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Ministry of the Imperial Household

The Ministry of the Imperial Household (宮内省, Kunai-shō) was a division of the eighth century Japanese government of the Imperial Court in Kyoto,[1] instituted in the Asuka period and formalized during the Heian period. The Ministry was reorganized in the Meiji period and existed until 1947, before being replaced by the Imperial Household Agency.

Premodern Japan
Part of a series on the politics and
government of Japan during the
Nara and Heian periods
Daijō-daijin
Minister of the LeftSadaijin
Minister of the RightUdaijin
Minister of the CenterNaidaijin
Major CounselorDainagon
Middle CounselorChūnagon
Minor CounselorShōnagon
Eight Ministries
CenterNakatsukasa-shō  
CeremonialShikibu-shō
Civil AdministrationJibu-shō
Popular AffairsMinbu-shō
WarHyōbu-shō
JusticeGyōbu-shō
TreasuryŌkura-shō
Imperial HouseholdKunai-shō
The Imperial Household Ministry in Meiji era

Overview

The needs of the Imperial Household has changed over time. The ambit of the Ministry's activities encompassed, for example:

  • supervision and maintenance of rice fields for the supply to the imperial family[2]
  • oversight of the harvesting done on the Imperial domains[2]
  • orchestrating the presentation to the Emperor of rare delicacies as gifts from his subjects[2]
  • administration of the culinary and engineering departments of the court[2]
  • regulation of breweries[2]
  • oversight of the court ladies[2]
  • oversight of court smiths[2]
  • management of court servants[2]
  • oversight of the Imperial wardrobe, etc.[2]
  • attending to the imperial princes and princesses of the second to the fourth generation, inclusive[2]

History

When this government agency was initially established in 645, it functioned as a tax collector on Imperial land.[3] The organization and functions of the Imperial Household were refined and regulated in the Taiho Code, which was promulgated in 701-702 during the reign of Emperor Monmu. The fundamental elements of this system evolved over the course of centuries, but the basic structures remained in place until the Meiji Restoration.[4]

This Ministry came to be responsible for everything to do with supporting the Emperor and the Imperial Family.[3] Significant modifications were introduced in 1702, 1870, and 1889.[5] It was reorganized into the Imperial Household Office (宮内府, Kunai-fu) in 1947, with its staff size was downscaled from 6,200 to less than 1,500, and the Office was placed under the Prime Minister of Japan. In 1949, the Imperial Household Office became the Imperial Household Agency (the current name), and placed under the fold of the newly created Prime Minister's Office (総理府, Sōri-fu), as an external agency attached to it.

In 2001, the Imperial Household Agency was organizationally re-positioned under the Cabinet Office (内閣府, Naikaku-fu).

Hierarchy

The court developed a supporting bureaucracy which was exclusively focused on serving the needs of the Imperial Household .[6] Among the ritsuryō officials within this ministry structure were:

