Myotis septentrionalis, known as the northern long-eared bat[7] or northern myotis,[1] is a species of bat native to North America.[8] There are no recognized subspecies. The northern long-eared bat is about 3–3.7 inches in length, with a wingspan of 9–10 inches. It is distinguishable by its long ears when comparing it to other bats in its genus. This species is commonly found in the northern United States and Southern Canada east of British Columbia. The geographic range includes 37 states.[2]
The northern long-eared bat is a small bat, measuring an average of 8.6 cm (3.4 in) in total length, including a tail about 4 cm (1.6 in) long. Adults weigh between 5 and 8 g (0.18 and 0.28 oz). The fur and wing membranes are light brown in color, and the bat lacks the dark shoulder spots found in the closely related, and otherwise similar Keen's myotis (Myotis keenii). Compared to other Myotis species, these bats have long ears with a relatively long, pointed tragus; when folded forwards the ears extend well past the nose. They also have a longer tail and larger wing area than most comparably sized Myotis bats, giving them increased maneuverability during slow flight.[9]
Distribution and habitatEdit
Northern long-eared bats are found through much of the eastern half of the United States and Canada from Manitoba and Newfoundland in the north to North Carolina and Alabama in the south. They are also rarely found in western parts of Canada, sometimes as far as the western borders of British Columbia and Yukon. They are found primarily in forested habitats, especially boreal forests, as they typically roost in hardwood trees during the summer.[9][1]
Biology and behaviorEdit
A northern long-eared bat in southern Indiana
During the spring and summer, northern long-eared bats spend the day roosting in trees or artificial structures, switching to a new roost every other day on average.[10] Roost trees tend to be close together, and within about 600 m (2,000 ft) of areas suitable for foraging.[9] Males and non-reproductive females roost singly or in small groups, but reproductive females and their young form much larger maternity colonies, with up to sixty individuals.[10]
In the fall, northern long-eared bats migrate to caves to hibernate. Depending on the latitude, this may occur at any time between September and November, and the bats emerge between March and May. They typically hibernate together with much larger numbers of bats of other species, although hibernating groups of northern long-eared bats may still number in the hundreds.[11]
Northern long-eared bats are well-suited to foraging in the forest interior. Their echolocation calls have a classic frequency-modulated structure that allows these bats to navigate through cluttered environments, although they are shorter, quieter, and higher pitch (126 to 60 kHz) than those of other Myotis bats.[12] Their diets are focused on moths, although they also eat beetles, flies, and other insects.[9] Unusually, they capture these by gleaning, or plucking, the insects from a surface, rather than capturing them in flight.[12] They forage under the forest canopy or in spaces at the edge of forests,[9] and most foraging occurs in the first two hours after sunset.[13]
Mating occurs between July and early October, although the females probably store the sperm over the winter, and only become pregnant in the spring. The young are born between May and early July, depending on latitude, and are typically fully grown by the end of August.[9] They have been recorded to live for over eighteen years in the wild.[14]
ConservationEdit
The northern long-eared bat is predominantly threatened by white-nose syndrome, especially in the northeast portion of its range where the population has decreased by 99%.[2] Due to white-nose syndrome the northern long-eared bat was listed federally threatened by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) under section 4(d) of the Endangered Species Act.[15] An oversight field hearing was held before the United States House Committee on Natural Resources in September 2014.[16] A final decision was published in the Federal Register, listing the species as threatened effective 30 days from the date of the publication (starting May 4, 2015).[3]NatureServe considers the bat to be Imperiled.[17] On November 29, 2022, the species was listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service via a statement from director Martha Williams,[18] which took effect on March 31, 2023.[6] On May 11, 2023, the United States Senate voted to disapprove of the reclassification.[19] If the House of Representatives acts and the President signs, the action will be rescinded and the species would no longer be considered endangered federally.[20]
The Elroy-Sparta Bike Trail tunnels in West Central Wisconsin are closed for the season by the beginning of November, using the doors that the railroad added to prevent storm damage. The debate on when to close the tunnel caused a conflict between the USFWS and the organizers of the Rails to Trails Marathon.[21] The northern long-eared bat hibernates in Tunnel Number three. The Rails to Trails Marathon, a Boston Marathon qualifier, moved their event date to earlier in October from November in 2017 to accommodate an earlier tunnel closing than the original November 15 date.[22]
ReferencesEdit
^ abcSolari, S. (2018). "Myotis septentrionalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T14201A22064312. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14201A22064312.en. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ abc"Northern Long-Eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^"USFWS: Northern long-eared bat range maps". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
^Whitaker, J. O. and W. J. Hamilton, Jr. 1998. Mammals of the eastern United States. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 583 pp.
