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Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border

February 02, 2023

United States border with Mexico is one of the world's "most lethal land borders".[1] Hundreds of migrants die per year as they attempt to cross into the United States from Mexico illegally.[2] The US Border Patrol reported 251 migrant deaths in the fiscal year 2015 (ending September 30, 2015), which was lower than any year during the period 2000–2014, and reported 247 migrant deaths in fiscal year 2020, lower than any year since 1998.[3] Poverty, gang violence, poor governance ,etc, are the main factors to why migrants cross the US border.[4] US Border Patrol recorded 557 southwest border deaths during fiscal year 2021 and 748 in the first 11 months of fiscal year 2022, the most deaths ever recorded.[5]

Border Patrol sign in Spanish, in California warning "Caution! Do not expose your life to the elements. It's not worth it!"

Exposure (including heat stroke, dehydration, and hyperthermia) were the leading cause.[6]

The group Border Angels estimates that since 1994, about 10,000 people have died in their attempt to cross border.[7] According to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 8,050 people have died crossing the U.S–Mexico border between 1998 and 2020.[3] In 2005, more than 500 died across the entire U.S.–Mexico border.[8] The number of yearly border crossing deaths doubled from 1995 to 2005,[9] and has since declined and then risen.[3] The statistics reflect only known deaths and do not include estimates for those who have never been found.[10] Some migrant deaths may go unreported even when they are brought to the attention of officials.[11]

Mexico's Secretariat of Foreign Affairs has compiled data including deaths on the Mexican side of the border area during the period from 1994 to 2000. The data shows 87 deaths in 1996, 149 in 1997, 329 in 1998, 358 in 1999, and 499 in 2000.[12]

U.S. Border Patrol reported that 3,417 migrants were rescued in the fiscal year 2017.[13]

Data for Arizona

The Arizona Daily Star maintained a database daily of border deaths recorded by the Pima, Santa Cruz, Cochise, and Yuma County medical examiners between summer 2004 and September 2006.[14] They stated, "With no official record-keeping system, the exact number of illegal entrants who have died along the Arizona stretch of U.S-Mexican border has never been known."[15]

The number of dead border crossing migrants per year in Arizona increased from nine in 1990 to 201 in 2005; about 80% of the dead migrants were under 40 during 2000–2005, with an increasing number younger than 18.[16][17][18]

Trends

 
Mexico–United States barrier at the border of Tijuana, Mexico and San Diego, USA. The crosses represent migrants who have died in crossing attempts. Some who are identified, some not. Surveillance tower in the background.

A study by the at the University of Houston found that, "In the late 1980s, the number of foreign transient deaths usually exceeded 300, and peaked in 1988 at 355. Thereafter, the number of deaths fell to 180 in 1993 and 1994. After 1994 the number of deaths started to increase again, peaking in 2000 at 370. Border Patrol counts for 2001 and 2002 show a small decrease in the number of deaths in those years compared to 2000."[19]

The number of deaths of illegal immigrants along the border has increased on a regular, yearly basis since the middle 1990s, particularly in the state of Arizona.[6] As of summer 2006, tighter enforcement in Arizona has likely led to fewer deaths there, but border wide fatalities were approaching the record pace of 2005.[20][21]

In 2012, the United States Border Patrol found the remains of 463 migrants in the U.S., of which 177 were discovered along the section of the border near Tucson, Arizona.[22] The Rio Grande Valley of South Texas reported 150 migrant remains found, a jump from 2011 due to the increased numbers of Central American migrants.[22][23]

Exposure

See also: 2022 San Antonio trailer deaths

When crossing the US border comes with life and death elements such as, high risks temperatures, barbed wires, deadly storms, etc. [24]Hyperthermia is one of the most common causes of migrant border deaths in the U.S.[6] There was a sharp rise in the number of people dying from hypothermia and dehydration, from 1993 to 1997, as increased border enforcement diverted undocumented migration flows from urban crossing points to more remote areas where the risk of death was higher.[11]

On 25 June 2019, seven migrants including a woman and three children were found dead U.S. Border Patrol near the Rio Grande in South Texas. The death was reportedly due to heat exposure and dehydration. A 6-year-old Indian girl was also found dead in June 2019, from heat exposure in western Arizona who was abandoned along with a group of migrants by the smugglers in a remote desert location.[25]

