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Nebuchadnezzar II's Prism

January 01, 1970

Nebuchadnezzar II's Prism, also known as the Hofkalender,[1][2][3] EŞ 7834,[2][3] The Court of Nebuchadnezzar,[4] the Unger Prism,[5] Nebuchadnezzar's Court Calendar,[6] the Phillipps Cylinder, Nbk Zyl III,4, C34, and Nr. 9,[7] is an artifact from the Neo-Babylonian Empire.[8][verification needed] The text is similar to, but different from, the Nebuchadnezzar cylinder C34, also known as the Middle Hill cylinder.[9]

Date and context edit

The text states that it was written in Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year, or 598-597 BCE.[10][11][12] It was written on or after Nebuchadnezzar's 7th year[3]

Da Riva dates the text to 598 BCE at the latest.[13] Shea dates the text to 593 BCE or shortly thereafter, certainly before 586 BCE.[14] He suggests the context for the passage is a recent revolt against Nebuchadrezzar in December 595 – January 594 BCE,[15] with the beginning of the inscription as a gesture of gratitude to the gods for helping to suppress the revolt. The text is a review of the personnel of the Babylonian bureaucracy in order to ensure all remain loyal to Nebuchadnezzar.[16][17]

Critchlow dates the artifact to 570 BCE[8] during the reign of Amel-Marduk.

Contents edit

The first half of the text is devoted to Nebuchadnezzar's relationship with the gods, while the last half contains a list of more than fifty officials appointed by Nebuchadnezzar. The first segment describes Nebuchadnezzar's service to the gods by rebuilding their temples and supplying them with offerings. The second segment credits Marduk with providing various lands to Nebuchadnezzar and how the associated tribute from those lands had made Nebuchadnezzar wealthy. The third segment contains Nebuchadnezzar's prayer to Marduk asking that Marduk might continue to extend his rule over the lands.[18]

The list includes a number of figures described in the Hebrew Bible, including imperial chancellor Nebuzaradan [Wikidata] who is also known from 2 Kings 25:8-11 and Jeremiah 39:13.[14][19][20][21] It also mentions Neriglissar,[22][20][23] Hananiah, Meshach, and Abednego.[24]

The Unger Prism contains a list of kings who were prisoners of Babylon during the reign of Amel-Marduk, including the kings of Tyre, Gaza, Sidon, Arvad, and Arpad.[25][26]

The Unger Prism has been understood to confirm the historicity of the Biblical account of King Jeconiah of Judah's superior treatment to other kings held captive (2 Kings 25:28) and his release from Babylon.[25][26][27]

The arrangement of Babylonian regions in the Unger Prism corresponds to those mentioned in Ezekiel 23.[28]

It describes the building of a royal palace in Babylon and includes a list of Babylonian court officials[3]

The Unger Prism is the only extant source which describes the upper administrative structure of the Babylonian state.[10]

Versions edit

A version of text was found at Babylon by Harford Jones-Brydges. This version was engraved on a short column of black basalt, with 619 lines of text divided into ten columns. The column was part of the India House Collection.[specify] That is the version published in Rodwell (1901).[29]

Another version of the text was found in the Western Annex Building of the South Palace in Babylon on a clay prism.[30] This prism originally had eight sides.[31] Five columns of text on five sides were published in Unger (1970), and an additional side was published in Berger (1973). The base of the prism is 23.6 cm in diameter and has a maximum preserved height of 23.4 cm. Da Riva believes the original was 45–50 cm tall and thus that about 2/3 of the original text is missing.[31] The prism is at the Istanbul Archaeology Museums.[30][18]

Published editions edit

  • Johnson, Rossiter, ed. (1901). "The East India House inscription of Nebuchadrezzar II, king of Babylon (601-565 B.C.)". Assyrian and Babylonian literature: Selected translations. Translated by Gray, Clifton Daggett. New York: D. Appleton & Co. pp. 134–143.
  • "Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar". Babylonian and Assyrian literature: Comprising the epic of Izdubar, hymns, tablets, and cuneiform inscriptions. The World's Great Classics. Translated by Rodwell, J. M. New York: The Colonial Press. 1901. pp. 250ff. (HTML available from and from Project Gutenberg)
  • Da Riva, Rocio (1 December 2012). "Nebuchadnezzar II's Prism (EŞ 7834): A New Edition". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie [Journal of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology]. 103 (2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 196–229. doi:10.1515/za-2013-0013. ISSN 0084-5299. S2CID 199576117.

