You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Serbian. (March 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Serbian article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Serbian Wikipedia article at [[:sr:Закон о рудницима]]; see its history for attribution.
You should also add the template {{Translated|sr|Закон о рудницима}} to the talk page.
The Mining Code, also known as the Mining Law or Miners' Law (Serbian Cyrillic: Закон о рудницима) or Novo Brdo Code (Новобрдски законик), was a compilation of medieval laws on mining in the Serbian Despotate, enacted by Despot Stefan Lazarević on 29 January 1412, but formulated somewhat earlier (c. 1390). Apart from mining laws, there are legal provisions concerning the organization and life in Novo Brdo (Статут Новог Брда, the Statute of Novo Brdo), a city which at that time was the largest mine in the Balkans. The compilation survived in several later transcripts, of which a 16th-century illustrated manuscript is regarded as the most important.[1][2][3][4]
Illustration from a 16th-century illustrated manuscript copy
The text was written by mining specialists, the body of 24 “good men” from places outside of Novo Brdo, who have gathered at the invitation of the despot. When the text was finalized Despot Stefan, raised it to the level of the law with his signature and seal at the assembly in Novo Brdo. The Mining Law was made out of two parts. The first part of the Law contained regulations regarding the organization of mining production and everything else that that enabled its undisturbed performance. That first part had 51 articles that regulated: right of ventilation and bringing air through other trenches; dispute resolution arising from ore exploitation; forming mining troupes; purchase and sale of mining property. The goal was to enable undisturbed performance of mining production. The second part of the Law represents the city law of Novo Brdo from the time of Despot Stefan. It contained 22 articles that prescribed: taxes and fines; jurisdiction of the courts; order in the market; position of the Catholics and more. In those regulations of the city law miners of Novo Brdo were given a privileged position: the right of priority in supply, determining the highest provisions prices and some craft services. A large number of regulations of the Mining Law was translated to the Turkish language and taken over in the Saxon law, from the time of Suleiman the Magnificent.[5] Even though it was not the first mining law in medieval Serbia, the text of the code of Novo Brdo was the only one preserved. Its cover bindings, language and content mark it as one of Serbian legal-historical monuments of special value.
Cyrillic manuscriptEdit
The preserved Cyrillic illustrated manuscript of that law, that was discovered in 1959 originates from 1580 and is kept at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The text of the law was written by brown ink on 27 sheets and the miniature on the first page represents a mining judicial board. The miniature shows four rows of five sitting figures each. The frame, flag and initials are painted in blue, gold and red. The “journey” of the law from Novo Brdo to the archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is interesting. Based on a few notes we can partially keep track of its history. About a hundred years after its creation, priest Georgije bought the manuscript in 1674 from the priestess Stojne for 120 aspron. At the end of the century, the manuscript was in possession of Hekim-baša Alipašić, who was an Osman official or a doctor. In 1707 he gave it as a gift to the Belgrade-Požarevac Metropolitan Mihajlo, after which the manuscript came into possession of Patriarch Arsenije IV Šakabenta. In that period, it was handled by Ecclesiarch Filotej and Hierodeacon Mihailo from whom was the year 1745 recorded, while the year 1753 was recorded elsewhere. Nikola Radojčić who researched the manuscript on behalf of the SASA deems that it was moved from the Patriarchate library to Vienna. During the next two centuries the manuscript was in private possession due to it not having a seal of an official institution, for it only to appear after the Second world war at an antiques auction. On that occasion, it was bought by the spouse of the Yugoslav diplomat France Hočevar (then ambassador in Bucharest), who gifted the manuscript on April 11, 1959, to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The manuscript was placed in the archives of SASA, and academician Radojčić published the manuscript in 1962 along with his work about it called “The mining law of Despot Stefan Lazarević”.
Latinic manuscriptEdit
The Latinic transcript of the Mining law, 13 pages long and dated with the 26th of July, 1638, was found by the academician Petar Kolendić in the city library of Split. The manuscript was created in the Bulgarian mining centre Chiprovtsi.