On June 27, 2022, 53 people were discovered dead in and around a tractor-trailer near Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas.[26] The deaths were reportedly caused by heat exhaustion and asphyxiation during an apparent illegal migrant smuggling attempt across the US-Mexico border. It is described as the deadliest trafficking incident in the history of the United States.[27]

Drowning

A common cause of immigrant border deaths is drowning in canals, ditches, and the Rio Grande.[28]

Accidents

Significant numbers of undocumented immigrants die daily in car accidents and other accidental causes. According to a December 2006 cover story in the San Diego Reader, "...traffic fatalities involving immigrants have more than doubled since 2003 as coyotes, or polleros – the guides leading migrants across the border – try other methods. On August 7, nine migrants died in a crash in the Yuma sector when the driver of a Chevrolet Suburban – in which 21 Mexicans were 'stacked like cordwood'[29] – lost control after crossing a Border Patrol spike strip at high speed. This year the number killed in traffic accidents during illegal crossings is about 50."[30]

In January 2003, two undocumented immigrant passengers died when their truck crashed on Interstate 8 while fleeing the Border Patrol, after a spike strip punctured a tire.[31] A week after the accident, a third person, Elvia Rumbo Leyva, died in the hospital.[32]

Close to one hundred undocumented immigrants were struck and killed on San Diego County freeways over a five-year span in the late 1980s, prompting the creation of a highway safety sign to caution drivers about migrants crossing the road.[33]

Incidents of Border Patrol use of force

According to Rodolfo Acuña,[34] Professor Emeritus of Chicano Studies at California State University, "Mexico's Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported 117 cases of human rights abuses by US officials against migrants from 1988 to 1990, including fourteen deaths. During the 1980s, Border Patrol agents shot dozens of people, killing eleven and permanently disabling ten."[35]

On May 28, 1994, Martín García Martínez was shot by a Border Patrol agent at the San Ysidro port of entry. He died on July 3 as a result of his injuries.[36]

In May 2000, an illegal immigrant was shot in the shoulder by a border patrolman near Brownsville, Texas, and died later from the wounds.[37]

In January 2006, an eight-year veteran of the Border Patrol, fearful of stones which were being thrown at him[38] shot Guillermo Martinez Rodriguez, a known people smuggler who had been detained 11 times prior.[39] Rodriguez, with a gunshot to the back of his right shoulder, crossed back to Mexico and was taken to the Red Cross in Tijuana where he died twenty-five and a half hours later from the injury.[40] Under the Border Patrol's use-of-force guidelines, agents are permitted to employ lethal force against rock throwers if they pose a threat.[41] Large rocks have seriously injured many agents and many agents have resorted to wearing riot gear as a result.

In January 2007, border patrol agent Nicholas Corbett shot and killed Francisco Javier Domínguez Rivera[42] after the latter tried to smash his head with a rock according to the officer's lawyer.[43] After the agent was acquitted of wrongdoing, a civil suit was filed on behalf of Rivera's parents. This civil suit claimed that the United States government was responsible for wrongful death of Rivera due to the fact that the agent was performing his official duty.[43] Mexico lodged an official protest with the United States over the death stating its "firm condemnation" and "serious concern over the recurrence of this type of incident." The protest demanded an exhaustive investigation.[44][45] Though the incident was recorded by surveillance cameras, the recording was not very clear.[46]

On May 28, 2010, Anastasio Rojas, a 42-year-old Mexican migrant worker, was tased and beaten at the San Ysidro border crossing by more than a dozen Customs and Border Protection officers.[47][48][49] Rojas' death was featured on the PBS News Magazine "Need to Know" in April 2012, in which several civilian eyewitnesses gave their testimony and provided two amateur videos of the event. According to the witnesses, he was facedown on the ground and handcuffed while he was being tased and beaten, all the while being surrounded by twelve officers. His pleas for help are clearly audible on the amateur footage. In the hours before Rojas' death, he had tried to file a complaint against a Border Patrol officer for kicking his injured ankle, that officer and another officer would later drive Rojas to the border alone at night, soon after Rojas sustained fatal injuries.[50] Since the initial broadcast of "Need to Know", 16 members of congress have demanded a justice department investigation into Anastasio Rojas' death while in Border Patrol's custody, which is currently under way.[51] He leaves behind a wife and five children.[50]

