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Neo-Freudianism

May 03, 2024

Neo-Freudianism is a psychoanalytic approach derived from the influence of Sigmund Freud but extending his theories towards typically social or cultural aspects of psychoanalysis over the biological.[1]

The neo-Freudian school of psychiatrists and psychologists were a group of loosely-linked American theorists/writers of the mid-20th century "who attempted to restate Freudian theory in sociological terms and to eliminate its connections with biology."[2]

Dissidents and post-Freudians edit

Dissidents edit

The term neo-Freudian is sometimes loosely (but inaccurately[citation needed]) used to refer to those early followers of Freud who at some point accepted the basic tenets of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis but later dissented from it. "The best-known of these dissenters are Alfred Adler and Carl Jung.… The Dissidents."[3]

An interest in the social approach to psychodynamics was the major theme linking the so-called neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler had perhaps been "the first to explore and develop a comprehensive social theory of the psychodynamic self."[4]: 61  Following "Adler's death, some of his views…came to exert considerable influence on the neo-Freudian theory."[5] Indeed, it has been suggested of "Horney and Sullivan ... that these theorists could be more accurately described as 'neo-Adlerians' than 'neo-Freudians'."[4]: 54 

Post-Freudians edit

The Independent Analysts Group of the British Psycho-Analytical Society ("Contemporary Freudians") are—like the ego-psychologists (e.g. Heinz Hartmann) or the intersubjective analysts in the States—perhaps best thought of as "different schools of psychoanalytic thought,"[6] or as "Post-Freudians…post-Freudian developments."[7] They are distinct from the Kleinian schools of thought and include figures such as Christopher Bollas, D. W. Winnicott, and Adam Phillips.[8]

Neo-Freudian ideas edit

History edit

As early as 1936, Erich Fromm had been independently regretting that psychoanalysts "did not concern themselves with the variety of life experience…and therefore did not try to explain psychic structure as determined by social structure."[9] Karen Horney, too, "emphasised the role culture exerts in the development of personality and downplayed the classical driven features outlined by Freud."[4]: 61 

Erik H. Erikson, for his part, stressed that "psychoanalysis today is…shifting its emphasis…to the study of the ego's roots in the social organisation," and that its method should be "what H. S. Sullivan called 'participant', and systematically so."[10]

Doctor and psychotherapist Harald Schultz-Hencke (1892–1953) was thoroughly busy with questions like impulse and inhibition and with the therapy of psychoses as well as the interpretation of dreams. He worked with Matthias Göring in his institute (Deutsches Institut für psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie), and created the name Neopsychoanalyse in 1945.[11] The "Neo-Freudian revolt against the orthodox theory of instincts" was thus anchored in a sense of what Harry Stack Sullivan termed "our incredibly culture-ridden life."[12] By their writings, and "in accessible prose, Fromm, Horney, and others mounted a cultural and social critique which became almost conventional wisdom."[13]

Through informal and more formal institutional links, such as the William Alanson White Institute, as well as through likeness of ideas, the neo-Freudians made up a cohesively distinctive and influential psychodynamic movement.

Basic anxiety edit

Karen Horney theorized that to deal with basic anxiety, the individual has three options:[14]

  1. Moving toward others: Accept the situation and become dependent on others. This strategy may entail an exaggerated desire for approval or affection.
  2. Moving against others: Resist the situation and become aggressive. This strategy may involve an exaggerated need for power, exploitation of others, recognition, or achievement.
  3. Moving away from others: Withdraw from others and become isolated. This strategy may involve an exaggerated need for self-sufficiency, privacy, or independence.

Basic personality edit

The neo-Freudian Abram Kardiner was primarily interested in learning how a specific society acquires adaptation concerning its environment. He does this by forming within its members what he names a "basic personality." The "basic personality" can initially be traced to the operation of primary institutions. It ultimately creates clusters of unconscious motivations in the specific individual "which in turn are projected in the form of secondary institutions," such as reality systems. The basic personality finds expression in the secondary institutions.[15]

Criticism edit

"Fenichel developed a stringent theoretical critique of the neo-Freudians",[16] which informed and fed into the way "Herbert Marcuse, in his 'Critique of Neo-Freudian Revisionism'...icily examines the tone of uplift and the Power of Positive Thinking that pervades the revisionists' writings, and mocks their claims to scientific seriousness."[17]

In comparable fashion, "an article…by Mr Edward Glover, entitled Freudian or Neo-Freudian, directed entirely against the constructions of Mr Alexander"[18] equally used the term as a form of orthodox reproach.