^ abFoster, R.W. & Kurta, A. (1999). "Roosting ecology of the northern bat (Myotis septentrionalis) and comparisons with the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis)". Journal of Mammalogy. 80 (2): 659–672. doi:10.2307/1383310. JSTOR 1383310.
^Thomas, D.W. (1993). "Lack of evidence for a biological alarm clock in bats (Myotis spp.) hibernating under natural conditions". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 71 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1139/z93-001.
^ abFaure, P.A.; et al. (1993). "The gleaning attacks of the northern long-eared bat, Myotis septentrionalis, are relatively inaudible to moths". Journal of Experimental Biology. 178: 173–189. doi:10.1242/jeb.178.1.173. PMID 8315370.
^Kunz, T.H. (1973). "Resource utilization: temporal and spatial components of bat activity in central Iowa". Journal of Mammalogy. 54 (1): 14–32. doi:10.2307/1378869. JSTOR 1378869.
^Hall, J.S.; et al. (1957). "Longevity records and notes on tooth wear of bats". Journal of Mammalogy. 38 (3): 407–409. doi:10.2307/1376240. JSTOR 1376240.
^"The northern long-eared bat : The Federal Endangered Species Act and impacts of a listing on Pennsylvania and 37 other states" (PDF). Govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
^"Myotis septentrionalis. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^"Northern long-eared bat, devastated by a fungus, is now listed as endangered". NPR. November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
^"Roll Call vote on S.J.Res. 24". United States Senate. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
^"S.J.Res.24 - A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service relating to "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Species Status for Northern Long-Eared Bat"". Congress.gov. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
^Hubbuch, Chris (12 September 2016). "Bats, bikes and regulation: Conflict brewing on Elroy Sparta trail". La Crosse Tribune.
^"Rails to Trails Marathon in Norwalk on Oct. 8". La Crosse Tribune. 1 October 2017.
October 21, 2023
myotis, septentrionalis, other, species, with, same, common, name, northern, long, eared, known, northern, long, eared, northern, myotis, species, native, north, america, there, recognized, subspecies, northern, long, eared, about, inches, length, with, wingsp. For other species with the same common name see Northern long eared bat Myotis septentrionalis known as the northern long eared bat 7 or northern myotis 1 is a species of bat native to North America 8 There are no recognized subspecies The northern long eared bat is about 3 3 7 inches in length with a wingspan of 9 10 inches It is distinguishable by its long ears when comparing it to other bats in its genus This species is commonly found in the northern United States and Southern Canada east of British Columbia The geographic range includes 37 states 2 Myotis septentrionalisConservation statusNear Threatened IUCN 3 1 1 Endangered ESA 2 3 4 5 6 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ChiropteraFamily VespertilionidaeGenus MyotisSpecies M septentrionalisBinomial nameMyotis septentrionalisTrouessart 1897Range of M septentrionalisSynonymsMyotis keenii septentrionalis Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Biology and behavior 4 Conservation 5 ReferencesDescription EditThe northern long eared bat is a small bat measuring an average of 8 6 cm 3 4 in in total length including a tail about 4 cm 1 6 in long Adults weigh between 5 and 8 g 0 18 and 0 28 oz The fur and wing membranes are light brown in color and the bat lacks the dark shoulder spots found in the closely related and otherwise similar Keen s myotis Myotis keenii Compared to other Myotis species these bats have long ears with a relatively long pointed tragus when folded forwards the ears extend well past the nose They also have a longer tail and larger wing area than most comparably sized Myotis bats giving them increased maneuverability during slow flight 9 Distribution and habitat EditNorthern long eared bats are found through much of the eastern half of the United States and Canada from Manitoba and Newfoundland in the north to North Carolina and Alabama in the south They are also rarely found in western parts of Canada sometimes as far as the western borders of British Columbia and Yukon They are found primarily in forested habitats especially boreal forests as they typically roost in hardwood trees during the summer 9 1 Biology and behavior Edit nbsp A northern long eared bat in southern IndianaDuring the spring and summer northern long eared bats spend the day roosting in trees or artificial structures switching to a new roost every other day on average 10 Roost trees tend to be close together and within about 600 m 2 000 ft of areas suitable for foraging 9 Males and non reproductive females roost singly or in small groups but reproductive females and their young form much larger maternity colonies with up to sixty individuals 10 In the fall northern long eared bats migrate to caves to hibernate Depending on the latitude this may occur at any time between September and November and the bats emerge between March and May They typically hibernate together with much larger numbers of bats of other species although hibernating groups of northern long eared bats may still number in the hundreds 11 Northern long eared bats are well suited to foraging in the forest interior Their echolocation calls have a classic frequency