In June 2010, a 15-year-old Mexican citizen was shot to death on the Mexican side of the border near El Paso, Texas. The U.S. Border Patrol reported that the officers responded to a group of suspected illegal immigrants who were throwing rocks at them. President Felipe Calderón criticized the shooting by stating that "the use of firearms to repel attacks with stones represents disproportionate use of force".[47][52]

On 14 September 2018, US media reported that Jacklyn, a 7-year-old from Guatemala had died while in custody of US Customs.[53] The girl's family denied she did not have enough food to eat before she died.[54]

Vigilante killings

According to Time Magazine, in the first half of 2000, three immigrants were killed and seven others wounded in showdowns on the U.S. side of the border.[55][56]

In 2000, the United Nations opened an investigation into vigilante killings of migrants crossing Mexico's border with the U.S., dispatching a senior UN investigator to the border country close to where Sam Blackwood, a 74-year-old rancher, was charged with killing Eusebio de Haro,[57] an unarmed Mexican he tried to subdue for the border patrol and shot in the back of the thigh, causing him to bleed to death after pursuing him a quarter mile down the road in his truck.[58][59]

Intentional killings

On February 8, 2007, four gunmen of unknown nationality opened fire on a truck carrying illegal immigrants in the Ironwood Forest National Monument, killing two men and a 15-year-old girl.[60]

Impact on border communities

The impact of migrant deaths on border communities can be difficult for small towns on the U.S. side, which have found themselves with hundreds of remains to identify and bury, at a cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars.[61] In November 2013, the Office of the Medical Examiner in Pima County, Arizona, had 871 cases of unidentified remains dating as far back as the 1990s.[23] Relief groups often aid migrants traveling along the border. A Mexican federal task force known as Grupos Betas protects migrants from crime while the migrants make the journey north.[62] Other groups such as 'No More Deaths' provide migrants with humanitarian assistance and members participate in 'desert runs' to search for migrants in need of help.[63]

International consequences

The deaths have caused tension between the United States and other countries, particularly Mexico and the countries of Central America,[citation needed] from where a majority of illegal immigrants who enter the United States through the Southwestern borders come. Foreign consulates across the Southwest United States, in particular those of Latin American countries, have condemned the deaths of illegal immigrants across the border.[64]

See also

References

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  2. ^ United States Government Accounting Office. GAO-06-770, August 2006.
  3. ^ a b c U.S. Border Patrol, [1], accessed 13 September 2022.
  4. ^ At US border, a surge in migrants young and old: Three questions. (2021, April 14). The Christian Science Monitor, NA.
  5. ^ "First on CNN: A record number of migrants have died crossing the US-Mexico border". Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Eschbach, K., J. Hagan and N. Rodriguez (2001): . Center for Immigration Research, University of Houston ().
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  8. ^ PBS Frontline (June 27, 2006): U.S.-Mexico Border: The Season of Death
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  10. ^ (PDF). Arizona Department of Health Services. June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-28.
  11. ^ a b Eschbach, Karl; Hagan, Jacqueline; Rodriguez, Nestor; Hernandez-Leon, Ruben; Bailey, Stanley (1999). "Death at the Border". The International Migration Review. 33 (2): 430–454. doi:10.2307/2547703. JSTOR 2547703. PMID 12319738. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  12. ^ Wayne A. Cornelius (2001): Death at the Border: The Efficacy and “Unintended” Consequences of U.S. Immigration Control Policy 1993–2000. The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies University of California, San Diego.
  13. ^ U.S. Customs and Border Protection (12 February 2021). "Migrant Death Mitigation" (PDF). Table 4. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
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  16. ^ Isabel C. Morales (2007-02-15). "Funnel effect blamed for leap in border deaths". Dallas Morning News.
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  36. ^ Human Rights Watch (1995): Human Rights Abuses Along the U.S. Border with Mexico Persist Amid Climate of Impunity
  37. ^ McGirk, Jan; Gumbel, Andrew (2000-05-24). . The Independent. London. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
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  40. ^ "Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores – Gobierno".
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  43. ^ a b Service, Jonathon ShacatWick News. "Making sense of filings in legal case against agent who shot immigrant".
  44. ^ The San Diego Union-Tribune. 2007-01-16. Archived from the original on 2009-07-05.
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  49. ^ FLORIDO, ADRIAN. "Calls For Justice In Tasing Death". Retrieved 22 July 2012.
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  52. ^ "Mexican teen shot to death by U.S. Border Patrol agent". Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  53. ^ 7-year-old migrant girl taken into Border Patrol custody dies of dehydration, exhaustion
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  55. ^ Time McGirk: . Time Magazine, June 26, 2000.
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  57. ^ The Independent (24 May 2000): UN envoy is sent to investigate Rio Grande shootings by posses of vigilante ranchers 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine
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  59. ^ Pauline Arrillaga: Border war 2005-12-06 at the Wayback Machine. Associated Press. August 20, 2000
  60. ^ Archibold, Randal C. (2007-02-09). "Illegal Immigrants Slain in an Attack in Arizona". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
  61. ^ "Immigrant deaths surge in South Texas county". Associated Press. 21 December 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  62. ^ Rotellafirst = Sebastian (1992-03-10). "Reducing the Misery at the Border : Immigration: Grupo Beta is an elite Mexican multi-agency force with the task of protecting migrants. It has cut violence and improved relations between U.S. and Mexico". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
  63. ^ . 2010-06-11. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
  64. ^ . Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. 2006-01-05. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-31.

