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Mnemiopsis

January 01, 1970

Mnemiopsis leidyi, the warty comb jelly or sea walnut,[1] is a species of tentaculate ctenophore (comb jelly). It is native to western Atlantic coastal waters, but has become established as an invasive species in European and western Asian regions. Three species have been named in the genus Mnemiopsis, but they are now believed to be different ecological forms of a single species M. leidyi by most zoologists.[2]

Mnemiopsis
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Ctenophora
Class: Tentaculata
Order: Lobata
Family: Bolinopsidae
Genus: Mnemiopsis
Agassiz, 1860
Species:
M. leidyi
Binomial name
Mnemiopsis leidyi
Synonyms

Mnemiopsis gardeni Agassiz, 1860
Mnemiopsis mccradyi Mayer, 1900

Description and ecology edit

Mnemiopsis have an oval-shaped and transparent lobed body, with four rows of ciliated combs that run along the body vertically and glow blue-green when disturbed. They have several feeding tentacles. Unlike cnidarians, Mnemiopsis does not sting. Their body comprises 97% water. They have a maximum body length of roughly 7–12 centimetres (3–5 in) and a diameter of 2.5 centimetres (1 in).

It is euryoecious, tolerating a wide range of salinity (2 to 38 psu), temperature (2–32 °C or 36–90 °F), and water quality.

Mnemiopsis is a carnivore that consumes zooplankton including crustaceans,[3] other comb jellies, and eggs and larvae of fish. Many of its predators are vertebrates, including birds and fish. Others are members of gelatinous zooplankton such as Beroe ctenophores and various Scyphozoa (jellyfish).

The comb jelly has the capacity for self-fertilization, as they are hermaphroditic. They have gonads that contain the ovary and spermatophore bunches in their gastrodermis. It carries 150 eggs along each meridional canal. Eggs and sperm are released into the water column where fertilization takes place. The spawning commences at late evening or at 1:00 or 2:00 a.m. The spawning eggs develop a thick outer layer within a minute of encountering seawater. As many as 10,000 eggs are produced from large specimens in areas with abundant prey. Egg production can start when the animals reach about 15 mm in length. Egg production increases with ctenophore size, and it is unclear when senescence occurs.

It has a transient anus, which means that it appears only during defecation. There is no permanent connection between the gut and the rear of the body. Instead, as waste accumulates, part of the gut starts to balloon out until it touches the outer layer, or epidermis. The gut then fuses with the epidermis, forming an anal opening. Once excretion is complete, the process is reversed and the anus vanishes. The animals defecate at regular intervals: once an hour in the 5-centimetre-long adults, and once every 10 minutes or so in the larvae.[4][5]

The species moves so slowly that it is referred to as "sea walnut".[6]

As an invasive species edit

 
Mnemiopsis leidyi

1980s – Black Sea edit

Mnemiopsis leidyi was introduced in the Black Sea in the 1980s, where only one species of comb jelly, the small sea gooseberry Pleurobrachia pileus occurred until then. The most likely cause of its introduction is accidentally by merchant ships' ballast water. The first Black Sea record was in 1982.[7]

By 1989, the Black Sea population had reached the highest level, with some 400 specimens per m3 of water (>10 animals/cubic foot) in optimal conditions.[3] Afterwards, due to depletion of foodstocks resulting in lower carrying capacity, the population dropped somewhat.

