Nihon Shōgakkō fire
The Nihon Shōgakkō fire, or Japanese mission school fire, was a racially motivated arson that killed ten children in Sacramento, California, on April 15, 1923, at the dormitory of a Buddhist boarding school for students of Japanese ancestry. Fortunato Valencia Padilla, a Mexican-American itinerant from the Rio Grande Valley, admitted to committing the arson after his arrest in July 1923. Padilla confessed to at least 25 other fires in California, 13 of which were committed against Japanese households and Japanese-owned properties. Padilla was indicted on first-degree murder charges for the school fire on September 1, 1923, in Sacramento, with the prosecution seeking capital punishment. He was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was incarcerated at Folsom State Prison and later San Quentin State Prison; he died in 1970.
| Date | April 15, 1923 |
|---|---|
| Time | around 12:00 a.m., PT |
| Location | Sacramento, California, United States |
| Coordinates | 38°34′36″N 121°30′12″W / 38.5768°N 121.5034°WCoordinates: 38°34′36″N 121°30′12″W / 38.5768°N 121.5034°W |
| Cause | Arson |
| Motive | Anti-Japanese sentiment |
| Perpetrator | Fortunato Valencia Padilla |
| Casualties | |
| |
| Convicted | Fortunato Valencia Padilla |
| Trial | September 1, 1923 – November 7, 1923 |
| Verdict | Guilty |
| Convictions | First-degree murder |
| Sentence | Life imprisonment |
Background
Sacramento's Nihon Shōgakkō was established in 1903 for children of immigrant families whose parents worked in agriculture in the area.[1] The school dormitory was located at the Sacramento Buddhist Church, which was founded in 1899, and is believed to be the second-oldest Buddhist institution in the United States.[2] The buildings were located in the heart of Sacramento's Ofu, or Sakura City, which by the 1920s was the fourth-largest Japantown in the United States.[3][4]
English-language newspapers covering the incident in 1923 usually called it the Japanese mission school fire or the Buddhist mission fire. Nihon Shōgakkō (Japanese: 日本小学校), meaning Japanese grammar school, is the name reported on the school's website.[1] The school, which had 450 enrolled students at the time of Japanese-American internment, later changed its name to Sacramento Gakuen and still exists as of 2022 as Sakura Gakuen Japanese Language School.[1]
School fire
The Nihon Shōgakkō fire broke out shortly after midnight[5] in the three-story wood-frame building located at 418 O Street, killing ten children.[6] A Buddhist priest[6] or teacher-caretaker[5] named K. Kanada,[6] and a visitor named Y. Yano,[a] are credited with saving the thirteen children that survived.[5] According to a contemporary news report, "Kanada made four trips down an outside stairway, each time carrying a child. Yano guided the other children through the smoke-filled hallways."[5]
The day of the fire had been the "annual picnic of the Japanese in this county", celebrated in a grove in West Sacramento.[7] One report said the ten victims had little chance of escape in part because they were unusually weary from a "long trip and picnic" earlier in the day.[8]
The victims, who were said to have died from asphyxiation,[7] were found on the second and third floors of the building; seven in a room on the third floor, two in one room on the second floor, and one in a different second-floor room.[6] The victims ranged in age from five to seventeen, according to one report,[6] or from seven to eighteen years of age, according to another.[8] Two of the victims were brothers from Yolo County, California: K. Cage, age 18; and C. Cage, age 17.[6]
Three days after the school fire, there was an attempt to burn down a Japanese boarding house two blocks away.[9]
The dormitory was never rebuilt,[1] but the fire-damaged Buddhist church building was replaced in 1925.[2]
Investigation
Authorities initially believed the fire was a result of accidental combustion, despite the community's insistence from the beginning that the fire was of criminal origin.[5] After moving forward with an arson theory, two men who were employees of the Southern Pacific shops in Sacramento,[10] N. B. Coats, a black man, and John Golden, a Mexican foundry worker, were initially charged, circa late April 1923, with starting the school fire.[11] Coates had "broken down under severe grilling" and confessed that he had acted as a lookout while Golden, also known as "Mexican Pete" (last name sometimes listed as Gilden), lit the blaze.[12] Golden was said to have been motivated by "hatred of the Japanese as a result of a quarrel with a Nipponese."[12] Coates said Golden told him he "had no use for Japanese or Hindus."[10] When other fires of suspicious origin continued to break out in Japanese-American neighborhoods, the headline was "Japs Victims of Arson Gang".[11]