  • Chief administrator of the imperial household (宮内卿, Kunai-kyō), the surveyor of all works which are executed within the interior of the palace.[7]
  • First assistant to the chief of the imperial Household (宮内大輔, Kunai-taifu).[8]
  • Second assistant to the chief of the imperial household (宮内少輔, Kunai-shōbu), two persons.[8]
  • Third assistant to the chief of the imperial household (宮内丞, Kunai-no-jō), two persons[8]
  • Alternate assistants to the chief of the imperial household (宮内録, Kunai-no-sakan), two persons[8]
  • Chief steward of the imperial household (大膳大夫, Daizen-taifu)[8]
  • Chief steward of the imperial household (大膳亮, Daizen-no-suke)[8]
  • Assistant chief steward of the imperial household (大膳大進, 'Daizen-no-daishin), two positions[8]
  • Alternate assistant steward of the imperial household (大膳属, Daizen-no-sakan), two positions[8]
  • Chief carpenter/cabinet-maker (木工頭, Moku-no-kami)[8]
  • Assistant chief carpenter/cabinet-maker (木工助, Moku-no-suke)[8]
  • Master carpenters/cabinet-maker (木工允, Moku-no-jō), two positions[8]
  • Carpenter/cabinet-maker (木工属, Moku-no-sakan), two positions[8]
  • Chief estimator/adjustor (算師, Sanshi), An expert who evaluates the price/cost of work to be done or already completed[8]
  • Chief storekeeper/Palace kitchens manager (大炊頭, Ōi-no-kami)[8] see Ōiryō (Bureau of the Palace Kitchen)[9]
  • First assistant storekeeper/Palace kitchens manager (大炊助, Ōi-no-suke)[8]
  • Second assistant storekeeper/Palace kitchens manager (大炊允, Ōi-no-jō)[8]
  • Alternate assistant storekeeper/Palace kitchens manager (大炊属, Ōi-no-sakan)[8]
  • Chief surveyor of apartments and furniture (主殿頭, Tonomo-no-kami)[8]
  • First assistant surveyor of apartments and furniture (主殿助, Tonomo-no-suke)[10]
  • Second assistant surveyor of apartments and furniture (主殿充, Tonomo-no-jō), two positions[10]
  • Alternate assistant surveyors of apartments and furniture (主殿属, Tonomo-no-sakan), two positions.[10]
  • Chief pharmacist (典薬頭, Ten'yaku-no-kami)[10]
  • First assistant to the chief pharmacist' (典薬助, Ten'yaku-no-suke)[10]
  • Second assistant to the chief pharmacist (典薬允, Ten'yaku-no-jō)[10]
  • Alternate assistant to the chief pharmacist (典薬属, Ten'yaku-no-sakan)[10]
  • Chief physician (医博士, I-hakase)[10]
  • Female physician (女医博士,, Nyo'i-hakase). No male physician would be permitted to care for the health of the emperor's women[10]
  • Chief acupuncturist (針博士, Shin-hakase)[10]
  • Emperor's personal physician (侍医, Ji'i)[10]
  • Emperor's second personal physician' (権侍医, Gon-no-ji'i)[10]
  • Emperor's alternate personal physician (医師, Ishi)[10]
  • Surveyor of housekeeping (掃部頭, Kamon-no-kami)[10]
  • First assistant surveyor of housekeeping (掃部助, Kamon-no-suke)[10]
  • Second assistant surveyor of housekeeping (掃部允, Kamon-no-jō)[11]
  • Alternate assistant surveyor of housekeeping (掃部属, Kamon-no-sakan)[11]
  • Chief genealogist of the imperial family (正親正,, Ōkimi-no-kami)[11]
  • First assistant to the chief genealogist (正親佑, Ōkimi-no-jō)[11]
  • Alternate assistant to the chief genealogist (正親令史, Ōkimi-no-sakan)[11]
  • First cupbearer to the Emperor (内膳正, Naizen-no-kami).[12]
  • Cupbearer to the Emperor (奉膳, Buzen)[11]
  • Assistant cupbearer (典膳, Tenzen)[11]
  • Alternate assistant cupbearer (内膳令史, Naizen-sakan)[11]
  • Chief sake maker (酒造正, Miki-no-kami)[11]
  • First assistant to the chief sake maker (酒造佑, Miki-no-jō)[11]
  • Alternate assistant to the chief sake maker (酒造令史, Miki-no-sakan)[11]
  • Surveyor of the Emperor's women (采女正, Uneme-no-kami)[11]
  • Assistant surveyor of the Emperor's women (采女佑, Uneme-no-jō)[11]
  • Alternate assistant surveyor of the Emperor's women (采女令史, Uneme-no-sakan)[11]
  • Head of the water supply bureau (主水正, Mondo-no-kami)[11]
  • First assistant to the head of the water supply bureau (主水佑, Mondo-no-jō)[11]
  • Alternate assistant to the head of the water supply bureau (主水令史, Mondo-no-sakan)[11]

The deliberate redundancies at the top are features of each position in this remarkably stable hierarchic schema. Many positions would mirror the -kyō, -taifu, -shō, -jō, and -sakan pattern.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Kawakami, Karl Kiyoshi. (1903). The Political Ideas of the Modern Japan, pp. 36-38., p. 36, at Google Books
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kawakami, p. 38 n3,, p. 38, at Google Books citing Ito Hirobumi, Commentaries on the Japanese Constitution, p. 87 (1889).
  3. ^ a b Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Kunaishō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 574., p. 574, at Google Books
  4. ^ Imperial Household Agency: History
  5. ^ "Ministry of the Imperial Household", Catholic Encyclopedia.
  6. ^ Ministry of Emperor's Household, Sheffield.
  7. ^ Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 272.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 433., p. 433, at Google Books
  9. ^ Samurai Archives: "Ritsuryō Government Positions."
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Titsingh, p. 434., p. 434, at Google Books
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Titsingh, p. 435., p. 435, at Google Books
  12. ^ Titsingh, p. 435: n.b., this courtier doesn't actually serve the emperor directly; rather, he is only the overseer of those who are actual cupbearers (buzen).
  13. ^ Titsingh, pp. 425-435., p. 425, at Google Books