In the Black Sea, M. leidyi eats eggs and larvae of pelagic fish. It caused a dramatic drop in fish populations, notably the commercially important anchovy Engraulis encrasicholus (known locally as hamsi, hamsiya, hamsa, etc.), by competing for the same food sources and eating the young and eggs.[3] Biological control was tried with Beroe ovata, another comb jelly, with some degree of success; it appears as if a fairly stable predator-prey dynamic has been reached.[8]

1999 – Caspian Sea edit

In 1999 the species was introduced in the Caspian Sea via the Unified Deep Water System of European Russia. The establishment of this population led to a 60% reduction in the number of sprat, which in turn led to a reduction in the population of sturgeon and seals.[9]

 
Worldwide distribution of Mnemiopsis leidyi. Native range in red, colonized areas in pink

2006 – North and Baltic Seas edit

Since then, the species has apparently spread throughout the Mediterranean basin and the northwestern Atlantic. In 2006, it was first recorded in the North Sea,[10] and since October 17, 2006[11] in the western Baltic Sea, namely the Kiel Fjord and The Belts. Up to 100 animals per cubic metre were counted in the Baltic, whereas the population density in the North Sea was at a much lower 4 animals/m3 at most.[3]

 
M. leidyi at the Monterey Bay Aquarium

One year later, the Baltic population of M. leidyi was found to have spread east to the Gotland Basin and the Bay of Puck.[12] The impact of the species on the already heavily stressed Baltic ecosystem is unknown. The species overwinters in the deep waters where the temperature does not drop below 4 °C (39 °F); the fact that the Baltic is heavily stratified, with the waters above and below the halocline mixing little, is believed to aid its survival.[3]

Apart from the widespread P. pileus, three comb jelly species occasionally drift into the Baltic from the North Sea but do not seem to be present as a stable population of significant size: Bolinopsis infundibulum, Beroe cucumis and Beroe gracilis. The second species might potentially be used for biological control.[2][3]

The route of dispersal of M. leidyi to the North Sea/Baltic region is unknown. It might have occurred naturally by drifting individuals, or with ballast water of ships, either from its natural range or from the Black Sea, via the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic.[13] At least technically possible given the species' euryhaline habits is an alternative route of dispersal through continental Europe, being carried with ballast water in ships travelling from the Black Sea to the Rhine Estuary via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. The latter route is known to be the point of entry into continental Europe for numerous invasive freshwater neozoons from the Ponto-Caspian region, such as the zebra mussel, the quagga mussel, the amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Chelicorophium curvispinum, and the polychaete Hypania invalida.

Genomics edit

Both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Mnemiopsis leidyi have been sequenced, providing insight into the evolutionary position of Ctenophora (comb jellies).[14] [15]

In the original 2013 paper reporting the nuclear genome sequence, phylogenetic analysis of the presence and absence of genes, introns, and amino acid alignments suggested that the comb jelly is the sister lineage to the rest of all animals.[14][16] However, a 2015 study applied different methodologies and found support for Porifera as the sister group to all other animals, and confirmed findings from the original study that amino acid alignments gave mixed support for this hypothesis.[17] The position of Ctenophora and Porifera is currently being actively debated.[18][19]

Its mitochondrion shows several interesting features.[20] It is 10 kilobases in length making it the smallest animal mitochondrial DNA sequence known to date. It has lost at least 25 genes, including MT-ATP6 and all the tRNA genes. The atp6 gene has been relocated to the nuclear genome and has acquired introns and a mitochondrial targeting presequence. All tRNA genes have been genuinely lost along with nuclear-encoded mitochondrial aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. The mitochondrial rRNA molecules possess little similarity with their homologs in other organisms and have highly reduced secondary structures.

The genome of Mnemiopsis leidyi appears to lack recognizable microRNAs, as well as the nuclear proteins Drosha and Pasha, which are critical to canonical microRNA biogenesis. It is the only animal thus far reported to be missing Drosha. MicroRNAs play a vital role in the regulation of gene expression in all non-ctenophore animals investigated thus far except for Trichoplax adhaerens, one of three known members of the phylum Placozoa.[21]