Three months later in Southern California, 25-year-old Fortunato Valencia Padilla[b] of El Paso, Texas,[13] elsewhere described as "wandering Mexican",[14] was arrested by police officers in Fullerton, Orange County, California, on July 17, 1923, following "a series of six fires there in one day."[13] An individual matching his description was seen leaving two of the fires and attempting to enter a nearby residence. His shoeprints (including "a peculiar heel marking") matched those found at one of the buildings, and his hands and arms were covered with grease that matched the oily railroad waste that was used as a fire starter.[14] Padilla was taken to Riverside and San Bernardino to "revisit scenes of recent fires" and signed a confession in the presence of four officers about events between June 29 and July 17.[13] According to The Bakersfield Californian, Padilla gave investigators "the addresses of the buildings and in many cases details of how he set them."[15]
Padilla confessed to police in Fullerton in mid-August 1923 to setting the fire at the school.[16] He initially confessed to an undercover detective placed in his cell pretending to be a fellow prisoner jailed on burglary charges.[17][16] Padilla reportedly told investigators that he had climbed a ledge between buildings and thrown the oil-soaked waste into a room of the school. He watched from below as the building burned and returned in the morning to watch the bodies being removed.[18] Padilla later stated that he was "brutally beaten" while in custody of Fullerton police "in order to force him to affix his signature to a statement purporting to read that if he were taken to Fresno and Sacramento he would divulge information concerning alleged incendiary fires in the two cities."[19] Orange County sheriffs and Fullerton city marshals strongly denied the allegations.[19] Shortly after his confession, which was made with the assistance of a Spanish-language interpreter, a noose made from thinly braided strips of blanket was found in Padilla's cell .[15]
Padilla ultimately confessed to dozens of fires—including several at fruit-packing warehouses—up and down the west coast of the United States, ranging from Seattle, Washington, to Orange County, California,[16] beginning in 1921. Amongst his targets were at least 13 Japanese community homes, churches, missions or schools,[16] with racial animus as motive.[17] One report stated, "He was quoted as admitting satisfaction in burning the homes and buildings of Japanese, to which race he was said to have confessed an antipathy."[16] Another stated, "He took particular joy in burning Japanese property because he says he doesn't like the Japanese. He told police he got a lot of joy out of watching the panic-stricken Japanese rushing from the burning buildings."[17] Padilla's hate-crime arson fires were in Sacramento,[15] Stockton,[11][20] and Fresno.[16] Other California arson fires set by Padilla were located in Colton, Anaheim, San Bernardino, and Riverside.[15]
The fires set by Padilla cost an estimated US$5 million (about $80 million today[21]) of damage.[18] Padilla used "oil-soaked waste materials from box car journals"[c][11] of railroad freight cars[13] to start most of the fires.[17] One report stated that Padilla said he set fires because he wanted to "see the fire engines run."[16]
Padilla was indicted on first-degree murder[22] charges for the school fire on September 1, 1923, in Sacramento.[23] The prosecutor sought capital punishment in his opening statement when the trial began on October 31.[24] After four hours of deliberation, the superior court jury returned a verdict of guilty on November 7, 1923, and recommended life imprisonment.[25] Judge C. O. Busick sentenced him to life.[26][22] His California state prison sentence start date was November 11, 1923.[27]
Padilla was a resident of Folsom State Prison at the time of the 1930 U.S. federal census, working as a driller in the quarry.[28] His Folsom prisoner number was 13127.[27] Padilla was incarcerated at San Quentin State Prison at the time of the 1950 U.S. federal census.[29] His San Quentin prisoner number was 38599.[27] He died in San Bernardino County, California, in 1970.[30]
Other fires
Padilla's confessions included at least 25 fires in California.[31] This record qualifies Padilla for the designation serial arsonist. This record also demonstrates instances of spree arson.[32]
- January 16, 1921 – Three Japanese homes and a Japanese mission, Fresno[17]
- April 26, 1922 – Two Japanese homes, Fresno[17]
- May 30, 1922 – Madary Planing Mill, Fresno[31]
- September 14, 1922 – Fig Brownie Plant of the California Peach and Fig Growers, Fresno[31]
- October 8, 1922 – Japanese Congregational Mission, and Japanese home owned by S. Eda, previously burned on January 16, 1921, Fresno[17]