Citations edit

  1. ^ Beaulieu 2002.
  2. ^ a b Da Riva 2012, p. 196.
  3. ^ a b c d Spar & Jursa 2014, p. 334.
  4. ^ Ko 2017, p. 67.
  5. ^ Critchlow 2004, p. 43.
  6. ^ Zadok 1978, p. 178.
  7. ^ Burrows 2015.
  8. ^ a b Critchlow 2004, p. .
  9. ^ Da Riva 2012, p. 196,221.
  10. ^ a b Beaulieu 2002, p. 99.
  11. ^ Landsberger 1933, p. 298.
  12. ^ See also Vanderhooft (1998, p. 34)
  13. ^ Da Riva 2012, p. 206-207,227.
  14. ^ a b Shea 1982, pp. 44–45.
  15. ^ Shea 1982, p. 50.
  16. ^ Shea 1982, pp. 42–44.
  17. ^ Da Riva 2012, p. 198.
  18. ^ a b Shea 1982, p. 37.
  19. ^ Da Riva 2012, p. 202-203.
  20. ^ a b Beaulieu 2002, p. 100.
  21. ^ Unger 1970, p. 289.
  22. ^ Shea 1982, pp. 45f..
  23. ^ Unger 1970, p. 36,290-291.
  24. ^ Shea 1982, pp. 46–50.
  25. ^ a b Critchlow & Dempster 2013, p. 16.
  26. ^ a b Walton, Matthews & Chavalas 2000, p. 412.
  27. ^ Evans 2015, p. 83.
  28. ^ Zadok 1978.
  29. ^ Rodwell 1901, p. 251.
  30. ^ a b Da Riva 2012, p. 196-197.
  31. ^ a b Da Riva 2012, p. 197.

References edit

  • Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2002). "Ea-dayān, Governor of the Sealand, and Other Dignitaries of the Neo-Babylonian Empire". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 54 (1). University of Chicago Press: 99–123. doi:10.2307/1360047. ISSN 0022-0256. JSTOR 1360047. S2CID 163932683.
  • Berger, Paul-Richard (1973). Die neubabylonischen Königsinschriften. Königsinschriften des ausgehenden babylonischen Reiches, 626-539 a. Chr. Von. Verlag Butzon & Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag. OCLC 556885699.
  • Burrows, Toby (18 April 2015). "The Phillipps Babylonian Cylinder: MS 3902 (Tales of the Phillipps Manuscripts #4)". Department of Digital Humanities at King's College.
  • Critchlow, James R. (2004). (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Edinburgh. S2CID 114969443. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-17.
  • Critchlow, James R.; Dempster, S. (2013). Looking Back for Jehoiachin: Yahweh's Cast-Out Signet. Africanus Monograph Series. Wipf & Stock. ISBN 978-1-62032-111-9.
  • Evans, Paul S. (2015) [2012]. Ong, H.T. (ed.). "The end of kings as presaging an exodus: The function of the Jehoiachin epilogue (2 Kgs 25:27–30) in light of parallels with the Joseph story in Genesis" (PDF). McMaster Journal of Theology and Ministry. 16. Pickwick: 65–100. ISBN 978-1-5326-0295-5.
  • Ko, M.H. (2017). The Levite Singers in Chronicles and Their Stabilising Role. The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-67703-7.
  • Landsberger (1933). "Bemerkungen zu einigen in Ungers "Babylon" ubersetzten Texte" [Comments on some of the texts translated in Unger's "Babylon"]. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie [Journal of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology] (in German). 41. Walter de Gruyter: 298. doi:10.1515/zava.1933.41.1-4.237. ISSN 0084-5299.
  • Shea, William H. (1982). "Daniel 3: Extra-Biblical Texts And The Convocation On The Plain Of Dura". Andrews University Seminary Studies. 20 (1): 29–52.
  • Spar, I.; Jursa, M. (2014). Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Volume IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-57506-327-0.
  • Walton, J.H.; Matthews, V.H.; Chavalas, M.W. (2000). The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1419-0.