In Mnemiopsis leidyi, NOS is present both in adult tissues and differentially expressed in later embryonic stages suggesting the involvement of NO in developmental mechanisms. Ctenophores also possess soluble guanylyl cyclases as potential NO receptors with weak but differential expression across tissues. Combined, these data indicate that the canonical NO-cGMP signaling pathways existed in the common ancestor of animals and could be involved in the control of morphogenesis, cilia activities, feeding and different behaviors.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ "Common Names for Sea Walnut (Mnemiopsis leidyi)". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  2. ^ a b Hansson, Hans G. (2006). "Ctenophores of the Baltic and adjacent Seas - the invader Mnemiopsis is here!". Aquatic Invasions. 1 (4): 295–298. doi:10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.16.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Kube, Sandra; Postel, Lutz; Honnef, Christopher; Augustin, Christina B. (2007). "Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Baltic Sea - distribution and overwintering between autumn 2006 and spring 2007". Aquatic Invasions. 2 (2): 137–145. doi:10.3391/ai.2007.2.2.9.
  4. ^ Michael Le Page (March 2019). "Animal with an anus that comes and goes could reveal how ours evolved". New Scientist.
  5. ^ Tamm, Sidney L. (2019). "Defecation by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi occurs with an ultradian rhythm through a single transient anal pore". Invertebrate Biology. 138: 3–16. doi:10.1111/ivb.12236.
  6. ^ Abigail Tucker (September 2012). . Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
  7. ^ Zaika, V. Ye.; Sergeyeva, N. G. (1990). "Morphology and development of Mnemiopsis mccradyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) in the Black Sea". Zoologicheskii Zhurnal. 69 (2): 5–11.
  8. ^ Kideys, Ahmet E (2002). "Fall and rise of the Black Sea ecosystem". Science. 297 (5586): 1482–1484. doi:10.1126/science.1073002. PMID 12202806. S2CID 43042123.
  9. ^ Zarina Akhmedova (November 8, 2010). "Борьба против вредоносного мнемиопсиса в водах Каспия дала первые результаты - минэкологии" [Initial Results in the Fight Against the Malicious Mnemiopsis in Caspian Waters – Ministry of the Environment]. Trend News Agency. Retrieved September 14, 2016. (in Russian)
  10. ^ Faasse, Marco A.; Bayha, Keith M. (2006). "The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz 1865 in coastal waters of the Netherlands: an unrecognized invasion?". Aquatic Invasions. 1 (4): 270–277. doi:10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.9.
  11. ^ Javidpour, Jamileh; Sommer, Ulrich; Shiganova, Tamara A. (2006). "First record of Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz 1865 in the Baltic Sea". Aquatic Invasions. 1 (4): 299–302. doi:10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.17.
  12. ^ "Invasion der Rippenquallen" [Invasion of the Comb Jellies] (in German). Scinexx. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  13. ^ Oliveira, Otto M. P. (2007). "The presence of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Oslofjorden and considerations on the initial invasion pathways to the North and Baltic Seas". Aquatic Invasions. 2 (3): 185–189. doi:10.3391/ai.2007.2.3.5.