In the wake of such contemporary criticism, a "consistent critique levelled at most theorists cited above is that they compromise the intrapersonal interiority of the psyche;" but one may accept nonetheless that "they have contributed an enduring and vital collection of standpoints relating to the human subject."[4]: 66 

Influence, successors, and offshoots edit

In 1940, Carl Rogers had launched what would become person-centred psychotherapy, "crediting its roots in the therapy of Rank...& in the neo-Freudian analysts—especially Karen Horney."[19]: 109  A decade later, he would report that it had "developed along somewhat different paths than the psychotherapeutic views of Horney or Sullivan, or Alexander and French, yet there are many threads of interconnection with these modern formulations of psychoanalytic thinking."[19]: 279 

A half-century further on, whether by direct or by indirect influence, "consistent with the traditions of these schools, current theorists of the social and psychodynamic self are working in the spaces between social and political theory and psychoanalysis"[20] once again.

Cultural offshoots edit

In his skit on Freud's remark that "if my name were Oberhuber, my innovations would have found far less resistance,"[21] Peter Gay, considering the notional eclipse of "Oberhuber" by his replacement Freud, adjudged that "the prospect that deviants would have to be called neo-Oberhuberians, or Oberhuberian revisionists, contributed to the master's decline."[22]

Neo-Freudians edit

Others with possible neo-Freudian links edit

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ "neo-Freudian, adj." APA Dictionary of Psychology. US: American Psychological Association. 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  2. ^ Rycroft, Charles. 1995. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. London. p. 60.
  3. ^ Berne, Eric. 1976. A Layman's Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis. Middlesex. pp. 277, 298.
  4. ^ a b c d Brinich, Paul, and Christopher Shelley. 2002. The Self and Personality Structure. Buckingham.
  5. ^ Zangwill, O. "Freud." In The Oxford Companion to the Mind, edited by R. Gregory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 269.
  6. ^ Padel, John H. 1987. "Freudianism: Later Developments." In The Oxford Companion to the Mind, edited by R. Gregory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 270.
  7. ^ Quinodox, Jean-Michel. 2005. Reading Freud. London. p, ix.
  8. ^ Casement, Patrick. 1996. Further Learning from the Patient. London. p. 177n.
  9. ^ Quoted in Adam Phillips, On Flirtation (London 1994) p. 132
  10. ^ Erikson, Erik H. 1973. Childhood and Society. Middlesex. pp. 13–14.
  11. ^ de Mijolla, Alain. 2005. International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (1st ed.), 3 vols. USA: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 0-02-865927-9.
  12. ^ Birnbach, Martin. 1961. Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy. Stanford. p. 50.
  13. ^ Jacoby, Russell. 1986. The Repression of Psychoanalysis: Otto Fenichel and the Political Freudians. Chicago. p. 153.
  14. ^ Carlson, N. R. 2010. Psychology, the science of behaviour (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. p. 459.
  15. ^ Lunksy, L.L. 1963. "Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy." Archives of Internal Medicine 111(5):680–80. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  16. ^ Jacoby, Otto Fenichel and the Political Freudians p. 153
  17. ^ Malcolm, Janet. 1988. Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession. London. p. 28.
  18. ^ Lacan, Jacques. 1994. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. London. p. 174.
  19. ^ a b Kirschenbaum, Howard. 2007.The Life and Work of Carl Rogers. Ross-on-Wye.
  20. ^ Wolfenstein 1993; Chodorow 1994; Hinshelwood 1996, as cited in Brinich, Paul, and Christopher Shelley. 2002. The Self and Personality Structure. Buckingham. p. 66.
  21. ^ Quoted in Peter Gay, Reading Freud (London 1990) p. 160
  22. ^ Gay (1990), p. 163

General sources edit

  • Gunn, Jacqueline Simon, Kyle Arnold, and Erica Freeman. 2015. "The Dynamic Self Searching for Growth and Authenticity: Karen Horney's Contribution to Humanistic Psychology". The Forum of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry 59(2):20–23.
  • Mitchell, S. A., and M. J. Black. 1995. Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought. USA: Basic Books.
  • Thompson, Clara. 1950. Psychoanalysis: Evolution and Development. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons.