Further reading edit

  • Cogan, M.; Tadmor, H. (1988). II Kings: A New Translation. Anchor Yale Bible. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-385-02388-7.
  • Da Riva, Rocío (2017). "The Figure of Nabopolassar in Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Historiographic Tradition: BM 34793 and CUA 90". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 76 (1). University of Chicago Press: 75–92. doi:10.1086/690464. ISSN 0022-2968. S2CID 222433095.
  • Garstad, Benjamin (18 February 2016). "Nebuchadnezzar's Siege of Tyre in Jerome's Commentary on Ezekiel". Vigiliae Christianae. 70 (2). Brill: 175–192. doi:10.1163/15700720-12341236. ISSN 0042-6032.
  • Gerardi, Pamela (1993). "Prism fragments from Sippar: New Esarhaddon inscriptions". Iraq. 55. JSTOR: 119–133. doi:10.2307/4200371. ISSN 0021-0889. JSTOR 4200371. S2CID 193237843.
  • Jursa, Michael (2010). "Der neubabylonische Hof" [The Neo-Babylonian court]. In Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (eds.). Der Achämenidenhof. Akten des 2. Internationalen Kolloquiums zum Thema Vorderasien im Spannungsfeld klassischer und altorientalischer Überlieferungen, Landgut Castelen bei Basel, 23–25. Mai 2007 [The Achaemenid Court: Files of the 2nd international colloquium on the subject of the Near East in the area of tension between classic and ancient oriental traditions, Castelen estate near Basel]. Classica et Orientalia (in German). Vol. 2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 67–106. ISBN 978-3-447-06159-9. ISSN 2190-3638. OCLC 679931623.
  • Odell, Margaret S. (1998). "The Particle and the Prophet: Observations on Ezekiel II 6". Vetus Testamentum. 38 (3): 425–432. doi:10.1163/1568533982722405. JSTOR 1585243.
  • Pritchard, James B., ed. (1969) [1955]. Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament. Translated by Oppenheim, A. Leo (3rd ed.). Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. pp. 307‒308. ISBN 0-691-03503-2. OCLC 382005.
  • Unger, Eckhard (1925). "Namen im Hofstaate Nebukadnezars II 1925" [The deposed rulers in Babylon, dating from about 570]. Theologische Literaturzeitung [Theological Literary Journal] (in German). 50: 481–486.
  • Unger, Eckhard (1926). "Mitteilungen" [Announcements]. Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft [Journal of Old Testament Scholarship] (in German). 44 (1): 314–330. doi:10.1515/zatw.1926.44.1.314. ISSN 0044-2526.
  • Unger, Eckhard (1970) [1931]. Babylon: Die heilige Stadt nach der Beschreibung der Babylonier [Babylon: The holy city as described by the Babylonians] (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 282–294. ISBN 978-3-11-086546-2. OCLC 865833280. Istanbul Museum Prism #7834, page 285 Column 4, Tafel (Plate) 55
  • Vanderhooft, David Stephen (1 December 1998). "Into the Eternal Shadow of Babylon". The Neo-Babylonian Empire and Babylon in the Latter Prophets. Harvard Semitic Museum Monographs. Vol. 59. Brill / Scholars Press. pp. 9–60. doi:10.1163/9789004369238_003. ISBN 978-90-04-36923-8.
  • Westbrook, R. (2003). A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law (2 vols): Volumes 1 and 2. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Brill. p. 916. ISBN 978-90-474-0209-1. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  • Zadok, R. (1978). "West Semitic toponyms in Assyrian and Babylonian sources: Appendix II: The Unger Prism ('Nebuchadnezzar's Court Calendar') and Ezekiel XXIII, 23ff.". In Avishur, Yitshak; Blau, Joshua (eds.). Studies in Bible and the ancient Near East: Presented to Samuel E. Loewenstamm, on his seventieth birthday. E. Rubinstein's Pub. House. pp. 163–179. OCLC 5075892.