  14. ^ a b Ryan, J. F.; Pang, K.; Schnitzler, C. E.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Moreland, R. T.; Simmons, D. K.; Koch, B. J.; Francis, W. R.; Havlak, P.; Smith, S. A.; Putnam, N. H.; Haddock, S. H. D.; Dunn, C. W.; Wolfsberg, T. G.; Mullikin, J. C.; Martindale, M. Q.; Baxevanis, A. D. (2013). "The genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its implications for cell type evolution". Science. 342 (6164): 1242592. doi:10.1126/science.1242592. PMC 3920664. PMID 24337300.
  15. ^ Moreland, R.T.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Ryan, J.F.; Baxevanis, A.D. (2020). "The Mnemiopsis Genome Project Portal: integrating new gene expression resources and improving data visualization". Database (Oxford). 2020. doi:10.1093/database/baaa029. PMC 7211034. PMID 32386298.
  16. ^ Rokas, A. (2013). "My Oldest Sister Is a Sea Walnut?". Science. 342 (6164): 1327–1329. Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1327R. doi:10.1126/science.1248424. PMID 24337283. S2CID 33619949.
  17. ^ Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (2015-11-30). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (50): 15402–7. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. PMC 4687580. PMID 26621703.
  18. ^ Telford MJ, Moroz LL, Halanych KM (2016). "Evolution: A sisterly dispute". Nature. 529 (7586): 286–7. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..286T. doi:10.1038/529286a. PMID 26791714.
  19. ^ Halanych KM, Whelan NV, Kocot KM, Kohn AB, Moroz LL (2016). "Miscues misplace sponges". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (8): E946–7. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113E.946H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1525332113. PMC 4776479. PMID 26862177.
  20. ^ Pett, W.; Ryan, J.F.; Pang, K.; Mullikin, J.C.; Martindale, M.Q.; Baxevanis, A.D.; Lavrov, D.V. (2011). "Extreme mitochondrial evolution in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi: Insight from mtDNA and the nuclear genome". Mitochondrial DNA. 22 (4): 130–142. doi:10.3109/19401736.2011.624611. PMC 3313829. PMID 21985407.
  21. ^ Maxwell, E.K.; Ryan, J.F.; Schnitzler, C.E.; Browne, W.E.; Baxevanis, A.D. (December 2012). "MicroRNAs and essential components of the microRNA processing machinery are not encoded in the genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi". BMC Genomics. 13 (1): 714. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-714. PMC 3563456. PMID 23256903.
  22. ^ Moroz, Leonid; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Romanova, Daria (2023). "Nitric oxide signaling in ctenophores". Front. Neurosci. 17: 1125433. doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1125433. PMC 10073611. PMID 37034176.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mnemiopsis.
  • Mnemiopsis Genome Project Portal at the National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH
  • at Ghent University, Belgium
  • Ctenophores from the São Sebastião Channel 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
  • Faris, Stephan (November 2, 2009). . Time. pp. 49–50. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009.
  • Photos of Mnemiopsis on Sealife Collection