Dating the mining lawEdit
In historical science a dispute arose about the dating of the Mining Law. In the manuscript itself it is stated that it was created in the year 6920, indictment 13, on January 29. The data mismatch lies in the fact that the year 6920 since the beginning of the world corresponds to the year 1412 from the birth of Christ, while the indict 13 may relate to years 1389/1390, 1404/1405 or 1419/1420, during the rule of Despot Stefan Lazarević. Besides that, additional confusion in dating comes from anachronistic data that from one side mention the death of Prince Lazar (1371-1389), counselling with his mother Milica (died in 1405) and Patriarch Spiridon (1380-1389), Sultan Bayazid, while on the other side the year 1412 is mentioned, and Stefan with the title of Despot which he bore since 1402. According to academician Sima Ćirković, who has considered arguments from both sides, the most probable is that the Mining Law was first formulated in 1390 and later validated by Stefan himself in 1412 after he regained control over the south side of the country (regions south of West Morava), after the death of his younger brother Vuk in 1410. He draws this conclusion based on the established practice of rulers. After they have conquered or have come into possession of a territory, to validate previous charters relating to those territories.
Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
Janićijević, Jovan, ed. (1998). The Cultural Treasury of Serbia. Belgrade: Idea, Vojnoizdavački zavod, Markt system.
Kovačević-Kojić, Desanka (2014). "On the Composition and Processing of Precious Metals mined in Medieval Serbia" (PDF). Balcanica. 45: 97–106.
Mirković, Zoran S., ed. (2019). Serbian law history. Belgrade: University of Belgrade, Faculty of Law.
Zakon o rudnicima despota Stefana Lazarevica
August 29, 2023
mining, code, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, serbian, march, 2017, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, serbian, article, machine, translation, like, deepl, g. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Serbian March 2017 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Serbian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Serbian Wikipedia article at sr Zakon o rudnicima see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated sr Zakon o rudnicima to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Mining Code also known as the Mining Law or Miners Law Serbian Cyrillic Zakon o rudnicima or Novo Brdo Code Novobrdski zakonik was a compilation of medieval laws on mining in the Serbian Despotate enacted by Despot Stefan Lazarevic on 29 January 1412 but formulated somewhat earlier c 1390 Apart from mining laws there are legal provisions concerning the organization and life in Novo Brdo Statut Novog Brda the Statute of Novo Brdo a city which at that time was the largest mine in the Balkans The compilation survived in several later transcripts of which a 16th century illustrated manuscript is regarded as the most important 1 2 3 4 Illustration from a 16th century illustrated manuscript copy Contents 1 Preserved manuscripts 1 1 Cyrillic manuscript 1 2 Latinic manuscript 2 Dating the mining law 3 See also 4 References 5 SourcesPreserved manuscripts EditThe text was written by mining specialists the body of 24 good men from places outside of Novo Brdo who have gathered at the invitation of the despot When the text was finalized Despot Stefan raised it to the level of the law with his signature and seal at the assembly in Novo Brdo The Mining Law was made out of two parts The first part of the Law contained regulations regarding the organization of mining production and everything else that that enabled its undisturbed performance That first part had 51 articles that regulated right of ventilation and bringing air through other trenches dispute resolution arising from ore exploitation forming mining troupes purchase and sale of mining property The goal was to enable undisturbed performance of mining production The second part of the Law represents the city law of Novo Brdo from the time of Despot Stefan It contained 22 articles that prescribed taxes and fines jurisdiction of the courts order in the market position of the Catholics and more In those regulations of the city law miners of Novo Brdo were given a privileged position the right of priority in supply determining the highest provisions prices and some craft services A large number of regulations of the Mining Law was translated to the Turkish language and taken over in the Saxon law from the time of Suleiman the Magnificent 5 Even though it was not the first mining law in