January 01, 1970
nebuchadnezzar, prism, this, article, orphan, other, articles, link, please, introduce, links, this, page, from, related, articles, find, link, tool, suggestions, december, 2021, also, known, hofkalender, 7834, court, nebuchadnezzar, unger, prism, nebuchadnezz. This article is an orphan as no other articles link to it Please introduce links to this page from related articles try the Find link tool for suggestions December 2021 Nebuchadnezzar II s Prism also known as the Hofkalender 1 2 3 ES 7834 2 3 The Court of Nebuchadnezzar 4 the Unger Prism 5 Nebuchadnezzar s Court Calendar 6 the Phillipps Cylinder Nbk Zyl III 4 C34 and Nr 9 7 is an artifact from the Neo Babylonian Empire 8 verification needed The text is similar to but different from the Nebuchadnezzar cylinder C34 also known as the Middle Hill cylinder 9 Contents 1 Date and context 2 Contents 3 Versions 4 Published editions 5 Citations 6 References 7 Further readingDate and context editThe text states that it was written in Nebuchadnezzar s seventh year or 598 597 BCE 10 11 12 It was written on or after Nebuchadnezzar s 7th year 3 Da Riva dates the text to 598 BCE at the latest 13 Shea dates the text to 593 BCE or shortly thereafter certainly before 586 BCE 14 He suggests the context for the passage is a recent revolt against Nebuchadrezzar in December 595 January 594 BCE 15 with the beginning of the inscription as a gesture of gratitude to the gods for helping to suppress the revolt The text is a review of the personnel of the Babylonian bureaucracy in order to ensure all remain loyal to Nebuchadnezzar 16 17 Critchlow dates the artifact to 570 BCE 8 during the reign of Amel Marduk Contents editThe first half of the text is devoted to Nebuchadnezzar s relationship with the gods while the last half contains a list of more than fifty officials appointed by Nebuchadnezzar The first segment describes Nebuchadnezzar s service to the gods by rebuilding their temples and supplying them with offerings The second segment credits Marduk with providing various lands to Nebuchadnezzar and how the associated tribute from those lands had made Nebuchadnezzar wealthy The third segment contains Nebuchadnezzar s prayer to Marduk asking that Marduk might continue to extend his rule over the lands 18 The list includes a number of figures described in the Hebrew Bible including imperial chancellor Nebuzaradan Wikidata who is also known from 2 Kings 25 8 11 and Jeremiah 39 13 14 19 20 21 It also mentions Neriglissar 22 20 23 Hananiah Meshach and Abednego 24 The Unger Prism contains a list of kings who were prisoners of Babylon during the reign of Amel Marduk including the kings of Tyre Gaza Sidon Arvad and Arpad 25 26 The Unger Prism has been understood to confirm the historicity of the Biblical account of King Jeconiah of Judah s superior treatment to other kings held captive 2 Kings 25 28 and his release from Babylon 25 26 27 The arrangement of Babylonian regions in the Unger Prism corresponds to those mentioned in Ezekiel 23 28 It describes the building of a royal palace in Babylon and includes a list of Babylonian court officials 3 The Unger Prism is the only extant source which describes the upper administrative structure of the Babylonian state 10 Versions editA version of text was found at Babylon by Harford Jones Brydges This version was engraved on a short column of black basalt with 619 lines of text divided into ten columns The column was part of the India House Collection specify That is the version published in Rodwell 1901 29 Another version of the text was found in the Western Annex Building of the South Palace in Babylon on a clay prism 30 This prism originally had eight sides 31 Five columns of text on five sides were published in Unger 1970 and an additional side was published in