May 03, 2024
freudianism, psychoanalytic, approach, derived, from, influence, sigmund, freud, extending, theories, towards, typically, social, cultural, aspects, psychoanalysis, over, biological, freudian, school, psychiatrists, psychologists, were, group, loosely, linked,. Neo Freudianism is a psychoanalytic approach derived from the influence of Sigmund Freud but extending his theories towards typically social or cultural aspects of psychoanalysis over the biological 1 The neo Freudian school of psychiatrists and psychologists were a group of loosely linked American theorists writers of the mid 20th century who attempted to restate Freudian theory in sociological terms and to eliminate its connections with biology 2 Contents 1 Dissidents and post Freudians 1 1 Dissidents 1 2 Post Freudians 2 Neo Freudian ideas 2 1 History 2 2 Basic anxiety 2 3 Basic personality 3 Criticism 4 Influence successors and offshoots 4 1 Cultural offshoots 5 Neo Freudians 5 1 Others with possible neo Freudian links 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 General sourcesDissidents and post Freudians editDissidents edit The term neo Freudian is sometimes loosely but inaccurately citation needed used to refer to those early followers of Freud who at some point accepted the basic tenets of Freud s theory of psychoanalysis but later dissented from it The best known of these dissenters are Alfred Adler and Carl Jung The Dissidents 3 An interest in the social approach to psychodynamics was the major theme linking the so called neo Freudians Alfred Adler had perhaps been the first to explore and develop a comprehensive social theory of the psychodynamic self 4 61 Following Adler s death some of his views came to exert considerable influence on the neo Freudian theory 5 Indeed it has been suggested of Horney and Sullivan that these theorists could be more accurately described as neo Adlerians than neo Freudians 4 54 Post Freudians edit The Independent Analysts Group of the British Psycho Analytical Society Contemporary Freudians are like the ego psychologists e g Heinz Hartmann or the intersubjective analysts in the States perhaps best thought of as different schools of psychoanalytic thought 6 or as Post Freudians post Freudian developments 7 They are distinct from the Kleinian schools of thought and include figures such as Christopher Bollas D W Winnicott and Adam Phillips 8 Neo Freudian ideas editHistory edit As early as 1936 Erich Fromm had been independently regretting that psychoanalysts did not concern themselves with the variety of life experience and therefore did not try to explain psychic structure as determined by social structure 9 Karen Horney too emphasised the role culture exerts in the development of personality and downplayed the classical driven features outlined by Freud 4 61 Erik H Erikson for his part stressed that psychoanalysis today is shifting its emphasis to the study of the ego s roots in the social organisation and that its method should be what H S Sullivan called participant and systematically so 10 Doctor and psychotherapist Harald Schultz Hencke 1892 1953 was thoroughly busy with questions like impulse and inhibition and with the therapy of psychoses as well as the interpretation of dreams He worked with Matthias Goring in his institute Deutsches Institut fur psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie and created the name Neopsychoanalyse in 1945 11 The Neo Freudian revolt against the orthodox theory of instincts was thus anchored in a sense of what Harry Stack Sullivan termed our incredibly culture ridden life 12 By their writings and in accessible prose Fromm Horney and others mounted a cultural and social critique which became almost conventional wisdom 13 Through informal and more formal institutional links such as the William Alanson White Institute as well as through likeness of ideas the neo Freudians made up a cohesively distinctive and influential psychodynamic movement Basic anxiety edit Karen Horney theorized that to deal with basic anxiety the individual has three options 14 Moving toward others Accept the situation and become dependent on others This strategy may entail an exaggerated desire for approval or affection Moving against others Resist the situation and become aggressive This strategy may involve an exaggerated need for power exploitation of others recognition or achievement Moving away from others Withdraw from others and become isolated This strategy may involve an exaggerated need for self sufficiency privacy or independence Basic personality edit The neo Freudian Abram Kardiner was primarily interested in learning how a specific society acquires adaptation concerning its environment He does this by forming within its members what he names a basic personality The basic personality can initially be traced to the operation of primary institutions It ultimately creates clusters of unconscious motivations in the specific individual which in turn are projected in the form of secondary institutions such as reality systems The