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Mexican native trout

April 16, 2024

Mexican native trout (in Spanish "Truchas Mexicanas")—Mexican rainbow trout, sometimes Baja rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni) and Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster)—occur in the Pacific Ocean tributaries of the Baja California peninsula and in the Sierra Madre Occidental of northwestern Mexico as far south as Victoria de Durango in the state of Durango. Many forms of the Mexican rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni and O. m. ssp.), subspecies of the rainbow trout, have been described.[1][2] The Mexican golden trout (Oncorhynchus chrysogaster) is a recognized species.[3]

Taxonomy edit

Most of the Mexican native trout are considered subspecies of the rainbow trout (O. mykiss) and generally lumped as O. m. nelsoni Evermann (1908) or O. m. ssp.[4] The exception is the Mexican golden trout (O. chrysogaster Needham and Gard (1964))[5] which achieved species status in 1964.[6][7] The first records of trout in northwestern Mexico were published by paleontologist E. D. Cope in 1886 where he describes two specimens from Chihuahua as having the appearance of Salmo purpuratus a name sometimes incorrectly used for cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki).[6] In 1898 and 1905, naturalist E. W. Nelson with the U.S. Biological Survey led explorations into the Mexican mainland (1898) and Baja California peninsula (1905) to document flora and fauna. In 1908, preserved specimens of trout that Nelson brought back from the Rio Santo Domingo (Santo Domingo creek) in the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir mountains of Baja California were described by ichthyologist B.W. Evermann as a new species Salmo nelsoni, the Baja rainbow trout.[6]

In 1936, Paul Needham, a fisheries biologist with the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries began a series of explorations (1936, 1937 and 1938) into the Rio Santo Domingo drainage in Baja California seeking to bring back live specimens of the Baja rainbow trout as hatchery stock and further study. Although live specimens reached U.S. hatcheries, none ever survived to spawn. In 1952, 1955 and 1956 Needham again explored the Sierra Madre Occidental tributaries of the Gulf of California. Needham's explorations led to the publication of Rainbow Trout of Mexico and California (1959) with coauthor Richard Gard. It contains the first full color drawing of the Mexican golden trout. In 1964, Needham and Gard's proposed binomial name Salmo chrysogaster was accepted as the scientific name for a new species of trout, the Mexican golden trout. The specific name chrysogaster is derived from the Greek for "golden belly".[5] In 1989, morphological and genetic studies indicated trout of the Pacific Basin were genetically closer to Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus species) than to the Salmos–brown trout (S. trutta) or Atlantic salmon (S. salar) of the Atlantic Basin.[8] Thus, in 1989, taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow, cutthroat and other Pacific Basin trout, including the Mexican native trout, into the genus Oncorhynchus.[9]

In 1997, a group of approximately 40 ichthyologists, biologists and naturalists from several U.S. and Mexican institutions formed a collaborative group, Truchas Mexicanas, to study the diversity of Mexican native trout.[10] Between 1997 and 2005, members of the group explored the rivers and streams of the Sierra Madre Occidental collecting specimens for study and documenting the diverse populations of Mexican native trout. In 2002, fisheries biologist Robert J. Behnke published Trout and Salmon of North America, documenting a lifetime study of North American trout and salmon. In Trout and Salmon of North America, Behnke described two species of trout—the Mexican golden trout (O. chrysogaster) and the Mexican rainbow trout (O. m. nelsoni and O. m. ssp). He described a number of local forms of the Mexican rainbow trout primarily based on the river systems they occurred in.[11]

In 2015, a report delving into the genetics of Mexican golden trout and Mexican rainbow trout from various rivers was published. The authors, in discussing their findings, state:[12]

Here, we again confirm the significant genetic diversity present in trout populations inhabiting northwestern Mexico. Clustering analyses of data from over 100 genetic markers further indicates that there exist at least five major genetic lineages of native trout in Mexico. These clusters originated from at least two, and possibly three, separate colonization events of basins in Northwestern Mexico. The first event gave rise to O. m. nelsoni, the second event to the trout populations of the northern and central SMO. Genetic similarity of the southernmost SMO populations with O. mykiss could be the result of a third, more recent colonization event by steelhead from California or further north, or could be due to introgression by or naturalization of imported hatchery rainbow trout. We also found significant divergence between native trout from the SMO and populations of the widespread O. mykiss, and from the other three described species occupying rivers tributary to the Gulf of California (O. apache, O. gilae, and O. clarkii).

