The National Front for an Independent France, better known simply as National Front (French: Front national or Front national de l'indépendance de la France) was a World War IIFrench Resistance movement created to unite all of the Resistance Organizations together to fight the Nazi occupation forces and Vichy France under Marshall Pétain.
Founded in 1941 in Paris by Jacques Duclos, André Pican and Pierre Villon, along with their wives all members of the French Communist Party (PCF) they felt that to be a vital force against the Nazis, the collaborationists and the informers that all of the Resistance movements, no matter their party or religion (Jewish or Catholic) had to band together. Its name was inspired by the Popular Front, a left-wing coalition which governed France from 1936 to 1938. This helped them coordinate attacks all across France, to move weapons, food, false identity papers, information and food, protect and move people who were to be arrested or executed and supply multiple safe houses for the Resistance and for Jews. They also formed fighting units in early 1942 to assassinate German leaders and soldiers among the occupation forces, perform acts of sabotage on railroads and other forms of distribution of people and goods being taken from France to Germany and to help organize sabotage in factories forced to produce armaments and goods for the German military.
The National Front (FN) was destined to be the "political representative" of the armed force called the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP). It engaged mainly in propaganda, editing reviews, fabricating false identity documents, supporting clandestine organizations logistically, and sabotaging German and Vichy facilities and capabilities. It was a member of the Conseil national de la Résistance (CNR), which federated, under Jean Moulin's authority, various Resistance movements, beginning in the middle of 1943.
Led by Pierre Villon, it then extended itself to Catholics and other religious resistants. Pierre Villon stated: "The FN is the only movement where we have finally reconciled the parish priest (curé) and the teacher, the Parti Social Français and the Communist, and the Radical with the Socialist."[1] Various specialized professional organizations were created under the authority of the Front National (the workers' Front National, the peasants' Front National, the lawyers' Front National, the doctors' Front National, the women's Front National, etc.). After the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, L'Humanité, in its issues of July 2 and July 7, wrote: "Unite yourself, refuse to serve under fascism!" At that time, the FTP armed wing had already been active since 1941, but the Resistance quickly expanded itself during 1942 and 1943. The French population's morale improved as the difficulties faced by the Wehrmacht increased, in particular during the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. The 4 September 1942 Law on the STO (Service du travail obligatoire), signed by Pierre Laval, the head of government in the Vichy régime, proposed to exchange one prisoner-of-war for three Frenchmen to go to work in Nazi Germany. This was an important cause of the Resistance's dramatic increase in numbers, inspiring many young male adults to stand up and volunteer for the Maquis.
A juridical battle between the far-right Front National and Bruno Mégret's splinter party, the National Republican Movement (MNR), for the name, "Front national," in December 1998 and January 1999, prompted the satirical newspaper, Charlie Hebdo, to outrace both by deposing at the National Industrial Property Institute (INPI), the national institute in charge of trademarks, the term "Front National," in order to give its juridical ownership back to the original Resistance movement of that name. Thus, the World War II resisters, the Front National, is once again the only movement legally entitled to be named "Front National.".[2][3]
Publicationsedit
The National Front published numerous national and local clandestine newspapers and flyers.[4] From the spring of 1943 to the Liberation, 79 publications were published.[5] In 1944–1945 they published, according to an internal French Communist Party (PCF) source, "Seventeen dailies, one million sales. three weeklies: La Marseillaise (Île-de-France), France d'abord, Action. Five literary weeklies, 35 periodicals (weeklies) in the provinces.".[6]
Review of French writers assembled in the Comité national des écrivains [fr]. Founded in October 1941 by Jacques Decour and Jean Paulhan, 25 issues were published. Les Lettres Françaises appeared after Liberation, until 1972.
L’École laïque (1941) ;
La Terre (newspaper) [fr], rural life. Created in 1937, it went underground during the occupation.