External links

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February 02, 2023
migrant, deaths, along, mexico, united, states, border, united, states, border, with, mexico, world, most, lethal, land, borders, hundreds, migrants, year, they, attempt, cross, into, united, states, from, mexico, illegally, border, patrol, reported, migrant, . United States border with Mexico is one of the world s most lethal land borders 1 Hundreds of migrants die per year as they attempt to cross into the United States from Mexico illegally 2 The US Border Patrol reported 251 migrant deaths in the fiscal year 2015 ending September 30 2015 which was lower than any year during the period 2000 2014 and reported 247 migrant deaths in fiscal year 2020 lower than any year since 1998 3 Poverty gang violence poor governance etc are the main factors to why migrants cross the US border 4 US Border Patrol recorded 557 southwest border deaths during fiscal year 2021 and 748 in the first 11 months of fiscal year 2022 the most deaths ever recorded 5 Border Patrol sign in Spanish in California warning Caution Do not expose your life to the elements It s not worth it Exposure including heat stroke dehydration and hyperthermia were the leading cause 6 The group Border Angels estimates that since 1994 about 10 000 people have died in their attempt to cross border 7 According to the U S Customs and Border Protection 8 050 people have died crossing the U S Mexico border between 1998 and 2020 3 In 2005 more than 500 died across the entire U S Mexico border 8 The number of yearly border crossing deaths doubled from 1995 to 2005 9 and has since declined and then risen 3 The statistics reflect only known deaths and do not include estimates for those who have never been found 10 Some migrant deaths may go unreported even when they are brought to the attention of officials 11 Mexico s Secretariat of Foreign Affairs has compiled data including deaths on the Mexican side of the border area during the period from 1994 to 2000 The data shows 87 deaths in 1996 149 in 1997 329 in 1998 358 in 1999 and 499 in 2000 12 U S Border Patrol reported that 3 417 migrants were rescued in the fiscal year 2017 13 Contents 1 Data for Arizona 2 Trends 2 1 Exposure 2 2 Drowning 2 3 Accidents 2 4 Incidents of Border Patrol use of force 2 5 Vigilante killings 2 6 Intentional killings 3 Impact on border communities 4 International consequences 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksData for Arizona EditThe Arizona Daily Star maintained a database daily of border deaths recorded by the Pima Santa Cruz Cochise and Yuma County medical examiners between summer 2004 and September 2006 14 They stated With no official record keeping system the exact number of illegal entrants who have died along the Arizona stretch of U S Mexican border has never been known 15 The number of dead border crossing migrants per year in Arizona increased from nine in 1990 to 201 in 2005 about 80 of the dead migrants were under 40 during 2000 2005 with an increasing number younger than 18 16 17 18 Trends Edit Mexico United States barrier at the border of Tijuana Mexico and San Diego USA The crosses represent migrants who have died in crossing attempts Some who are identified some not Surveillance tower in the background A study by the Center for Immigration Research at the University of Houston found that In the late 1980s the number of foreign transient deaths usually exceeded 300 and peaked in 1988 at 355 Thereafter the number of deaths fell to 180 in 1993 and 1994 After 1994 the number of deaths started to increase again peaking in 2000 at 370 Border Patrol counts for 2001 and 2002 show a small decrease in the number of deaths in those years compared to 2000 19 The number of deaths of illegal immigrants along the border has increased on a regular yearly basis since the middle 1990s particularly in the state of Arizona 6 As of summer 2006 tighter enforcement in Arizona has likely led to fewer deaths there but border wide fatalities were approaching the record pace of 2005 20 21 In 2012 the United States Border Patrol found the remains of 463 migrants in the U S of which 177 were discovered along the section of the border near Tucson Arizona 22 The Rio Grande Valley of South Texas reported 150 migrant remains found a jump from 2011 due to the increased numbers of Central American migrants 22 23 Exposure Edit See also 2022 