medieval Serbia the text of the code of Novo Brdo was the only one preserved Its cover bindings language and content mark it as one of Serbian legal historical monuments of special value Cyrillic manuscript Edit The preserved Cyrillic illustrated manuscript of that law that was discovered in 1959 originates from 1580 and is kept at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts The text of the law was written by brown ink on 27 sheets and the miniature on the first page represents a mining judicial board The miniature shows four rows of five sitting figures each The frame flag and initials are painted in blue gold and red The journey of the law from Novo Brdo to the archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is interesting Based on a few notes we can partially keep track of its history About a hundred years after its creation priest Georgije bought the manuscript in 1674 from the priestess Stojne for 120 aspron At the end of the century the manuscript was in possession of Hekim basa Alipasic who was an Osman official or a doctor In 1707 he gave it as a gift to the Belgrade Pozarevac Metropolitan Mihajlo after which the manuscript came into possession of Patriarch Arsenije IV Sakabenta In that period it was handled by Ecclesiarch Filotej and Hierodeacon Mihailo from whom was the year 1745 recorded while the year 1753 was recorded elsewhere Nikola Radojcic who researched the manuscript on behalf of the SASA deems that it was moved from the Patriarchate library to Vienna During the next two centuries the manuscript was in private possession due to it not having a seal of an official institution for it only to appear after the Second world war at an antiques auction On that occasion it was bought by the spouse of the Yugoslav diplomat France Hocevar then ambassador in Bucharest who gifted the manuscript on April 11 1959 to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts The manuscript was placed in the archives of SASA and academician Radojcic published the manuscript in 1962 along with his work about it called The mining law of Despot Stefan Lazarevic Latinic manuscript Edit The Latinic transcript of the Mining law 13 pages long and dated with the 26th of July 1638 was found by the academician Petar Kolendic in the city library of Split The manuscript was created in the Bulgarian mining centre Chiprovtsi Dating the mining law EditIn historical science a dispute arose about the dating of the Mining Law In the manuscript itself it is stated that it was created in the year 6920 indictment 13 on January 29 The data mismatch lies in the fact that the year 6920 since the beginning of the world corresponds to the year 1412 from the birth of Christ while the indict 13 may relate to years 1389 1390 1404 1405 or 1419 1420 during the rule of Despot Stefan Lazarevic Besides that additional confusion in dating comes from anachronistic data that from one side mention the death of Prince Lazar 1371 1389 counselling with his mother Milica died in 1405 and Patriarch Spiridon 1380 1389 Sultan Bayazid while on the other side the year 1412 is mentioned and Stefan with the title of Despot which he bore since 1402 According to academician Sima Cirkovic who has considered arguments from both sides the most probable is that the Mining Law was first formulated in 1390 and later validated by Stefan himself in 1412 after he regained control over the south side of the country regions south of West Morava after the death of his younger brother Vuk in 1410 He draws this conclusion based on the established practice of rulers After they have conquered or have come into possession of a territory to validate previous charters relating to those territories See also EditSerbia in the Middle Ages Saxons in medieval Serbia Mining and metallurgy in medieval EuropeReferences Edit Fine 1994 p 507 569 Janicijevic 1998 p 56 499 Cirkovic 2004 p 123 124 Kovacevic Kojic 2014 p 97 106 Mirkovic Zoran S 2019 p 28 30 sfn error no target CITEREFMirkovic Zoran S 2019 help Sources EditCirkovic Sima 2004 The Serbs Malden Blackwell Fine John Van Antwerp Jr 1994 1987 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press Janicijevic Jovan ed 1998 The Cultural Treasury of Serbia Belgrade Idea Vojnoizdavacki zavod Markt system Kovacevic Kojic Desanka 2014 On the Composition and Processing of Precious Metals mined in Medieval Serbia PDF Balcanica 45 97 106 Mirkovic Zoran S ed 2019 Serbian law history Belgrade University of Belgrade Faculty of Law Zakon o rudnicima despota Stefana Lazarevica Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mining Code amp oldid 1169282118, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