January 01, 1970
mnemiopsis, leidyi, warty, comb, jelly, walnut, species, tentaculate, ctenophore, comb, jelly, native, western, atlantic, coastal, waters, become, established, invasive, species, european, western, asian, regions, three, species, have, been, named, genus, they. Mnemiopsis leidyi the warty comb jelly or sea walnut 1 is a species of tentaculate ctenophore comb jelly It is native to western Atlantic coastal waters but has become established as an invasive species in European and western Asian regions Three species have been named in the genus Mnemiopsis but they are now believed to be different ecological forms of a single species M leidyi by most zoologists 2 Mnemiopsis Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Ctenophora Class Tentaculata Order Lobata Family Bolinopsidae Genus MnemiopsisAgassiz 1860 Species M leidyi Binomial name Mnemiopsis leidyiA Agassiz 1865 Synonyms Mnemiopsis gardeni Agassiz 1860 Mnemiopsis mccradyi Mayer 1900 Contents 1 Description and ecology 2 As an invasive species 2 1 1980s Black Sea 2 2 1999 Caspian Sea 2 3 2006 North and Baltic Seas 3 Genomics 4 References 5 External linksDescription and ecology editMnemiopsis have an oval shaped and transparent lobed body with four rows of ciliated combs that run along the body vertically and glow blue green when disturbed They have several feeding tentacles Unlike cnidarians Mnemiopsis does not sting Their body comprises 97 water They have a maximum body length of roughly 7 12 centimetres 3 5 in and a diameter of 2 5 centimetres 1 in It is euryoecious tolerating a wide range of salinity 2 to 38 psu temperature 2 32 C or 36 90 F and water quality Mnemiopsis is a carnivore that consumes zooplankton including crustaceans 3 other comb jellies and eggs and larvae of fish Many of its predators are vertebrates including birds and fish Others are members of gelatinous zooplankton such as Beroe ctenophores and various Scyphozoa jellyfish The comb jelly has the capacity for self fertilization as they are hermaphroditic They have gonads that contain the ovary and spermatophore bunches in their gastrodermis It carries 150 eggs along each meridional canal Eggs and sperm are released into the water column where fertilization takes place The spawning commences at late evening or at 1 00 or 2 00 a m The spawning eggs develop a thick outer layer within a minute of encountering seawater As many as 10 000 eggs are produced from large specimens in areas with abundant prey Egg production can start when the animals reach about 15 mm in length Egg production increases with ctenophore size and it is unclear when senescence occurs It has a transient anus which means that it appears only during defecation There is no permanent connection between the gut and the rear of the body Instead as waste accumulates part of the gut starts to balloon out until it touches the outer layer or epidermis The gut then fuses with the epidermis forming an anal opening Once excretion is complete the process is reversed and the anus vanishes The animals defecate at regular intervals once an hour in the 5 centimetre long adults and once every 10 minutes or so in the larvae 4 5 The species moves so slowly that it is referred to as sea walnut 6 As an invasive species edit nbsp Mnemiopsis leidyi 1980s Black Sea edit Mnemiopsis leidyi was introduced in the Black Sea in the 1980s where only one species of comb jelly the small sea gooseberry Pleurobrachia pileus occurred until then The most likely cause of its introduction is accidentally by merchant ships ballast water The first Black Sea record was in 1982 7 By 1989 the Black Sea population had reached the highest level with some 400 specimens per m3 of water gt 10 animals cubic foot in optimal conditions 3 Afterwards due to depletion of foodstocks resulting in lower carrying capacity the population dropped somewhat In the Black Sea M leidyi eats eggs and larvae of pelagic fish It caused a dramatic drop in fish populations notably the commercially important anchovy Engraulis encrasicholus known locally as hamsi hamsiya hamsa etc by competing for the same food sources and eating the young and eggs 3 Biological control was tried with Beroe ovata another comb jelly with some degree of success it appears as if a fairly stable predator prey dynamic has been reached 8 1999 Caspian Sea edit In 1999 the species was introduced in the Caspian Sea via the Unified Deep Water System of European Russia The establishment of this population led to a 60 reduction in the number of sprat which in turn led to a reduction in the population of sturgeon and seals 9 nbsp Worldwide distribution of Mnemiopsis leidyi Native range in red colonized areas in pink 2006 North and Baltic Seas edit Since then the species has apparently