San Antonio trailer deaths When crossing the US border comes with life and death elements such as high risks temperatures barbed wires deadly storms etc 24 Hyperthermia is one of the most common causes of migrant border deaths in the U S 6 There was a sharp rise in the number of people dying from hypothermia and dehydration from 1993 to 1997 as increased border enforcement diverted undocumented migration flows from urban crossing points to more remote areas where the risk of death was higher 11 On 25 June 2019 seven migrants including a woman and three children were found dead U S Border Patrol near the Rio Grande in South Texas The death was reportedly due to heat exposure and dehydration A 6 year old Indian girl was also found dead in June 2019 from heat exposure in western Arizona who was abandoned along with a group of migrants by the smugglers in a remote desert location 25 On June 27 2022 53 people were discovered dead in and around a tractor trailer near Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio Texas 26 The deaths were reportedly caused by heat exhaustion and asphyxiation during an apparent illegal migrant smuggling attempt across the US Mexico border It is described as the deadliest trafficking incident in the history of the United States 27 Drowning Edit A common cause of immigrant border deaths is drowning in canals ditches and the Rio Grande 28 Accidents Edit Significant numbers of undocumented immigrants die daily in car accidents and other accidental causes According to a December 2006 cover story in the San Diego Reader traffic fatalities involving immigrants have more than doubled since 2003 as coyotes or polleros the guides leading migrants across the border try other methods On August 7 nine migrants died in a crash in the Yuma sector when the driver of a Chevrolet Suburban in which 21 Mexicans were stacked like cordwood 29 lost control after crossing a Border Patrol spike strip at high speed This year the number killed in traffic accidents during illegal crossings is about 50 30 In January 2003 two undocumented immigrant passengers died when their truck crashed on Interstate 8 while fleeing the Border Patrol after a spike strip punctured a tire 31 A week after the accident a third person Elvia Rumbo Leyva died in the hospital 32 Close to one hundred undocumented immigrants were struck and killed on San Diego County freeways over a five year span in the late 1980s prompting the creation of a highway safety sign to caution drivers about migrants crossing the road 33 Incidents of Border Patrol use of force Edit According to Rodolfo Acuna 34 Professor Emeritus of Chicano Studies at California State University Mexico s Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported 117 cases of human rights abuses by US officials against migrants from 1988 to 1990 including fourteen deaths During the 1980s Border Patrol agents shot dozens of people killing eleven and permanently disabling ten 35 On May 28 1994 Martin Garcia Martinez was shot by a Border Patrol agent at the San Ysidro port of entry He died on July 3 as a result of his injuries 36 In May 2000 an illegal immigrant was shot in the shoulder by a border patrolman near Brownsville Texas and died later from the wounds 37 In January 2006 an eight year veteran of the Border Patrol fearful of stones which were being thrown at him 38 shot Guillermo Martinez Rodriguez a known people smuggler who had been detained 11 times prior 39 Rodriguez with a gunshot to the back of his right shoulder crossed back to Mexico and was taken to the Red Cross in Tijuana where he died twenty five and a half hours later from the injury 40 Under the Border Patrol s use of force guidelines agents are permitted to employ lethal force against rock throwers if they pose a threat 41 Large rocks have seriously injured many agents and many agents have resorted to wearing riot gear as a result In January 2007 border patrol agent Nicholas Corbett shot and killed Francisco Javier Dominguez Rivera 42 after the latter tried to smash his head with a rock according to the officer s lawyer 43 After the agent was acquitted of wrongdoing a civil suit was filed on behalf of Rivera s parents This civil suit claimed that the United States government was responsible for wrongful death of Rivera due to the fact that the agent was performing his official duty 43 Mexico lodged an official protest with the United