanned Volumes Rouse Margaret September 2005 JBOD just a bunch of disks or just a bunch of drives SearchStorage TechTarget com TechTarget Retrieved 2013 10 31 Manage spanned volumes Using spanned volumes LVM HOWTO Section 3 7 mapping modes linear striped TLDP org Retrieved 2013 12 31 Linux RAID setup Kernel org Linux Kernel Organization 2013 10 05 Retrieved 2013 12 31 RAID Requirements Windows Home Server Drive Extender Technical Brief Microsoft com Retrieved 2009 03 12 Windows Home Server code name Vail Update a b Using Btrfs with Multiple Devices btrfs Wiki btrfs wiki kernel org Retrieved 2021 01 19 Five Years of Btrfs MarkMcB markmcb com Retrieved 2021 01 19 JBOD Data Storage Enclosures ServerPartDeals com Retrieved 2021 04 14 Western Digital Ultrastar Data60 Hybrid Storage Platform SE4U60 Gen3 4U60 60 Bay Data Center JBOD Enclosure Up to 1PB ServerPartDeals com Retrieved 2021 04 14 MAID massive array of idle disks TechTarget com January 2009 Retrieved 2013 12 31 a b Dennis Colarelli Dirk Grunwald 2002 07 26 Massive Arrays of Idle Disks For Storage Archives PDF University of Colorado Retrieved 2013 12 31 What does WORO stand for TheFreeDictionary com Retrieved 2013 12 31 SGI 2012 Enterprise MAID Quick Reference Guide PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 07 14 Retrieved 12 July 2014 a b Cook Rick 2004 07 12 Backup budgets have it MAID with cheap disk Retrieved on 2008 07 15 AutoMAID Energy Saving Technology 2011 Archived from the original on 2014 09 19 Retrieved 7 April 2011 External links EditPCGuide Just A Bunch Of Disks JBOD Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Non RAID drive architectures amp oldid 1110378277, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