Berger 1973 The base of the prism is 23 6 cm in diameter and has a maximum preserved height of 23 4 cm Da Riva believes the original was 45 50 cm tall and thus that about 2 3 of the original text is missing 31 The prism is at the Istanbul Archaeology Museums 30 18 Published editions editJohnson Rossiter ed 1901 The East India House inscription of Nebuchadrezzar II king of Babylon 601 565 B C Assyrian and Babylonian literature Selected translations Translated by Gray Clifton Daggett New York D Appleton amp Co pp 134 143 Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar Babylonian and Assyrian literature Comprising the epic of Izdubar hymns tablets and cuneiform inscriptions The World s Great Classics Translated by Rodwell J M New York The Colonial Press 1901 pp 250ff HTML available from Bruce J Butterfield and from Project Gutenberg Da Riva Rocio 1 December 2012 Nebuchadnezzar II s Prism ES 7834 A New Edition Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archaologie Journal of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology 103 2 Walter de Gruyter GmbH 196 229 doi 10 1515 za 2013 0013 ISSN 0084 5299 S2CID 199576117 Citations edit Beaulieu 2002 a b Da Riva 2012 p 196 a b c d Spar amp Jursa 2014 p 334 Ko 2017 p 67 Critchlow 2004 p 43 Zadok 1978 p 178 Burrows 2015 a b Critchlow 2004 p 32 Da Riva 2012 p 196 221 a b Beaulieu 2002 p 99 Landsberger 1933 p 298 See also Vanderhooft 1998 p 34 Da Riva 2012 p 206 207 227 a b Shea 1982 pp 44 45 Shea 1982 p 50 Shea 1982 pp 42 44 Da Riva 2012 p 198 a b Shea 1982 p 37 Da Riva 2012 p 202 203 a b Beaulieu 2002 p 100 Unger 1970 p 289 Shea 1982 pp 45f Unger 1970 p 36 290 291 Shea 1982 pp 46 50 a b Critchlow amp Dempster 2013 p 16 a b Walton Matthews amp Chavalas 2000 p 412 Evans 2015 p 83 Zadok 1978 Rodwell 1901 p 251 a b Da Riva 2012 p 196 197 a b Da Riva 2012 p 197 References editBeaulieu Paul Alain 2002 Ea dayan Governor of the Sealand and Other Dignitaries of the Neo Babylonian Empire Journal of Cuneiform Studies 54 1 University of Chicago Press 99 123 doi 10 2307 1360047 ISSN 0022 0256 JSTOR 1360047 S2CID 163932683 Berger Paul Richard 1973 Die neubabylonischen Konigsinschriften Konigsinschriften des ausgehenden babylonischen Reiches 626 539 a Chr Von Verlag Butzon amp Bercker Neukirchen Vluyn Neukirchener Verlag OCLC 556885699 Burrows Toby 18 April 2015 The Phillipps Babylonian Cylinder MS 3902 Tales of the Phillipps Manuscripts 4 Department of Digital Humanities at King s College Critchlow James R 2004 Looking Back for Jeconiah Yahweh s Cast Out Signet PDF PhD dissertation University of Edinburgh S2CID 114969443 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 12 17 Critchlow James R Dempster S 2013 Looking Back for Jehoiachin Yahweh s Cast Out Signet Africanus Monograph Series Wipf amp Stock ISBN 978 1 62032 111 9 Evans Paul S 2015 2012 Ong H T ed The end of kings as presaging an exodus The function of the Jehoiachin epilogue 2 Kgs 25 27 30 in light of parallels with the Joseph story in Genesis PDF McMaster Journal of Theology and Ministry 16 Pickwick 65 100 ISBN 978 1 5326 0295 5 Ko M H 2017 The Levite Singers in Chronicles and Their Stabilising Role The Library of Hebrew Bible Old Testament Studies Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 0 567 67703 7 Landsberger 1933 Bemerkungen zu einigen in Ungers Babylon ubersetzten Texte Comments on some of the texts translated in Unger s Babylon Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archaologie Journal of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology in German 41 Walter de Gruyter 298 doi 10 1515 zava 1933 41 1 4 237 ISSN 0084 5299 Shea William H 1982 Daniel 3 Extra Biblical Texts And The Convocation On The Plain Of Dura Andrews University Seminary Studies 20 1 29 52 Spar I Jursa M 2014 Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Volume IV The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium B C Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 978 1 57506 327 0 Walton J H Matthews V H Chavalas M W 2000 The IVP Bible Background Commentary Old Testament InterVarsity Press ISBN 978 0 8308 1419 0 Further reading editCogan M Tadmor H 1988 II Kings A New Translation Anchor Yale Bible Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group p 329 ISBN 978 0 385 02388 7 Da Riva Rocio 2017 The Figure of Nabopolassar in Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Historiographic Tradition BM 34793 and CUA 90 Journal of Near Eastern Studies 76 1 University of Chicago Press 75 92 doi 10 1086 690464 ISSN 0022 2968 S2CID 222433095 Garstad Benjamin 18 February 2016 Nebuchadnezzar s Siege of Tyre in Jerome s Commentary on Ezekiel Vigiliae Christianae 70 2 Brill 175 192 doi 10 1163 15700720 12341236 ISSN 0042 6032 Gerardi Pamela 1993 Prism fragments from Sippar New Esarhaddon inscriptions Iraq 55 JSTOR 119 133 doi 10 2307 4200371 ISSN 0021 0889 JSTOR 4200371 S2CID 193237843 Jursa Michael 2010 Der neubabylonische Hof The Neo Babylonian court In Jacobs Bruno Rollinger Robert eds Der Achamenidenhof Akten des 2 Internationalen Kolloquiums zum Thema Vorderasien im Spannungsfeld klassischer und altorientalischer Uberlieferungen Landgut Castelen bei Basel 23 25 Mai 2007 The Achaemenid Court Files of the 2nd international colloquium on the subject of the Near East in the area of tension between classic and ancient oriental traditions Castelen estate near Basel Classica et Orientalia in German Vol 2 Wiesbaden Harrassowitz pp 67 106 ISBN 978 3 447 06159 9 ISSN 2190 3638 OCLC 679931623 Odell Margaret S 1998 The Particle and the Prophet Observations on Ezekiel II 6 Vetus Testamentum 38 3 425 432 doi 10 1163 1568533982722405 JSTOR 1585243 Pritchard James B ed 1969 1955 Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament Translated by Oppenheim A Leo 3rd ed Princeton N J Princeton University Press pp 307 308 ISBN 0 691 03503 2 OCLC 382005 Unger Eckhard 1925 Namen im Hofstaate Nebukadnezars II 1925 The deposed rulers in Babylon dating from about 570 Theologische Literaturzeitung Theological Literary Journal in German 50 481 486 Unger Eckhard 1926 Mitteilungen Announcements Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Journal of Old Testament Scholarship in German 44 1 314 330 doi 10 1515 zatw 1926 44 1 314 ISSN 0044 2526 Unger Eckhard 1970 1931 Babylon Die heilige Stadt nach der Beschreibung der Babylonier Babylon The holy city as described by the Babylonians in German Berlin De Gruyter pp 282 294 ISBN 978 3 11 086546 2 OCLC 865833280 Istanbul Museum Prism 7834 page 285 Column 4 Tafel Plate 55 Vanderhooft David Stephen 1 December 1998 Into the Eternal Shadow of Babylon The Neo Babylonian Empire and Babylon in the Latter Prophets Harvard Semitic Museum Monographs Vol 59 Brill Scholars Press pp 9 60 doi 10 1163 9789004369238 003 ISBN 978 90 04 36923 8 Westbrook R 2003 A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law 2 vols Volumes 1 and 2 Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 1 The Near and Middle East Brill p 916 ISBN 978 90 474 0209 1 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Zadok R 1978 West Semitic toponyms in Assyrian and Babylonian sources Appendix II The Unger Prism Nebuchadnezzar s Court Calendar and Ezekiel XXIII 23ff In Avishur Yitshak Blau Joshua eds Studies in Bible and the ancient Near East Presented to Samuel E Loewenstamm on his seventieth birthday E Rubinstein s Pub House pp 163 179 OCLC 5075892 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nebuchadnezzar II 27s Prism amp oldid 1181813344, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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