States over the death stating its firm condemnation and serious concern over the recurrence of this type of incident The protest demanded an exhaustive investigation 44 45 Though the incident was recorded by surveillance cameras the recording was not very clear 46 On May 28 2010 Anastasio Rojas a 42 year old Mexican migrant worker was tased and beaten at the San Ysidro border crossing by more than a dozen Customs and Border Protection officers 47 48 49 Rojas death was featured on the PBS News Magazine Need to Know in April 2012 in which several civilian eyewitnesses gave their testimony and provided two amateur videos of the event According to the witnesses he was facedown on the ground and handcuffed while he was being tased and beaten all the while being surrounded by twelve officers His pleas for help are clearly audible on the amateur footage In the hours before Rojas death he had tried to file a complaint against a Border Patrol officer for kicking his injured ankle that officer and another officer would later drive Rojas to the border alone at night soon after Rojas sustained fatal injuries 50 Since the initial broadcast of Need to Know 16 members of congress have demanded a justice department investigation into Anastasio Rojas death while in Border Patrol s custody which is currently under way 51 He leaves behind a wife and five children 50 In June 2010 a 15 year old Mexican citizen was shot to death on the Mexican side of the border near El Paso Texas The U S Border Patrol reported that the officers responded to a group of suspected illegal immigrants who were throwing rocks at them President Felipe Calderon criticized the shooting by stating that the use of firearms to repel attacks with stones represents disproportionate use of force 47 52 On 14 September 2018 US media reported that Jacklyn a 7 year old from Guatemala had died while in custody of US Customs 53 The girl s family denied she did not have enough food to eat before she died 54 Vigilante killings Edit According to Time Magazine in the first half of 2000 three immigrants were killed and seven others wounded in showdowns on the U S side of the border 55 56 In 2000 the United Nations opened an investigation into vigilante killings of migrants crossing Mexico s border with the U S dispatching a senior UN investigator to the border country close to where Sam Blackwood a 74 year old rancher was charged with killing Eusebio de Haro 57 an unarmed Mexican he tried to subdue for the border patrol and shot in the back of the thigh causing him to bleed to death after pursuing him a quarter mile down the road in his truck 58 59 Intentional killings Edit On February 8 2007 four gunmen of unknown nationality opened fire on a truck carrying illegal immigrants in the Ironwood Forest National Monument killing two men and a 15 year old girl 60 Impact on border communities EditThe impact of migrant deaths on border communities can be difficult for small towns on the U S side which have found themselves with hundreds of remains to identify and bury at a cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars 61 In November 2013 the Office of the Medical Examiner in Pima County Arizona had 871 cases of unidentified remains dating as far back as the 1990s 23 Relief groups often aid migrants traveling along the border A Mexican federal task force known as Grupos Betas protects migrants from crime while the migrants make the journey north 62 Other groups such as No More Deaths provide migrants with humanitarian assistance and members participate in desert runs to search for migrants in need of help 63 International consequences EditThe deaths have caused tension between the United States and other countries particularly Mexico and the countries of Central America citation needed from where a majority of illegal immigrants who enter the United States through the Southwestern borders come Foreign consulates across the Southwest United States in particular those of Latin American countries have condemned the deaths of illegal immigrants across the border 64 See also EditMexico United States border crisis Deaths along the Syria Turkey border Deaths along the Bangladesh India borderReferences Edit The deaths of 51 people in Texas highlight the perils of migration The Economist Retrieved 4 July 2022 United States Government Accounting Office GAO 06 770 August 2006 a b c U S Border Patrol 1 accessed 13 