References

  • Kawakami, Karl Kiyoshi. (1903). The Political Ideas of the Modern Japan. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. OCLC 466275784. Internet Archive, full text
  • Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
  • Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
  • Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842

ministry, imperial, household, this, article, about, ministry, imperial, house, japan, before, 1947, after, 1947, imperial, household, agency, qing, dynasty, organization, imperial, household, department, generalized, concept, imperial, household, 宮内省, kunai, . This article is about the ministry for the Imperial House of Japan before 1947 For after 1947 see Imperial Household Agency For Qing Dynasty organization see Imperial Household Department For the generalized concept see Imperial Household The Ministry of the Imperial Household 宮内省 Kunai shō was a division of the eighth century Japanese government of the Imperial Court in Kyoto 1 instituted in the Asuka period and formalized during the Heian period The Ministry was reorganized in the Meiji period and existed until 1947 before being replaced by the Imperial Household Agency Premodern JapanPart of a series on the politics andgovernment of Japan during theNara and Heian periodsDaijō kan Council of State Chancellor Chief MinisterDaijō daijinMinister of the LeftSadaijinMinister of the RightUdaijinMinister of the CenterNaidaijinMajor CounselorDainagonMiddle CounselorChunagonMinor CounselorShōnagonEight MinistriesCenterNakatsukasa shō CeremonialShikibu shōCivil AdministrationJibu shōPopular AffairsMinbu shōWarHyōbu shōJusticeGyōbu shōTreasuryŌkura shōImperial HouseholdKunai shōvteThe Imperial Household Ministry in Meiji era Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Hierarchy 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesOverview EditThe needs of the Imperial Household has changed over time The ambit of the Ministry s activities encompassed for example supervision and maintenance of rice fields for the supply to the imperial family 2 oversight of the harvesting done on the Imperial domains 2 orchestrating the presentation to the Emperor of rare delicacies as gifts from his subjects 2 administration of the culinary and engineering departments of the court 2 regulation of breweries 2 oversight of the court ladies 2 oversight of court smiths 2 management of court servants 2 oversight of the Imperial wardrobe etc 2 attending to the imperial princes and princesses of the second to the fourth generation inclusive 2 History EditWhen this government agency was initially established in 645 it functioned as a tax collector on Imperial land 3 The organization and functions of the Imperial Household were refined and regulated in the Taiho Code which was promulgated in 701 702 during the reign of Emperor Monmu The fundamental elements of this system evolved over the course of centuries but the basic structures remained in place until the Meiji Restoration 4 This Ministry came to be responsible for everything to do with supporting the Emperor and the Imperial Family 3 Significant modifications were introduced in 1702 1870 and 1889 5 It was reorganized into the Imperial Household Office 宮内府 Kunai fu in 1947 with its staff size was downscaled from 6 200 to less than 1 500 and the Office was placed under the Prime Minister of Japan In 1949 the Imperial Household Office became the Imperial Household Agency the current name and placed under the fold of the newly created Prime Minister s Office 総理府 Sōri fu as an external agency attached to it In 2001 the Imperial Household Agency was organizationally re positioned under the Cabinet Office 内閣府 Naikaku fu Hierarchy EditThe court developed a supporting bureaucracy which was exclusively focused on serving the needs of the Imperial Household 6 Among the ritsuryō officials within this ministry structure were This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources Chief administrator of the imperial household 宮内卿 Kunai kyō the surveyor of all works which are executed within the interior of the palace 7 First assistant to the chief of the imperial Household 宮内大輔 Kunai taifu 8 Second assistant to the chief of the imperial household 宮内少輔 Kunai shōbu two persons 8 Third assistant to the chief of the imperial household 宮内丞 Kunai no jō two persons 8 Alternate assistants to the chief of the imperial household 宮内録 Kunai no sakan two persons 8 Chief steward of the imperial household 大膳大夫 Daizen taifu 8 Chief steward of the imperial household 大膳亮 Daizen no suke 8 Assistant chief steward of the imperial household 大膳大進 Daizen no daishin two positions 8 Alternate assistant steward of the imperial household 大膳属 Daizen no sakan two positions 8 