spread throughout the Mediterranean basin and the northwestern Atlantic In 2006 it was first recorded in the North Sea 10 and since October 17 2006 11 in the western Baltic Sea namely the Kiel Fjord and The Belts Up to 100 animals per cubic metre were counted in the Baltic whereas the population density in the North Sea was at a much lower 4 animals m3 at most 3 nbsp M leidyi at the Monterey Bay Aquarium One year later the Baltic population of M leidyi was found to have spread east to the Gotland Basin and the Bay of Puck 12 The impact of the species on the already heavily stressed Baltic ecosystem is unknown The species overwinters in the deep waters where the temperature does not drop below 4 C 39 F the fact that the Baltic is heavily stratified with the waters above and below the halocline mixing little is believed to aid its survival 3 Apart from the widespread P pileus three comb jelly species occasionally drift into the Baltic from the North Sea but do not seem to be present as a stable population of significant size Bolinopsis infundibulum Beroe cucumis and Beroe gracilis The second species might potentially be used for biological control 2 3 The route of dispersal of M leidyi to the North Sea Baltic region is unknown It might have occurred naturally by drifting individuals or with ballast water of ships either from its natural range or from the Black Sea via the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic 13 At least technically possible given the species euryhaline habits is an alternative route of dispersal through continental Europe being carried with ballast water in ships travelling from the Black Sea to the Rhine Estuary via the Rhine Main Danube Canal The latter route is known to be the point of entry into continental Europe for numerous invasive freshwater neozoons from the Ponto Caspian region such as the zebra mussel the quagga mussel the amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Chelicorophium curvispinum and the polychaete Hypania invalida Genomics editBoth the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Mnemiopsis leidyi have been sequenced providing insight into the evolutionary position of Ctenophora comb jellies 14 15 In the original 2013 paper reporting the nuclear genome sequence phylogenetic analysis of the presence and absence of genes introns and amino acid alignments suggested that the comb jelly is the sister lineage to the rest of all animals 14 16 However a 2015 study applied different methodologies and found support for Porifera as the sister group to all other animals and confirmed findings from the original study that amino acid alignments gave mixed support for this hypothesis 17 The position of Ctenophora and Porifera is currently being actively debated 18 19 Its mitochondrion shows several interesting features 20 It is 10 kilobases in length making it the smallest animal mitochondrial DNA sequence known to date It has lost at least 25 genes including MT ATP6 and all the tRNA genes The atp6 gene has been relocated to the nuclear genome and has acquired introns and a mitochondrial targeting presequence All tRNA genes have been genuinely lost along with nuclear encoded mitochondrial aminoacyl tRNA synthetases The mitochondrial rRNA molecules possess little similarity with their homologs in other organisms and have highly reduced secondary structures The genome of Mnemiopsis leidyi appears to lack recognizable microRNAs as well as the nuclear proteins Drosha and Pasha which are critical to canonical microRNA biogenesis It is the only animal thus far reported to be missing Drosha MicroRNAs play a vital role in the regulation of gene expression in all non ctenophore animals investigated thus far except for Trichoplax adhaerens one of three known members of the phylum Placozoa 21 In Mnemiopsis leidyi NOS is present both in adult tissues and differentially expressed in later embryonic stages suggesting the involvement of NO in developmental mechanisms Ctenophores also possess soluble guanylyl cyclases as potential NO receptors with weak but differential expression across tissues Combined these data indicate that the canonical NO cGMP signaling pathways existed in the common ancestor of animals and could be involved in the control of morphogenesis cilia activities feeding and different behaviors 22 References edit Common Names for Sea Walnut Mnemiopsis leidyi Encyclopedia of Life Retrieved 13 December 2013 a b Hansson Hans G 2006 Ctenophores of the Baltic and adjacent Seas the invader Mnemiopsis is here Aquatic Invasions 1 4 295 298 doi 10 3391 ai 2006 1 4 16 a b c d e f Kube Sandra Postel Lutz Honnef Christopher Augustin Christina B 2007 Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Baltic Sea distribution and overwintering