fbpx
Wikipedia

Ninpumuna

October 21, 2023

Ninpumuna was a Mesopotamian goddess associated with salt springs. It is assumed she was also an underworld deity. She is only attested in a handful of texts from the Ur III period from Ur and Puzrish-Dagan, in which she can appear alongside deities such as Ninazu and Ningishzida. It has been proposed she was also worshiped in the cult center of the latter god, Gishbanda.

Ninpumuna
Goddess of salt springs
Major cult centerUr, Puzrish-Dagan, possibly Gishbanda

Character Edit

Ninpumuna's name can be translated from Sumerian as "mistress of the salt spring."[1][2] The term pu3-mun, "salt spring," is first attested in a document from the Early Dynastic period.[3] The theonym is rendered as dNin-TÚL-mun-na in the Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie,[1] but more recent publications by Dina Katz (2007),[4] Annabelle Staiger (2010)[2] and Jose Hernández (2013) consistently use the reading "Ninpumuna."[5] Mark E. Cohen already referred to her as "Ninpumunna" in a monograph published in 1993.[6]

It is presumed that Ninpumuna was associated with the underworld.[6][1] Possibly the type of springs she was associated with was perceived as a symbol of death.[1] However, Steiger notes that future studies of her character will need to take into account that salt also had positive associations in Mesopotamian culture,[7] chiefly as a valuable ware or as an agent of ritual purification.[8]

Worship Edit

The only known texts which mention Ninpumuna come from Ur and Puzrish-Dagan.[3] All have been dated to roughly the same forty years old section of the Ur III period, and most were specifically written during the reigns of kings Amar-Sin and Ibbi-Sin.[9]

In a text from the latter of these two sites, a priestess of Meslamtaea is stated to be responsible for offering sheep to Ninpumuna.[10] However, she also had her own clergy, as evidenced by the fact that a "saĝĝa of Ninpumuna" appears in a document from the same location dealing with deliveries for Usaga, a possible member of the royal family, and to an Amorite named Naplānum.[5] The term saĝĝa can be translated as "temple administrator."[11] One ceremony involving Ninpumuna took place in a temple of Ninsun, and apparently was overseen by the reigning king at the time, Shu-Sin.[12] She also appears in the fourth ritual[4] from a series pertaining to funerary rites of the same monarch which has been discovered in Puzrish-Dagan.[13] According to this text, she received an offering of sacrificial animals alongside deities such as Ninshubur, Bau, Belet-Šuḫnir, Haya, various manifestations of Inanna, Shamash, Meslamtaea, Geshtinanna, Allatum, Gilgamesh, the underworld gatekeeper Bitu, the deified king Amar-Sin, and others.[4] The order in which they are arranged might be random.[14]

In Ur Nipumuna appears in two offering lists, in both of which she receives offerings alongside Ninazu, and in one also and Ningirida, Ningishzida, Ninazimua, Alla and a deity whose name is not fully preserved.[6] Similar associations between her and underworld deities are commonly attested in other available sources.[1] She is also attested in association with Alammuš and Ninurima.[15] Based on her connection to Ningishzida, Annabelle Steiger suggests that she might have been worshiped in his cult center, Gishbanda.[12]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998, p. 507.
  2. ^ a b Staiger 2010, p. 225.
  3. ^ a b Staiger 2010, p. 226.
  4. ^ a b c Katz 2007, p. 176.
  5. ^ a b Hernández 2013, p. 692.
  6. ^ a b c Cohen 1993, p. 468.
  7. ^ Staiger 2010, pp. 232–233.
  8. ^ Staiger 2010, pp. 231–232.
  9. ^ Staiger 2010, p. 232.
  10. ^ Staiger 2010, pp. 226–227.
  11. ^ Hernández 2013, p. 689.
  12. ^ a b Staiger 2010, p. 227.
  13. ^ Katz 2007, p. 174.
  14. ^ Katz 2007, p. 179.
  15. ^ Staiger 2010, p. 228.

Bibliography Edit

  • Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998), "dNin-TÚL-mun-na", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-10-01
  • Cohen, Mark E. (1993). The cultic calendars of the ancient Near East. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press. ISBN 1-883053-00-5. OCLC 27431674.
  • Hernández, Jorge (2013). "The Role of the Saĝĝa in Ur III Based on the Puzriš-Dagān Texts". Time and History in the Ancient Near East. Penn State University Press. pp. 689–704. doi:10.1515/9781575068565-059.
  • Katz, Dina (2007). "Sumerian Funerary Rituals in Context". In Laneri, Nicola (ed.). Performing death: social analyses of funerary traditions in the ancient Near East and Mediterranean. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. ISBN 1-885923-50-3. OCLC 156832396.
  • Staiger, Annabelle (2010). "Ninpumuna, die Herrin des Salzbrunnens". In Shehata, Dahlia; Weiershäuser, Frauke; Zand, Kamran V. (eds.). Von Göttern und Menschen: Beiträge zu Literatur und Geschichte des Alten Orients. Festschrift für Brigitte Groneberg. Cuneiform Monographs (in German). Vol. 41. Brill. pp. 225–236. doi:10.1163/9789004187474_014. ISBN 978-90-04-18748-1. Retrieved 2022-10-01.