September 2022 At US border a surge in migrants young and old Three questions 2021 April 14 The Christian Science Monitor NA First on CNN A record number of migrants have died crossing the US Mexico border Retrieved 13 September 2022 a b c Eschbach K J Hagan and N Rodriguez 2001 Causes and Trends in Migrant Deaths Along the U S Mexico Border 1985 1998 Center for Immigration Research University of Houston Executive Summary About Us Border Angels PBS Frontline June 27 2006 U S Mexico Border The Season of Death GAO 06 770 Illegal Immigration Border Crossing Deaths Have Doubled Since 1995 PDF United States Government Accountability Office August 2006 Unauthorized Border Crosser Death along the Arizona Sonora border PDF Arizona Department of Health Services June 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 2010 12 28 a b Eschbach Karl Hagan Jacqueline Rodriguez Nestor Hernandez Leon Ruben Bailey Stanley 1999 Death at the Border The International Migration Review 33 2 430 454 doi 10 2307 2547703 JSTOR 2547703 PMID 12319738 Retrieved 4 July 2022 Wayne A Cornelius 2001 Death at the Border The Efficacy and Unintended Consequences of U S Immigration Control Policy 1993 2000 The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies University of California San Diego U S Customs and Border Protection 12 February 2021 Migrant Death Mitigation PDF Table 4 Retrieved 13 September 2022 Arizona Daily Star Border Death Database Archived 2010 01 06 at the Wayback Machine www azstarnet com Border Death Database Archived from the original on 2010 01 06 Retrieved 2016 02 09 retrieved 14 May 2006 Isabel C Morales 2007 02 15 Funnel effect blamed for leap in border deaths Dallas Morning News Raquel Rubio Goldsmith M Melissa McCormick Daniel Martinez Inez Magdalena Duarte 2007 A Humanitarian Crisis at the Border New Estimates of Deaths Among Unauthorized Immigrants PDF Immigration Policy Center Archived from the original PDF on 2009 05 06 Raquel Rubio Goldsmith M Melissa McCormick Daniel Martinez Inez Magdalena Duarte October 2006 The Funnel Effect amp Recovered Bodies of Unauthorised Migrants Processed by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner 1990 2005 PDF Binational Migration Institute Mexican American Studies amp Research Center at the University of Arizona Archived from the original PDF on 2009 07 04 Karl Eschbach Jacqueline Hagan Nestor Rodriguez 2003 Deaths during illegal migration trends and policy implications in the new era of homeland security Archived 2007 02 06 at the Wayback Machine In In Defense of the Alien Vol 26 pp 37 52 San Diego Union Tribune July 22 2006 Border deaths on record pace Archived 2006 10 27 at the Wayback Machine Apprehensions Rescues Deaths 2005 2006 Archived 2006 11 02 at the Wayback Machine The San Diego Union Tribune July 27 2006 a b Isacson Adam A Big Shift in Migration and the Importance of Search and Rescue Washington Office on Latin America 11 December 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2014 a b Isacson Adam Maureen Meyer and Ashley Davis Border Security and Migration A Report from Arizona Washington Office on Latin America 5 December 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2014 Davis Tommy and Sin Panache Mojados through the Night Wetbacks through the Night Vanguard Cinema 2005 Hay Andrew 2019 06 25 Seven migrant deaths reported in extreme heat at U S border Reuters Retrieved 2022 07 04 Garcia Evan Buch Jason 2022 06 28 Death toll from migrants found in truck in Texas reaches 50 Mexico says Reuters Archived from the original on June 28 2022 Retrieved 2022 06 28 46 migrants found dead inside tractor trailer in Texas Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on June 28 2022 Retrieved 2022 06 28 Eschbach Karl Hagan Jacqueline Rodriguez Nestor Hernandez Leon Ruben Bailey Stanley 1999 Death at the Border International Migration Review The Center for Migration Studies of New York vol 33 no 2 pp 430 54 PMID 12319738 Archibold Randal C 9 August 2006 Risky Measures by Smugglers Increase Toll on Immigrants The New York Times Stephen Dobyns Border Angels San Diego Reader Dec 7 2006 Roth Alex 2003 01 15 Fleeing truck driver pleads not guilty in deaths of two The San Diego Union Tribune Archived from the original on 2007 10 31 Retrieved 2008 07 31 Soto Onell R 2003 07 17 Woman says driver was prepared to die The San Diego Union Tribune Archived from the original on 2007 10 31 Retrieved 