- October 13, 1922 – Japanese-owned property, Fresno[17]
- October 15, 1922 – Japanese-owned property, Fresno[17]
- October 20, 1922 – Two Japanese-owned homes, Fresno[17]
- November 13, 1922 – Japanese-owned public garage, Fresno[17]
- April 26, 1923 – Two fires in the same night in the "Japanese quarter of Fresno"[33][34]
- June 29, 1923 – Golden State Cannery in Colton, California[13][17]
- June 1923 – Santa Fe lumberyard in San Bernardino, California[13][26]
- July 1, 1923 – San Bernardino Lumber Yard (possibly same as previous)[17]
- July 4, 1923 – Union Oil Company warehouse, Riverside[13][17]
- July 5, 1923 – Superior Honey Company plant, Riverside[13][17]
- July 10, 1923 – Anaheim Orange and Lemon Association packing warehouse, and Charles Bagnell warehouse, Anaheim[13][17]
- July 11, 1923 – Americanization Teacher's Home, Placentia;[17] American Fruit Growers packing house, Placentia;[17] Orange Growers' warehouse, Anaheim;[17] Placentia Walnut Growers’ Association warehouse, Globe beach house, and a cottage, Fullerton[13]
- Dates unclear – Three fires in Sacramento including one at a boarding house[17]
Padilla was said to have denied any connection with the blaze that consumed the Casa Blanca school near Riverside.[13]
Perpetrator
Fortunato Valencia Padilla (October 14, 1897[35][36] or 1898[30] – August 20, 1970[30]) was from the Rio Grande Valley. The 1930 census records his father's birthplace as Texas and his mother's as Mexico.[28]
Padilla registered for the draft in Cochise County, Arizona.[36] His middle name was recorded as Balencia on his draft card, home address 432 Canal Street, El Paso.[36] He said his father was born in El Paso, and his nearest relative was Señora Padilla of Ysleta, El Paso, Texas.[36] According to newspaper reports he was in the United States Army during World War I but deserted.[17]
According to his Folsom prison identification card, his criminal record was as prisoner AS No. 5332 at Arizona State Penitentiary. Identifying "marks, scars and moles" were "hypo mks left arm."[27] According to newspaper reports, he had a past burglary charge.[17]
Padilla died in San Bernardino County, California.[30]
Notes
- ^ Yano was a projectionist from San Francisco who had been showing movies to the children earlier in the evening.[5]
- ^ Sometimes recorded as Fortuna or Frank
- ^ In railroad car designs typical of the time, the journal box would have a hinged lid for easy access and be stuffed with waste rags to retain lubricating grease. Padilla would remove some of the grease-soaked rags for use as kindling in his fires.
See also
- Babbs Switch fire (1924)
- Cleveland School fire (1923)
- Farrington v. Tokushige 273 U.S. 284 (1927)
- Hongwangji Buddhism
- Hope Development School fire (1924)
- Hoshū jugyō kō
- Japanese language education in the United States
- Kinmon Gakuen (San Francisco)
- Nihongo Gakko (Tacoma)
- Nihon Go Gakko (Seattle)
References
- ^ a b c d "History of Sakura Gakuen". SakuraGakuen.org. Sakura Gakuen Japanese Language School. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
- ^ a b Burg, William (2007). Sacramento's Southside Park. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-7385-4796-1.
- ^ California Museum. "Kokoro: The Story of Sacramento's Lost Japantown". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
- ^ Pease, Ben (October 11, 2020). "Historic Urban Japantown - Sacramento Detail Map: Sacramento's Fourth St. between K and P Streets". Pease Press Cartography, Japantown Atlas. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "Fire Chief Thinks Combustion Caused Fatal School Fire". Bakersfield Morning Echo. May 17, 1923. p. 1. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "Children Die in Fire Trap". Woodland Daily Democrat. April 16, 1923. p. 1.
- ^ a b "Children Die from Smoke School Fire". Madera Mercury. April 17, 1923. Retrieved November 27, 2022 – via UCR Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research.
- ^ a b "Ten Children Die in Fire". The Raymer Enterprise. April 19, 1923. p. 7.
- ^ "Think Fire Set for Revenge: Sacramento Authorities Work on Theory of Japanese Feud". Nebraska State Journal. April 19, 1923. p. 1.
- ^ a b "John Gilden Charged with Setting Fire in Which Ten Lose Lives". Stockton Independent. Retrieved November 27, 2022 – via UCR Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research.
- ^ a b c d "Japs Victims of Arson Gang". Ogden Standard-Examiner. April 29, 1923. p. 5.
- ^ a b "Negro Confesses Firing School in Sacramento". Woodland Daily Democrat. April 27, 1923. p. 8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Reveal Confession of Firebug, Brought to Jail Here". Santa Ana Register. July 18, 1923. p. 4.
- ^ a b "Coils Tighten on Man Held as Firebug". Santa Ana Daily Evening Register. July 23, 1923. p. 3.