Chief carpenter cabinet maker 木工頭 Moku no kami 8 Assistant chief carpenter cabinet maker 木工助 Moku no suke 8 Master carpenters cabinet maker 木工允 Moku no jō two positions 8 Carpenter cabinet maker 木工属 Moku no sakan two positions 8 Chief estimator adjustor 算師 Sanshi An expert who evaluates the price cost of work to be done or already completed 8 Chief storekeeper Palace kitchens manager 大炊頭 Ōi no kami 8 see Ōiryō Bureau of the Palace Kitchen 9 First assistant storekeeper Palace kitchens manager 大炊助 Ōi no suke 8 Second assistant storekeeper Palace kitchens manager 大炊允 Ōi no jō 8 Alternate assistant storekeeper Palace kitchens manager 大炊属 Ōi no sakan 8 Chief surveyor of apartments and furniture 主殿頭 Tonomo no kami 8 First assistant surveyor of apartments and furniture 主殿助 Tonomo no suke 10 Second assistant surveyor of apartments and furniture 主殿充 Tonomo no jō two positions 10 Alternate assistant surveyors of apartments and furniture 主殿属 Tonomo no sakan two positions 10 Chief pharmacist 典薬頭 Ten yaku no kami 10 First assistant to the chief pharmacist 典薬助 Ten yaku no suke 10 Second assistant to the chief pharmacist 典薬允 Ten yaku no jō 10 Alternate assistant to the chief pharmacist 典薬属 Ten yaku no sakan 10 Chief physician 医博士 I hakase 10 Female physician 女医博士 Nyo i hakase No male physician would be permitted to care for the health of the emperor s women 10 Chief acupuncturist 針博士 Shin hakase 10 Emperor s personal physician 侍医 Ji i 10 Emperor s second personal physician 権侍医 Gon no ji i 10 Emperor s alternate personal physician 医師 Ishi 10 Surveyor of housekeeping 掃部頭 Kamon no kami 10 First assistant surveyor of housekeeping 掃部助 Kamon no suke 10 Second assistant surveyor of housekeeping 掃部允 Kamon no jō 11 Alternate assistant surveyor of housekeeping 掃部属 Kamon no sakan 11 Chief genealogist of the imperial family 正親正 Ōkimi no kami 11 First assistant to the chief genealogist 正親佑 Ōkimi no jō 11 Alternate assistant to the chief genealogist 正親令史 Ōkimi no sakan 11 First cupbearer to the Emperor 内膳正 Naizen no kami 12 Cupbearer to the Emperor 奉膳 Buzen 11 Assistant cupbearer 典膳 Tenzen 11 Alternate assistant cupbearer 内膳令史 Naizen sakan 11 Chief sake maker 酒造正 Miki no kami 11 First assistant to the chief sake maker 酒造佑 Miki no jō 11 Alternate assistant to the chief sake maker 酒造令史 Miki no sakan 11 Surveyor of the Emperor s women 采女正 Uneme no kami 11 Assistant surveyor of the Emperor s women 采女佑 Uneme no jō 11 Alternate assistant surveyor of the Emperor s women 采女令史 Uneme no sakan 11 Head of the water supply bureau 主水正 Mondo no kami 11 First assistant to the head of the water supply bureau 主水佑 Mondo no jō 11 Alternate assistant to the head of the water supply bureau 主水令史 Mondo no sakan 11 The deliberate redundancies at the top are features of each position in this remarkably stable hierarchic schema Many positions would mirror the kyō taifu shō jō and sakan pattern 13 See also EditDaijō kanNotes Edit Kawakami Karl Kiyoshi 1903 The Political Ideas of the Modern Japan pp 36 38 p 36 at Google Books a b c d e f g h i j Kawakami p 38 n3 p 38 at Google Books citing Ito Hirobumi Commentaries on the Japanese Constitution p 87 1889 a b Nussbaum Louis Frederic et al 2005 Kunaishō in Japan Encyclopedia p 574 p 574 at Google Books Imperial Household Agency History Ministry of the Imperial Household Catholic Encyclopedia Ministry of Emperor s Household Sheffield Varley H Paul 1980 Jinnō Shōtōki p 272 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Titsingh Isaac 1834 Annales des empereurs du japon p 433 p 433 at Google Books Samurai Archives Ritsuryō Government Positions a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Titsingh p 434 p 434 at Google Books a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Titsingh p 435 p 435 at Google Books Titsingh p 435 n b this courtier doesn t actually serve the emperor directly rather he is only the overseer of those who are actual cupbearers buzen Titsingh pp 425 435 p 425 at Google BooksReferences EditKawakami Karl Kiyoshi 1903 The Political Ideas of the Modern Japan Iowa City Iowa University of Iowa Press OCLC 466275784 Internet Archive full text Nussbaum Louis Frederic and Kathe Roth 2005 Japan Encyclopedia Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 01753 5 OCLC 48943301 Titsingh Isaac 1834 Nihon Odai Ichiran ou Annales des empereurs du Japon Paris Royal Asiatic Society Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland OCLC 5850691 Varley H Paul 1980 Jinnō Shōtōki A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 04940 5 OCLC 59145842 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ministry of the Imperial Household amp oldid 1144150129, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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