The phylogeny of Mexican native trout is an unsettled science. Some studies suggest that the trout are descendants of the coastal rainbow trout (O. m. irideus) based on the idea that in wetter times, rainbow trout (steelhead) could have easily gained access to Baja California and the Sierra Madre Occidental tributaries from the Pacific ocean. Others have suggested a connection to the inland Columbia River redband trout (O. m. gairdneri).[11] Others have pointed to evidence in some populations that Mexican native trout may have descended from cutthroat trout (O. clarki).[2]

Range edit

The endemic range of Mexican native trout extends from near the U.S.–Mexican border in western Chihuahua and eastern Sonora south through the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains of Durango. The southernmost recorded occurrence is in the headwaters of the Río Acaponeta in Durango. The first scientific collections of trout from Mexico were by Prof. Nathaniel Thomas Lupton in the early 1880s. During Edward W. Nelson's 1898 expedition, he observed trout in the Rio del Presidio basin near the town of El Salto, but did not collect any specimens. In 1946, Ralph G. Miller an American researching Mexican ichthyofauna near El Salto collected the earliest surviving specimens of the Rio del Presidio trout, which now reside in the Smithsonian Institution.[3] As of 2002, according to ichthyologist Robert J. Behnke, the Rio del Presidio trout were the southernmost natural distribution of any member of the family Salmonidae.[11] This range was extended by collections from the Ríos Baluarte and Acaponeta in 2004.

The many forms of Mexican native trout are typically described by the river systems they occur in.

Name Range Comments
Arranged by drainage from north to south
Nelson's trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio Santo Domingo in the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir mountain range of Baja California[13] First described in 1908 by Evermann. Also known as the Baja California rainbow trout or the San Pedro Mártir trout.
Rio Yaqui trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio Yaqui in Sonora The Yaqui Basin probably has more stream miles of trout than any other watershed in Mexico. Some of the populations are genetically unique and the Rio Yaqui trout is a complex entity, probably containing more than one species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) treats Yaqui and Guzmán trout as a single near threatened entity based on genetic data, the Yaqui trout (Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Bavispe trout'), and notes that populations of Yaqui trout in the Bavispe, Papigochi and Tutuaca drainages may have different phenotypes.[14]
Guzmán trout Headwaters of the Guzmán Basin, an endorheic basin on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental The Guzmán trout are genetically identical to the trout of the Bavispe Basin in the Rio Yaqui watershed. Mormon colonists transplanted these trout into the Guzmán Basin in the early 1900s.[11]
Rio Tomochi trout Rio Tomochi The Rio Tomochi trout are unique genotypically and phenotypically and are sometimes called the southern Rio Yaqui trout.
Rio Mayo trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio Mayo in Sonora The Rio Mayo trout are closest phenotypically to the southern Rio Yaqui trout. As Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Mayo Trout', the Mayo trout is listed as an endangered species by the IUCN, threatened by mining activity, habitat degradation and overharvest.[15]
Rio Piaxtla trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio Piaxtla The Rio Piaxtla trout are closest genetically to the native trout of the Río San Lorenzo. As Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Piaxtla Trout', the Piaxtla trout is considered "near threatened" by the IUCN.[16]
Rio Conchos trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio Conchos (a tributary of the Rio Grande) in Chihuahua Discovered in 2005, these trout were the first known natural distribution of an Oncorhynchus species in an Atlantic Basin drainage.[17] Another population of the Rio Conchos trout was discovered in the southern Rio Conchos basin in 2007 by members of Truchas Mexicanas.[citation needed] The northern Conchos trout, Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Northern Conchos Trout', is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.[18] The southern Conchos trout, called Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Southern Conchos Trout' by the IUCN, is listed endangered.[19]
Mexican golden trout Headwaters of the Fuerte, Sinaloa, and Culiacán Rivers in Sinaloa. O. chrysogaster Needham and Gard (1964) The only Mexican native trout with a formal scientific name. The Mexican golden trout complex is problematic and may consist of several unique genetic populations. For example, the IUCN distinguishes the Sinaloa River population based on meristic and other phenotypic data as a separate species Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Sinaloa Golden Trout' (Sinaloa trout), a listed endangered species.[20] It also treats the Río Culiacán population as a species Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Culiacán Golden Trout', the Culiacán trout, listed endangered.[21] The Río Fuerte population is regarded by the IUCN as O. chrysogaster and is listed as near threatened.[22]
Rio San Lorenzo trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio San Lorenzo in Durango The San Lorenzo trout (Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'San Lorenzo Trout') is listed by the IUCN as endangered and is threatened by habitat degradation and hybridization with rainbow trout.[23]
Arroyo la Sidra trout The Río San Lorenzo at Arroyo la Sidra The Arroyo la Sidra trout below the main waterfall are largely hybridized with hatchery rainbows. The trout above the falls exhibit a peculiar phenotype (compared to other native Rio San Lorenzo trout) and are believed to be largely native.
Rio del Presidio trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio del Presidio in Chihuahua As of 2002, it was largely believed that these trout represented the southernmost natural distribution of members of the family Salmonidae in the Americas.[11] The IUCN lists the Presidio trout, Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Presidio Trout', as data deficient.[24]
Rio Baluarte trout The Rio Baluarte. Arroyo Santa Barbara, a barranca southwest of El Salto, Durango These trout exhibit a unique phenotype and are believed to be native. Their discovery was new to science in 2003.[25] It is a critically endangered species as Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Baluarte Trout' according to the IUCN, most immediately threatened by introgression of rainbow trout into its unique gene pool.[26]
Rio Acaponeta trout The Rio Acaponeta and tributaries. Arroyo las Moras The mouth of this river is at 22°14' latitude; the trout are from the headwaters much further north. TESS analysis from Escalante et al. show the Rio Acaponeta trout are largely hatchery rainbows. It is unknown if trout are native to this watershed.[citation needed] According to the IUCN, the Acaponeta trout, Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'Acaponeta Trout', is a critically endangered species threatened by hybridization with rainbow trout, which may increase due to fish hatchery development planned in the region.[27]