2008 07 31 Berestein Leslie 2005 04 10 Highway safety sign becomes running story on immigration The San Diego Union Tribune Archived from the original on 2008 07 24 Retrieved 2008 07 31 Acuna Rodolfo F 2006 04 23 A day without immigrants Yes Daily News New York Archived from the original on 2006 04 24 Retrieved 2008 07 31 Rodolfo Acuna Murder in Arizona It s Only The Third World La Prensa San Diego Volume XXIV Number 24 June 16 2000 Human Rights Watch 1995 Human Rights Abuses Along the U S Border with Mexico Persist Amid Climate of Impunity McGirk Jan Gumbel Andrew 2000 05 24 UN envoy is sent to investigate Rio Grande shootings by posses of vigilante ranchers The Independent London Archived from the original on July 5 2009 Retrieved 2008 07 31 Kahn Carrie 2006 01 23 Border Shooting Death Raises U S Mexico Tensions All Things Considered NPR Retrieved 2008 07 31 U S official Mexican shot after illegally crossing American border was known migrant smuggler Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores Gobierno Marosi Richard 2008 02 16 Agent cleared in 2005 border shooting Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2010 05 12 FBI to Investigate Shooting Death of Mexican Immigrant by Border Patrol in U S Fox News Channel 2007 01 16 Retrieved 2008 07 31 a b Service Jonathon ShacatWick News Making sense of filings in legal case against agent who shot immigrant Mexico protests death of illegal immigrant in U S The San Diego Union Tribune 2007 01 16 Archived from the original on 2009 07 05 Relatives bury Mexican migrant shot by Border Patrol in Arizona The San Diego Union Tribune 2007 01 22 Archived from the original on 2012 09 10 Retrieved 2008 07 31 Border Patrol video camera recorded immigrant s shooting Tucson Citizen 2007 01 19 Retrieved 2008 07 31 a b Mexico anger high as US Border Patrol kills teen Retrieved 3 September 2010 Popescu Roxana Deadly patrols Political climate limits prosecutions in border shootings Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 Retrieved 22 July 2012 FLORIDO ADRIAN Calls For Justice In Tasing Death Retrieved 22 July 2012 a b PBS Need to Know Crossing the Line PBS Retrieved 22 July 2012 PBS Need to Know Crossing the Line part 2 PBS Retrieved 22 July 2012 Mexican teen shot to death by U S Border Patrol agent Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 Retrieved 3 September 2010 7 year old migrant girl taken into Border Patrol custody dies of dehydration exhaustion U S NEWSGirl who crossed border with dad died in Border Patrol custody Time McGirk Border Clash Time Magazine June 26 2000 The Independent May 20 2000 Mexico asks UN for help to stop ranch posses hunting migrants Mexico Appeals for UN Help in Halting US Ranch Posses Sport Hunting of Migrants Archived from the original on 2007 02 04 Retrieved 2007 01 25 The Independent 24 May 2000 UN envoy is sent to investigate Rio Grande shootings by posses of vigilante ranchers Archived 2007 10 01 at the Wayback Machine John Gonzalez Rancher Convicted in Immigrant s Death Houston Chronicle Reuters August 25 2001 Alternative source Archived 2007 06 14 at the Wayback Machine Pauline Arrillaga Border war Archived 2005 12 06 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press August 20 2000 Archibold Randal C 2007 02 09 Illegal Immigrants Slain in an Attack in Arizona The New York Times Retrieved 2008 07 31 Immigrant deaths surge in South Texas county Associated Press 21 December 2012 Retrieved 20 February 2014 Rotellafirst Sebastian 1992 03 10 Reducing the Misery at the Border Immigration Grupo Beta is an elite Mexican multi agency force with the task of protecting migrants It has cut violence and improved relations between U S and Mexico Los Angeles Times ISSN 0458 3035 Retrieved 2016 03 11 History and Mission of No More Deaths Information 2010 06 11 Archived from the original on June 11 2010 Retrieved 2016 03 11 Follow up to the Guillermo Martinez Rodriguez case Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores 2006 01 05 Archived from the original on September 27 2007 Retrieved 2008 07 31 External links EditGraphic showing the number of deaths in 2005 and 2006 for different areas along the border Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Migrant deaths along the Mexico United States border amp oldid 1124926256, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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