October 21, 2023
ninpumuna, mesopotamian, goddess, associated, with, salt, springs, assumed, also, underworld, deity, only, attested, handful, texts, from, period, from, puzrish, dagan, which, appear, alongside, deities, such, ninazu, ningishzida, been, proposed, also, worship. Ninpumuna was a Mesopotamian goddess associated with salt springs It is assumed she was also an underworld deity She is only attested in a handful of texts from the Ur III period from Ur and Puzrish Dagan in which she can appear alongside deities such as Ninazu and Ningishzida It has been proposed she was also worshiped in the cult center of the latter god Gishbanda NinpumunaGoddess of salt springsMajor cult centerUr Puzrish Dagan possibly Gishbanda Contents 1 Character 2 Worship 3 References 3 1 BibliographyCharacter EditNinpumuna s name can be translated from Sumerian as mistress of the salt spring 1 2 The term pu3 mun salt spring is first attested in a document from the Early Dynastic period 3 The theonym is rendered as dNin TUL mun na in the Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archaologie 1 but more recent publications by Dina Katz 2007 4 Annabelle Staiger 2010 2 and Jose Hernandez 2013 consistently use the reading Ninpumuna 5 Mark E Cohen already referred to her as Ninpumunna in a monograph published in 1993 6 It is presumed that Ninpumuna was associated with the underworld 6 1 Possibly the type of springs she was associated with was perceived as a symbol of death 1 However Steiger notes that future studies of her character will need to take into account that salt also had positive associations in Mesopotamian culture 7 chiefly as a valuable ware or as an agent of ritual purification 8 Worship EditThe only known texts which mention Ninpumuna come from Ur and Puzrish Dagan 3 All have been dated to roughly the same forty years old section of the Ur III period and most were specifically written during the reigns of kings Amar Sin and Ibbi Sin 9 In a text from the latter of these two sites a priestess of Meslamtaea is stated to be responsible for offering sheep to Ninpumuna 10 However she also had her own clergy as evidenced by the fact that a saĝĝa of Ninpumuna appears in a document from the same location dealing with deliveries for Usaga a possible member of the royal family and to an Amorite named Naplanum 5 The term saĝĝa can be translated as temple administrator 11 One ceremony involving Ninpumuna took place in a temple of Ninsun and apparently was overseen by the reigning king at the time Shu Sin 12 She also appears in the fourth ritual 4 from a series pertaining to funerary rites of the same monarch which has been discovered in Puzrish Dagan 13 According to this text she received an offering of sacrificial animals alongside deities such as Ninshubur Bau Belet Suḫnir Haya various manifestations of Inanna Shamash Meslamtaea Geshtinanna Allatum Gilgamesh the underworld gatekeeper Bitu the deified king Amar Sin and others 4 The order in which they are arranged might be random 14 In Ur Nipumuna appears in two offering lists in both of which she receives offerings alongside Ninazu and in one also and Ningirida Ningishzida Ninazimua Alla and a deity whose name is not fully preserved 6 Similar associations between her and underworld deities are commonly attested in other available sources 1 She is also attested in association with Alammus and Ninurima 15 Based on her connection to Ningishzida Annabelle Steiger suggests that she might have been worshiped in his cult center Gishbanda 12 References Edit a b c d e Cavigneaux amp Krebernik 1998 p 507 a b Staiger 2010 p 225 a b Staiger 2010 p 226 a b c Katz 2007 p 176 a b Hernandez 2013 p 692 a b c Cohen 1993 p 468 Staiger 2010 pp 232 233 Staiger 2010 pp 231 232 Staiger 2010 p 232 Staiger 2010 pp 226 227 Hernandez 2013 p 689 a b Staiger 2010 p 227 Katz 2007 p 174 Katz 2007 p 179 Staiger 2010 p 228 Bibliography Edit Cavigneaux Antoine Krebernik Manfred 1998 dNin TUL mun na Reallexikon der Assyriologie in German retrieved 2022 10 01 Cohen Mark E 1993 The cultic calendars of the ancient Near East Bethesda Md CDL Press ISBN 1 883053 00 5 OCLC 27431674 Hernandez Jorge 2013 The Role of the Saĝĝa in Ur III Based on the Puzris Dagan Texts Time and History in the Ancient Near East Penn State University Press pp 689 704 doi 10 1515 9781575068565 059 Katz Dina 2007 Sumerian Funerary Rituals in Context In Laneri Nicola ed Performing death social analyses of funerary traditions in the ancient Near East and Mediterranean Chicago The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago ISBN 1 885923 50 3 OCLC 156832396 Staiger Annabelle 2010 Ninpumuna die Herrin des Salzbrunnens In Shehata Dahlia Weiershauser Frauke Zand Kamran V eds Von Gottern und Menschen Beitrage zu Literatur und Geschichte des Alten Orients Festschrift fur Brigitte Groneberg Cuneiform Monographs in German Vol 41 Brill pp 225 236 doi 10 1163 9789004187474 014 ISBN 978 90 04 18748 1 Retrieved 2022 10 01 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ninpumuna amp oldid 1148461501, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.