Conservation edit

The Mexican golden trout (O. chrysogaster) was listed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[28] It is now listed as near threatened.[22] The World Wildlife Fund considers the Rio Conchos trout critically endangered.[29] Truchas Mexicanas reported in 2006 that all the populations of Mexican trout face threats from habitat loss due to logging, mining and aquaculture impacts.[30] The greatest threat to the continued existence of genetically pure Mexican native trout appears to be the widespread rainbow trout aquaculture in the river basins where they reside. Escaped hatchery trout or trout stocked in rivers to support angling can hybridize with native stocks, which can eventually lead to genomic extinction.

Notes edit

  1. ^ "Trout Diversity in Mexico sensu Morphological and Molecular Studies by Truchas Mexicanas". Retrieved 2014-02-09.
  2. ^ a b Mayden, Richard L. (2005). (PDF). truchasmexicanas.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
  3. ^ a b Dean A. Hendrickson; Hector Espinosa Perez; Lloyd T. Findley; William Forbes; Joseph R. Tomelleri; Richard L. Mayden; Jennifer L. Nielsen; Buddy Jensen; Gorgonio Ruiz Campos; Alejandro Varela Romero; Albert van der Heiden; Faustino Camarena & Francisco J. Garcıa de Leon (2002). (PDF). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 12 (2/3). Kluwer Academic Publishers: 273–316. doi:10.1023/A:1025062415188. S2CID 20102698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-03.
  4. ^ "Oncoryhnchus mykiss nelsoni". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  5. ^ a b Paul R. Needham & Richard Gard (March 26, 1964). "A New Trout from Central Mexico: Salmo chrysogaster, the Mexican golden trout". Copeia. 1964 (1). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH): 169–173. doi:10.2307/1440847. JSTOR 1440847.
  6. ^ a b c Behnke, Robert J.; Williams, Ted (2007). "Mexican Golden Trout". About Trout: The Best of Robert J. Behnke from Trout Magazine. Globe Pequot. pp. 97–102. ISBN 978-1-59921-203-6.
  7. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Oncorhynchus chrysogaster" in FishBase. 2014 version.
  8. ^ Smith, Gerald R.; Stearley, Ralph F. (1989). "The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts" (PDF). Fisheries. 14 (1). American Fisheries Society: 4–10. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1989)014<0004:TCASNO>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2027.42/140998.
  9. ^ Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (2002). "Genus Oncorhynchus". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 10–21. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2.
  10. ^ "Truchas Mexicanas". Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  11. ^ a b c d e Robert J. Behnke; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). "Rainbow trout of Mexico". Trout and Salmon of North America. New York: The Free Press. pp. 115–122. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2.
  12. ^ Alicia Abadía-Cardoso; John Carlos Garza; Richard L. Mayden; Francisco Javier García de León (October 28, 2015). "Genetic Structure of Pacific Trout at the Extreme Southern End of Their Native Range". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0141775. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1041775A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141775. PMC 4624944. PMID 26509445.
  13. ^ Johnson, Rex Jr. (2005). "The Trout of Mexico". The Quiet Mountains-A Ten-year Search for the Last Wild Trout of Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidential. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 9–19. ISBN 0-8263-2273-5.
  14. ^ Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. "Bavispe Trout"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142673841A145641601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T142673841A145641601.en. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  15. ^ Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. "Mayo Trout"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142674103A145641606. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T142674103A145641606.en. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  16. ^ Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. "Piaxtla Trout"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142674424A145641631. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T142674424A145641631.en. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  17. ^ "Conservation of The Conchos Trout: A White Paper On History of Its Discovery, Report on Its Status, and An Urgent Plea For Action" (PDF). Truchas Mexicanas. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  18. ^ Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. "Northern Conchos Trout"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T145640871A145641651. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T145640871A145641651.en. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  19. ^ Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. "Southern Conchos Trout"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T145641073A145641656. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T145641073A145641656.en. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  20. ^ Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. "Sinaloa Golden Trout"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142674143A145641616. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T142674143A145641616.en. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  21. ^ Hendrickson, D.; Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. "Culiacán Golden Trout"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142674166A145641621. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T142674166A145641621.en. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  22. ^ a b Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus chrysogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142674122A145641611. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T142674122A145641611.en. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  23. ^ Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. 'San Lorenzo Trout'". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142674185A145641626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T142674185A145641626.en. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  24. ^ Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. "Presidio Trout"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142674431A145641636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T142674431A145641636.en. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  25. ^ Hendrickson, Dean A.; Brooks, James A.; Camarena Rosales, Faustino; Espinosa-Pérez, Héctor; Findley, Lloyd T.; García De León, Francisco; et al. "Truchas Mexicanas: New discoveries and insights into diversity and conservation status of Mexico's native trouts" (PDF). School of Biological Sciences at UT Austin. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  26. ^ Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. "Baluarte Trout"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142674469A145641641. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T142674469A145641641.en. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  27. ^ Hendrickson, D. & Tomelleri, J.R. (2019). "Oncorhynchus sp. nov. "Acaponeta Trout"". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T142674476A145641646. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T142674476A145641646.en. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  28. ^ Contreras-Balderas, S. & Almada-Villela, P. (1996). "Oncorhynchus chrysogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T15317A4513112. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T15317A4513112.en.
  29. ^ "The Rio Conchos Project Restoring A Desert Lifeline" (PDF). WWF Mexico. January 2009. p. 12.
  30. ^ Dean A. Hendrickson; David A. Neely; Richard L. Mayden; Karl Anderson; James E. Brooks; Faustino Camarena-Rosales; Ralph Clitter; Lisa Cutter; Anna Bellia De Los Santos; Guy W. Ernsting; Hector Espinosa-Perez; Lloyd T. Findley; Francisco J. Garcia-De León; Anna L. George; John Hatch; Bernard R. Kuhajda; Kyle E. Mayden; Kristina Mcnyset; Jennifer L. Nielseni; Frank W. Pfeifer; David L. Propst; Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos; Eric St. Clair; Joseph R. Tomelleri & Alejandro Varela-Romero (November 2006). "Conservation of Mexican Native Trout and The Discovery, Status, Protection and Recovery Of The Conchos Trout, The First Native". In Ma. De Lourdes Lozano-Vilano & Armando J. Contreras-Balderas (eds.). Studies of North American Desert Fishes in Honor of E.P.(Phil) Pister Conservationist. Monterrey, Mexico: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon. ISBN 970-694-336-6.