Le Médecin français (March 1941) headed by Doctor Raymond Leibovici ;
Musiciens d’Aujourd’hui (1942), a clandestine paper printed in 2500 copies, for which André Fougeron [fr] created the model, which became Le Musicien d’Aujourd’hui when it merged with the Lettres françaises;
Le Patriote d'Ajaccio, organ of the National Front in Corsica;[7]
Le Patriote, National Front newspaper in Lyon;
Le Patriote de Saint-Étienne, organ of the National Front of the Loire;[8]
Le Patriote du Sud-Ouest, organ of the National Front in Toulouse; a daily at Liberation,[9] its director was then André Wurmser [fr] and was among its young coworkers Pierre Gamarra;[10]
Le Patriote niçois [fr]; a daily at Liberation;
L'Écho du Centre [fr], in Limoges; a daily at Liberation.
^Philippe Buton, article " Front national ", pp. 651-653, in François Broche, Georges Caïtucoli and Jean-François Muracciole, Dictionnaire de la France libre, Robert Laffont, 2010.
^Marcel Cachin, Carnets, p. 830, volume 4 (1935-1947), published under the direction of Denis Peschanski, CNRS éditions, Paris, 1997
^Maurice Choury, La résistance en Corse, éditions sociales, 1958, preface by Arthur Giovoni, p. 54-58
^Henri Lerner, « La presse toulousaine de la Libération au 1er départ du général de Gaulle, août 1944-janvier 1946 », Annales du Midi.
^Notice « Pierre Gamarra », par Bernard Épin, Le Maitron en ligne
^Louis, René (1945). Le Massacre d'Oradour-sur-Glane par les hordes hitlériennes [Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane by the Hitlerian Hordes]. Front national. OCLC 461446712.
October 31, 2023
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The National Front for an Independent France better known simply as National Front French Front national or Front national de l independance de la France was a World War II French Resistance movement created to unite all of the Resistance Organizations together to fight the Nazi occupation forces and Vichy France under Marshall Petain National FrontFront nationalFoundersCommunist Party of FrancePresidentFrederic Joliot CurieSecretary GeneralPierre VillonDates of operationMay 1942 1949Part ofNational Council of the ResistanceOpponentsGerman Occupying Forces Vichy FranceFounded in 1941 in Paris by Jacques Duclos Andre Pican and Pierre Villon along with their wives all members of the French Communist Party PCF they felt that to be a vital force against the Nazis the collaborationists and the informers that all of the Resistance movements no matter their party or religion Jewish or Catholic had to band together Its name was inspired by the Popular Front a left wing coalition which governed France from 1936 to 1938 This helped them coordinate attacks all across France to move weapons food false identity papers information and food protect and move people who were to be arrested or executed and supply multiple safe houses for the Resistance and for Jews They also formed fighting units in early 1942 to assassinate German leaders and soldiers among the occupation forces perform acts of sabotage on railroads and other forms of distribution of people and goods being taken from France to Germany and to help organize sabotage in factories forced to produce armaments and goods for the German military Contents 1 Political front of the FTP 2 Legal ownership of the name Front National 3 Publications 4 See also 5 ReferencesPolitical front of the FTP editThe National Front FN was destined to be the political representative of the armed force called the Francs Tireurs et Partisans FTP It engaged mainly in propaganda editing reviews fabricating false identity documents supporting clandestine organizations logistically and sabotaging German and Vichy facilities and capabilities It was a member of the Conseil national de la Resistance CNR which federated under Jean Moulin s authority various Resistance movements beginning in the middle of 1943 Led by Pierre Villon it then extended itself to Catholics and other religious resistants Pierre Villon stated The FN is the only movement where we have finally reconciled the parish priest cure and the teacher the Parti Social Francais and the Communist and the Radical with the Socialist 1 Various specialized professional organizations were created under the authority of the Front National the workers Front National the peasants Front National the lawyers Front National the doctors Front National the women s Front National etc After the invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 L Humanite in its issues of July 2 and July 7 wrote Unite yourself refuse to serve under fascism At that time the FTP armed wing had already been active since 1941 but the Resistance quickly expanded itself during 1942 and 1943 The French population s morale improved as the difficulties faced by the Wehrmacht increased in particular during the protracted Battle of Stalingrad The 4 September 1942 Law on the STO Service du travail