modulated structure that allows these bats to navigate through cluttered environments although they are shorter quieter and higher pitch 126 to 60 kHz than those of other Myotis bats 12 Their diets are focused on moths although they also eat beetles flies and other insects 9 Unusually they capture these by gleaning or plucking the insects from a surface rather than capturing them in flight 12 They forage under the forest canopy or in spaces at the edge of forests 9 and most foraging occurs in the first two hours after sunset 13 Mating occurs between July and early October although the females probably store the sperm over the winter and only become pregnant in the spring The young are born between May and early July depending on latitude and are typically fully grown by the end of August 9 They have been recorded to live for over eighteen years in the wild 14 Conservation EditThe northern long eared bat is predominantly threatened by white nose syndrome especially in the northeast portion of its range where the population has decreased by 99 2 Due to white nose syndrome the northern long eared bat was listed federally threatened by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service USFWS under section 4 d of the Endangered Species Act 15 An oversight field hearing was held before the United States House Committee on Natural Resources in September 2014 16 A final decision was published in the Federal Register listing the species as threatened effective 30 days from the date of the publication starting May 4 2015 3 NatureServe considers the bat to be Imperiled 17 On November 29 2022 the species was listed as endangered by the U S Fish and Wildlife Service via a statement from director Martha Williams 18 which took effect on March 31 2023 6 On May 11 2023 the United States Senate voted to disapprove of the reclassification 19 If the House of Representatives acts and the President signs the action will be rescinded and the species would no longer be considered endangered federally 20 The Elroy Sparta Bike Trail tunnels in West Central Wisconsin are closed for the season by the beginning of November using the doors that the railroad added to prevent storm damage The debate on when to close the tunnel caused a conflict between the USFWS and the organizers of the Rails to Trails Marathon 21 The northern long eared bat hibernates in Tunnel Number three The Rails to Trails Marathon a Boston Marathon qualifier moved their event date to earlier in October from November in 2017 to accommodate an earlier tunnel closing than the original November 15 date 22 References Edit a b c Solari S 2018 Myotis septentrionalis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T14201A22064312 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T14201A22064312 en Retrieved 30 April 2023 a b c Northern Long Eared Bat Myotis septentrionalis Environmental Conservation Online System U S Fish amp Wildlife Service Retrieved 30 April 2023 a b 80 FR 17974 81 FR 1900 87 FR 73488 a b 88 FR 4908 USFWS Northern long eared bat range maps www fws gov Retrieved 1 March 2021 Whitaker J O and W J Hamilton Jr 1998 Mammals of the eastern United States Comstock Publishing Associates Cornell University Press Ithaca NY 583 pp a b c d e f Caceres M C amp Barclay R M R 2000 Myotis septentrionalis PDF Mammalian Species 634 1 4 doi 10 1644 1545 1410 2000 634 lt 0001 ms gt 2 0 co 2 S2CID 198968616 a b Foster R W amp Kurta A 1999 Roosting ecology of the northern bat Myotis septentrionalis and comparisons with the endangered Indiana bat Myotis sodalis Journal of Mammalogy 80 2 659 672 doi 10 2307 1383310 JSTOR 1383310 Thomas D W 1993 Lack of evidence for a biological alarm clock in bats Myotis spp hibernating under natural conditions Canadian Journal of Zoology 71 1 1 3 doi 10 1139 z93 001 a b Faure P A et al 1993 The gleaning attacks of the northern long eared bat Myotis septentrionalis are relatively inaudible to moths Journal of Experimental Biology 178 173 189 doi 10 1242 jeb 178 1 173 PMID 8315370 Kunz T H 1973 Resource utilization temporal and spatial components of bat activity in central Iowa Journal of Mammalogy 54 1 14 32 doi 10 2307 1378869 JSTOR 1378869 Hall J S et al 1957 Longevity records and notes on tooth wear of bats Journal of Mammalogy 38 3 407 409 doi 10 2307 1376240 JSTOR 1376240 USFWS Northern Long Eared Bat Fws gov Retrieved 2017 09 20 The northern long eared bat The Federal Endangered Species Act and impacts of a listing on Pennsylvania and 37 other states PDF Govinfo gov Retrieved 2022 03 24 Myotis septentrionalis NatureServe Explorer 2 0 explorer natureserve org Retrieved 7 December 2022 Northern long eared bat devastated by a fungus is now listed as endangered NPR November 29 2022 Retrieved November 29 2022 Roll Call vote on S J Res 24 United States Senate Retrieved 12 May 2023 S J Res 24 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5 United States Code of the rule submitted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service relating to Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants Endangered Species Status for Northern Long Eared Bat Congress gov Retrieved 12 May 2023 Hubbuch Chris 12 September 2016 Bats bikes and regulation Conflict brewing on Elroy Sparta trail La Crosse Tribune Rails to Trails Marathon in Norwalk on Oct 8 La Crosse Tribune 1 October 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Myotis septentrionalis amp oldid 1179296096, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