External links edit

  • Dr. Dave Neely Podcast (Includes discussion of Mexican native trout)
  • Biodiversity of Native Mexican Trout (Genus Oncorhynchus spp.) and The Impending Treat of Their Demise by The Exotic Rainbow Trout O. mykiss gairdneri 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading edit

  • Johnson, Rex Jr. (2005). The Quiet Mountains-A Ten-year Search for the Last Wild Trout of Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidential. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2273-5.
  • Hendricksonand, Dean A.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (April 2, 2018). "Native Trout of Mexico: Treasures of the Sierra Madre" (PDF). Austin, TX: Biodiversity Center of the University of Texas at.


April 16, 2024
mexican, native, trout, spanish, truchas, mexicanas, mexican, rainbow, trout, sometimes, baja, rainbow, trout, oncorhynchus, mykiss, nelsoni, mexican, golden, trout, oncorhynchus, chrysogaster, occur, pacific, ocean, tributaries, baja, california, peninsula, s. Mexican native trout in Spanish Truchas Mexicanas Mexican rainbow trout sometimes Baja rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni and Mexican golden trout Oncorhynchus chrysogaster occur in the Pacific Ocean tributaries of the Baja California peninsula and in the Sierra Madre Occidental of northwestern Mexico as far south as Victoria de Durango in the state of Durango Many forms of the Mexican rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni and O m ssp subspecies of the rainbow trout have been described 1 2 The Mexican golden trout Oncorhynchus chrysogaster is a recognized species 3 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Range 3 Conservation 4 Notes 5 External links 6 Further readingTaxonomy editMost of the Mexican native trout are considered subspecies of the rainbow trout O mykiss and generally lumped as O m nelsoni Evermann 1908 or O m ssp 4 The exception is the Mexican golden trout O chrysogaster Needham and Gard 1964 5 which achieved species status in 1964 6 7 The first records of trout in northwestern Mexico were published by paleontologist E D Cope in 1886 where he describes two specimens from Chihuahua as having the appearance of Salmo purpuratus a name sometimes incorrectly used for cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki 6 In 1898 and 1905 naturalist E W Nelson with the U S Biological Survey led explorations into the Mexican mainland 1898 and Baja California peninsula 1905 to document flora and fauna In 1908 preserved specimens of trout that Nelson brought back from the Rio Santo Domingo Santo Domingo creek in the Sierra de San Pedro Martir mountains of Baja California were described by ichthyologist B W Evermann as a new species Salmo nelsoni the Baja rainbow trout 6 In 1936 Paul Needham a fisheries biologist with the U S Bureau of Fisheries began a series of explorations 1936 1937 and 1938 into the Rio Santo Domingo drainage in Baja California seeking to bring back live specimens of the Baja rainbow trout as hatchery stock and further study Although live specimens reached U S hatcheries none ever survived to spawn In 1952 1955 and 1956 Needham again explored the Sierra Madre Occidental tributaries of the Gulf of California Needham s explorations led to the publication of Rainbow Trout of Mexico and California 1959 with coauthor Richard Gard It contains the first full color drawing of the Mexican golden trout In 1964 Needham and Gard s proposed binomial name Salmo chrysogaster was accepted as the scientific name for a new species of trout the Mexican golden trout The specific name chrysogaster is derived from the Greek for golden belly 5 In 1989 morphological and genetic studies indicated trout of the Pacific Basin were genetically closer to Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus species than to the Salmos brown trout S trutta or Atlantic salmon S salar of the Atlantic Basin 8 Thus in 1989 taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow cutthroat and other Pacific Basin trout including the Mexican native trout into the genus Oncorhynchus 9 In 1997 a group of approximately 40 ichthyologists biologists and naturalists from several U S and Mexican institutions formed a collaborative group Truchas Mexicanas to study the diversity of Mexican native trout 10 Between 1997 and 2005 members of the group explored the rivers and streams of the Sierra Madre Occidental collecting specimens for study and documenting the diverse populations of Mexican native trout In 2002 fisheries biologist Robert J Behnke published Trout and Salmon of North America documenting a lifetime study of North American trout and salmon In Trout and Salmon of North America Behnke described two species of trout the Mexican golden trout O chrysogaster and the Mexican rainbow trout O m nelsoni and O m ssp He described a number of local forms of the Mexican rainbow trout primarily based on the river systems they occurred in 11 In 2015 a report delving into the genetics of Mexican golden trout and Mexican rainbow trout from various rivers was published The authors