obligatoire signed by Pierre Laval the head of government in the Vichy regime proposed to exchange one prisoner of war for three Frenchmen to go to work in Nazi Germany This was an important cause of the Resistance s dramatic increase in numbers inspiring many young male adults to stand up and volunteer for the Maquis At the time of the liberation of Paris after the deportation and death of many of the members of the original clandestine leadership the FN resistance movement counted such figures as Frederic Joliot Curie Pierre Villon Henri Wallon Laurent Casanova Francois Mauriac and Louis Aragon among its members Legal ownership of the name Front National editA juridical battle between the far right Front National and Bruno Megret s splinter party the National Republican Movement MNR for the name Front national in December 1998 and January 1999 prompted the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo to outrace both by deposing at the National Industrial Property Institute INPI the national institute in charge of trademarks the term Front National in order to give its juridical ownership back to the original Resistance movement of that name Thus the World War II resisters the Front National is once again the only movement legally entitled to be named Front National 2 3 Publications editThe National Front published numerous national and local clandestine newspapers and flyers 4 From the spring of 1943 to the Liberation 79 publications were published 5 In 1944 1945 they published according to an internal French Communist Party PCF source Seventeen dailies one million sales three weeklies La Marseillaise Ile de France France d abord Action Five literary weeklies 35 periodicals weeklies in the provinces 6 Among them were Les Lettres FrancaisesReview of French writers assembled in the Comite national des ecrivains fr Founded in October 1941 by Jacques Decour and Jean Paulhan 25 issues were published Les Lettres Francaises appeared after Liberation until 1972 L Ecole laique 1941 La Terre newspaper fr rural life Created in 1937 it went underground during the occupation Le Medecin francais March 1941 headed by Doctor Raymond Leibovici Musiciens d Aujourd hui 1942 a clandestine paper printed in 2500 copies for which Andre Fougeron fr created the model which became Le Musicien d Aujourd hui when it merged with the Lettres francaises L Universite libre fr 104 issues from November 1940 o October 1944 headed by Georges Politzer Jacques Solomon son in law of Paul Langevin and Jacques Decour L Ecran francais fr 1943 Le Palais libre 1943 of the Front national des juristes fr L Etudiant patriote 1941 Le Lyceen patriote organ of the National Front of lycee college and technical school students 1944 Les Allobroges 1942 region Isere Hautes Alpes became a daly at Liberation Front National Parisian newspaper a daily starting in August 1944 directed by Jacques Debu Bridel fr La Marseillaise newspaper in Marseille a daily at Liberation La Marseillaise de Seine et Oise fr Le Patriote d Ajaccio organ of the National Front in Corsica 7 Le Patriote National Front newspaper in Lyon Le Patriote de Saint Etienne organ of the National Front of the Loire 8 Le Patriote du Sud Ouest organ of the National Front in Toulouse a daily at Liberation 9 its director was then Andre Wurmser fr and was among its young coworkers Pierre Gamarra 10 Le Patriote nicois fr a daily at Liberation L Echo du Centre fr in Limoges a daily at Liberation They also published books and brochures such as a book about the Oradour sur Glane massacre 11 See also editFrench ResistanceReferences edit Front National de la Resistance Archived 2007 03 10 at the Wayback Machine memory site in French Possible recuperation d une appellation usurpee par l extreme droite L Humanite January 8 1999 in French La nouvelle bataille des Resistants du vrai Front national L Humanite January 16 1999 in French Claude Bellanger Presse clandestine 1940 1944 col kiosque Armand Colin 1961 p 214 215 Philippe Buton article Front national pp 651 653 in Francois Broche Georges Caitucoli and Jean Francois Muracciole Dictionnaire de la France libre Robert Laffont 2010 Marcel Cachin Carnets p 830 volume 4 1935 1947 published under the direction of Denis Peschanski CNRS editions Paris 1997 Maurice Choury La resistance en Corse editions sociales 1958 preface by Arthur Giovoni p 54 58 Forez histoire les journaux locaux en 1944 1945 Henri Lerner La presse toulousaine de la Liberation au 1er depart du general de Gaulle aout 1944 janvier 1946 Annales du Midi Notice Pierre Gamarra par Bernard Epin Le Maitron en ligne Louis Rene 1945 Le Massacre d Oradour sur Glane par les hordes hitleriennes Massacre at Oradour sur Glane by the Hitlerian Hordes Front national OCLC 461446712 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title National Front French Resistance amp oldid 1172071727, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