between autumn 2006 and spring 2007 Aquatic Invasions 2 2 137 145 doi 10 3391 ai 2007 2 2 9 Michael Le Page March 2019 Animal with an anus that comes and goes could reveal how ours evolved New Scientist Tamm Sidney L 2019 Defecation by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi occurs with an ultradian rhythm through a single transient anal pore Invertebrate Biology 138 3 16 doi 10 1111 ivb 12236 Abigail Tucker September 2012 How Can a Jellyfish This Slow Be So Deadly It s Invisible Smithsonian Magazine Archived from the original on 2013 04 11 Retrieved 2013 02 21 Zaika V Ye Sergeyeva N G 1990 Morphology and development of Mnemiopsis mccradyi Ctenophora Lobata in the Black Sea Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 69 2 5 11 Kideys Ahmet E 2002 Fall and rise of the Black Sea ecosystem Science 297 5586 1482 1484 doi 10 1126 science 1073002 PMID 12202806 S2CID 43042123 Zarina Akhmedova November 8 2010 Borba protiv vredonosnogo mnemiopsisa v vodah Kaspiya dala pervye rezultaty minekologii Initial Results in the Fight Against the Malicious Mnemiopsis in Caspian Waters Ministry of the Environment Trend News Agency Retrieved September 14 2016 in Russian Faasse Marco A Bayha Keith M 2006 The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi A Agassiz 1865 in coastal waters of the Netherlands an unrecognized invasion Aquatic Invasions 1 4 270 277 doi 10 3391 ai 2006 1 4 9 Javidpour Jamileh Sommer Ulrich Shiganova Tamara A 2006 First record of Mnemiopsis leidyi A Agassiz 1865 in the Baltic Sea Aquatic Invasions 1 4 299 302 doi 10 3391 ai 2006 1 4 17 Invasion der Rippenquallen Invasion of the Comb Jellies in German Scinexx Retrieved January 15 2011 Oliveira Otto M P 2007 The presence of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Oslofjorden and considerations on the initial invasion pathways to the North and Baltic Seas Aquatic Invasions 2 3 185 189 doi 10 3391 ai 2007 2 3 5 a b Ryan J F Pang K Schnitzler C E Nguyen A D Moreland R T Simmons D K Koch B J Francis W R Havlak P Smith S A Putnam N H Haddock S H D Dunn C W Wolfsberg T G Mullikin J C Martindale M Q Baxevanis A D 2013 The genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its implications for cell type evolution Science 342 6164 1242592 doi 10 1126 science 1242592 PMC 3920664 PMID 24337300 Moreland R T Nguyen A D Ryan J F Baxevanis A D 2020 The Mnemiopsis Genome Project Portal integrating new gene expression resources and improving data visualization Database Oxford 2020 doi 10 1093 database baaa029 PMC 7211034 PMID 32386298 Rokas A 2013 My Oldest Sister Is a Sea Walnut Science 342 6164 1327 1329 Bibcode 2013Sci 342 1327R doi 10 1126 science 1248424 PMID 24337283 S2CID 33619949 Pisani Davide Pett Walker Dohrmann Martin Feuda Roberto Rota Stabelli Omar Philippe Herve Lartillot Nicolas Worheide Gert 2015 11 30 Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 50 15402 7 Bibcode 2015PNAS 11215402P doi 10 1073 pnas 1518127112 PMC 4687580 PMID 26621703 Telford MJ Moroz LL Halanych KM 2016 Evolution A sisterly dispute Nature 529 7586 286 7 Bibcode 2016Natur 529 286T doi 10 1038 529286a PMID 26791714 Halanych KM Whelan NV Kocot KM Kohn AB Moroz LL 2016 Miscues misplace sponges Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 8 E946 7 Bibcode 2016PNAS 113E 946H doi 10 1073 pnas 1525332113 PMC 4776479 PMID 26862177 Pett W Ryan J F Pang K Mullikin J C Martindale M Q Baxevanis A D Lavrov D V 2011 Extreme mitochondrial evolution in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi Insight from mtDNA and the nuclear genome Mitochondrial DNA 22 4 130 142 doi 10 3109 19401736 2011 624611 PMC 3313829 PMID 21985407 Maxwell E K Ryan J F Schnitzler C E Browne W E Baxevanis A D December 2012 MicroRNAs and essential components of the microRNA processing machinery are not encoded in the genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi BMC Genomics 13 1 714 doi 10 1186 1471 2164 13 714 PMC 3563456 PMID 23256903 Moroz Leonid Mukherjee Krishanu Romanova Daria 2023 Nitric oxide signaling in ctenophores Front Neurosci 17 1125433 doi 10 3389 fnins 2023 1125433 PMC 10073611 PMID 37034176 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mnemiopsis Mnemiopsis Genome Project Portal at the National Human Genome Research Institute NIH Research group Limnology at Ghent University Belgium Ctenophores from the Sao Sebastiao Channel Archived 2012 02 04 at the Wayback Machine Faris Stephan November 2 2009 Jellyfish A Gelatinous Invasion Time pp 49 50 Archived from the original on October 26 2009 Photos of Mnemiopsis on Sealife Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mnemiopsis amp oldid 1217084683, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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