- ^ a b c d "Fires Set by Insane Man Do Damage of 5 Million – Responsibility for Many Mysterious Conflagrations Assumed – Liked Excitement Caused by Blaze – Fresno, Stockton and Colton Among Cities Visited". Bakersfield Californian. August 17, 1923. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Murder Plaint May Preclude Arson Charge". Santa Ana Daily Evening Register. August 17, 1923. p. 10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Fire Fiend Unmasked: Lives and Homes Sacrificed; Confession Uncovers Arson Mystery Reaching From Seattle to Mexico; Hatred of Japanese Incites Army Deserter to Burn Church Mission; Fire Murders Are Admitted". Los Angeles Times. August 17, 1923. p. I1. ProQuest 161579022.
- ^ a b "Man Held in Texas Tells of Outrage". Press Democrat. Vol. 49, no. 245. Santa Rosa, California. August 17, 1923. p. 1.
- ^ a b "Officers Deny Mistreatment of Prisoner". Santa Ana Daily Evening Register. November 7, 1923. p. 6.
- ^ Pease, Ben (March 14, 2008). "Stockton Japantown Map". Japantown Atlas, Pease Press Cartography. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
- ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- ^ a b California State Archives, Department of Corrections. San Quentin State Prison Records, 1850–1950. ID #R135: Record Book 11, Numbers 36909-39651, online at Ancestry.com in database "California, U.S., Prison and Correctional Records, 1851–1950."
- ^ "Indict Fire Fiend on Murder Charge". Santa Ana Daily Evening Register. September 1, 1923. p. 1.
- ^ "Will Urge Extreme Penalty for Padilla". Bakersfield Californian. October 31, 1923. p. 1.
- ^ "Capital Firebug Convicted by Jury". Press Democrat. November 8, 1923. Retrieved November 27, 2022 – via UCR Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research.
- ^ a b "Padilla Gets Life Sentence". San Bernardino Sun. November 13, 1923. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
- ^ a b c d Source Citation California State Archives; Sacramento, California; Folsom State Prison Inmate Identification Photograph Cards/Inmate 12470-13900 Description Title/Description: Identification Cards, 12470-13900 Source Information Ancestry.com. California, U.S., Prison and Correctional Records, 1851–1950 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
- ^ a b Year: 1930; Census Place: Granite, Sacramento, California; Page: 15B; Enumeration District: 0026; FHL microfilm: 2339920 1930 United States Federal Census[database on-line]. via Ancestry.com and Wikipedia Library.
- ^ Seventeenth Census of the United States, 1950; Record Group Number: 29; Residence Date: 1950; Home in 1950: San Rafael, Marin, California; Roll: 551; Sheet Number: 12; Enumeration District: 21–60 California State Prison (In San Rafael Judicial Township) via Ancestry.com and Wikipedia Library
- ^ a b c d Place: San Bernardino; Date: August 20, 1970 – State of California. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics. Via Ancestry.com and Wikipedia Library
- ^ a b c "Anti-Japanese Firebug Cause of 25 Blazes". Stockton Independent. August 17, 1923. Retrieved November 27, 2022 – via UCR Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research.
- ^ A D Sapp; T G Huff; G P Gary; D J Icove; P Horbert (1994). Essential Findings From a Study of Serial Arsonists (Report). U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. NCJ Number 149950. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - ^ "Five Million Damage Is Done by Firebug". Merced Sun-Star. August 17, 1923. Retrieved November 27, 2022 – via UCR Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research.
- ^ Pease, Ben. "Japantown Atlas - Central California - Fresno - Detail of Fresno Chinatown Map with Japanese American Businesses of 1940". Japantown Atlas. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
- ^ Ancestry.com. U.S., Veterans Administration Master Index, 1917–1940 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT. USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2019. Original data: United States, Veterans Administration Master Index, 1917–1940. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Registration State: Arizona; Registration County: Cochise County Draft Card: P Ancestry.com. U.S., World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918
Further reading
- Wildie, Kevin (2013). Sacramento's historic Japantown : legacy of a lost neighborhood. Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-62619-186-0. OCLC 855581023.
- Buddhist Churches of America: 75 year history, 1899-1974. United States: Nobart, 1974.
- Asato, Noriko. Teaching Mikadoism: The Attack on Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii, California, and Washington, 1919–1927. University of Hawai’i Press, 2006. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wqp0h
- Trans-Pacific Japanese American Studies: Conversations on Race and Racializations. Germany: University of Hawaii Press, 2016.
External links
- Kokoro: The History of Sacramento's Lost Japantown, by California Museum