basic personality finds expression in the secondary institutions 15 Criticism edit Fenichel developed a stringent theoretical critique of the neo Freudians 16 which informed and fed into the way Herbert Marcuse in his Critique of Neo Freudian Revisionism icily examines the tone of uplift and the Power of Positive Thinking that pervades the revisionists writings and mocks their claims to scientific seriousness 17 In comparable fashion an article by Mr Edward Glover entitled Freudian or Neo Freudian directed entirely against the constructions of Mr Alexander 18 equally used the term as a form of orthodox reproach In the wake of such contemporary criticism a consistent critique levelled at most theorists cited above is that they compromise the intrapersonal interiority of the psyche but one may accept nonetheless that they have contributed an enduring and vital collection of standpoints relating to the human subject 4 66 Influence successors and offshoots editIn 1940 Carl Rogers had launched what would become person centred psychotherapy crediting its roots in the therapy of Rank amp in the neo Freudian analysts especially Karen Horney 19 109 A decade later he would report that it had developed along somewhat different paths than the psychotherapeutic views of Horney or Sullivan or Alexander and French yet there are many threads of interconnection with these modern formulations of psychoanalytic thinking 19 279 A half century further on whether by direct or by indirect influence consistent with the traditions of these schools current theorists of the social and psychodynamic self are working in the spaces between social and political theory and psychoanalysis 20 once again Cultural offshoots edit In his skit on Freud s remark that if my name were Oberhuber my innovations would have found far less resistance 21 Peter Gay considering the notional eclipse of Oberhuber by his replacement Freud adjudged that the prospect that deviants would have to be called neo Oberhuberians or Oberhuberian revisionists contributed to the master s decline 22 Neo Freudians editAlfred Adler Erik Erikson Erich Fromm Frieda Fromm Reichmann Karen Horney Carl Jung Abram Kardiner Harald Schultz Hencke Harry Stack Sullivan Clara Thompson Others with possible neo Freudian links edit Franz Alexander Jessica Benjamin Nancy Chodorow Richard Hakim Thomas Ogden David Rapaport Alex UngerReferences editCitations edit neo Freudian adj APA Dictionary of Psychology US American Psychological Association 2020 Retrieved 28 June 2020 Rycroft Charles 1995 A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis London p 60 Berne Eric 1976 A Layman s Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis Middlesex pp 277 298 a b c d Brinich Paul and Christopher Shelley 2002 The Self and Personality Structure Buckingham Zangwill O Freud In The Oxford Companion to the Mind edited by R Gregory Oxford Oxford University Press p 269 Padel John H 1987 Freudianism Later Developments In The Oxford Companion to the Mind edited by R Gregory Oxford Oxford University Press p 270 Quinodox Jean Michel 2005 Reading Freud London p ix Casement Patrick 1996 Further Learning from the Patient London p 177n Quoted in Adam Phillips On Flirtation London 1994 p 132 Erikson Erik H 1973 Childhood and Society Middlesex pp 13 14 de Mijolla Alain 2005 International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis 1st ed 3 vols USA Macmillan Reference ISBN 0 02 865927 9 Birnbach Martin 1961 Neo Freudian Social Philosophy Stanford p 50 Jacoby Russell 1986 The Repression of Psychoanalysis Otto Fenichel and the Political Freudians Chicago p 153 Carlson N R 2010 Psychology the science of behaviour 4th ed Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education p 459 Lunksy L L 1963 Neo Freudian Social Philosophy Archives of Internal Medicine 111 5 680 80 Retrieved 7 March 2012 Jacoby Otto Fenichel and the Political Freudians p 153 Malcolm Janet 1988 Psychoanalysis The Impossible Profession London p 28 Lacan Jacques 1994 The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis London p 174 a b Kirschenbaum Howard 2007 The Life and Work of Carl Rogers Ross on Wye Wolfenstein 1993 Chodorow 1994 Hinshelwood 1996 as cited in Brinich Paul and Christopher Shelley 2002 The Self and Personality Structure Buckingham p 66 Quoted in Peter Gay Reading Freud London 1990 p 160 Gay 1990 p 163 General sources edit Gunn Jacqueline Simon Kyle Arnold and Erica Freeman 2015 The Dynamic Self Searching for Growth and Authenticity Karen Horney s Contribution to Humanistic Psychology The Forum of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry 59 2 20 23 Mitchell S A and M J Black 1995 Freud and Beyond A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought USA Basic Books Thompson Clara 1950 Psychoanalysis Evolution and Development New York Thomas Nelson amp Sons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neo Freudianism amp oldid 1164818262, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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