in discussing their findings state 12 Here we again confirm the significant genetic diversity present in trout populations inhabiting northwestern Mexico Clustering analyses of data from over 100 genetic markers further indicates that there exist at least five major genetic lineages of native trout in Mexico These clusters originated from at least two and possibly three separate colonization events of basins in Northwestern Mexico The first event gave rise to O m nelsoni the second event to the trout populations of the northern and central SMO Genetic similarity of the southernmost SMO populations with O mykiss could be the result of a third more recent colonization event by steelhead from California or further north or could be due to introgression by or naturalization of imported hatchery rainbow trout We also found significant divergence between native trout from the SMO and populations of the widespread O mykiss and from the other three described species occupying rivers tributary to the Gulf of California O apache O gilae and O clarkii The phylogeny of Mexican native trout is an unsettled science Some studies suggest that the trout are descendants of the coastal rainbow trout O m irideus based on the idea that in wetter times rainbow trout steelhead could have easily gained access to Baja California and the Sierra Madre Occidental tributaries from the Pacific ocean Others have suggested a connection to the inland Columbia River redband trout O m gairdneri 11 Others have pointed to evidence in some populations that Mexican native trout may have descended from cutthroat trout O clarki 2 Range editThe endemic range of Mexican native trout extends from near the U S Mexican border in western Chihuahua and eastern Sonora south through the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains of Durango The southernmost recorded occurrence is in the headwaters of the Rio Acaponeta in Durango The first scientific collections of trout from Mexico were by Prof Nathaniel Thomas Lupton in the early 1880s During Edward W Nelson s 1898 expedition he observed trout in the Rio del Presidio basin near the town of El Salto but did not collect any specimens In 1946 Ralph G Miller an American researching Mexican ichthyofauna near El Salto collected the earliest surviving specimens of the Rio del Presidio trout which now reside in the Smithsonian Institution 3 As of 2002 according to ichthyologist Robert J Behnke the Rio del Presidio trout were the southernmost natural distribution of any member of the family Salmonidae 11 This range was extended by collections from the Rios Baluarte and Acaponeta in 2004 The many forms of Mexican native trout are typically described by the river systems they occur in Name Range CommentsArranged by drainage from north to southNelson s trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio Santo Domingo in the Sierra de San Pedro Martir mountain range of Baja California 13 First described in 1908 by Evermann Also known as the Baja California rainbow trout or the San Pedro Martir trout Rio Yaqui trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio Yaqui in Sonora The Yaqui Basin probably has more stream miles of trout than any other watershed in Mexico Some of the populations are genetically unique and the Rio Yaqui trout is a complex entity probably containing more than one species The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN treats Yaqui and Guzman trout as a single near threatened entity based on genetic data the Yaqui trout Oncorhynchus sp nov Bavispe trout and notes that populations of Yaqui trout in the Bavispe Papigochi and Tutuaca drainages may have different phenotypes 14 Guzman trout Headwaters of the Guzman Basin an endorheic basin on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental The Guzman trout are genetically identical to the trout of the Bavispe Basin in the Rio Yaqui watershed Mormon colonists transplanted these trout into the Guzman Basin in the early 1900s 11 Rio Tomochi trout Rio Tomochi The Rio Tomochi trout are unique genotypically and phenotypically and are sometimes called the southern Rio Yaqui trout Rio Mayo trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio Mayo in Sonora The Rio Mayo trout are closest phenotypically to the southern Rio Yaqui trout As Oncorhynchus sp nov Mayo Trout the Mayo trout is listed as an endangered species by the IUCN threatened by mining activity habitat degradation and overharvest 15 Rio Piaxtla trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio Piaxtla The Rio Piaxtla trout are closest genetically to the native trout of the Rio San Lorenzo As Oncorhynchus sp nov Piaxtla Trout the Piaxtla trout is considered near threatened by the IUCN 16 Rio Conchos trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio Conchos a tributary of the Rio Grande in Chihuahua Discovered in 2005 these trout were the first known natural distribution of an Oncorhynchus species in an Atlantic Basin drainage 17 Another population of the Rio Conchos trout was discovered in the southern Rio Conchos basin in 2007 by members of Truchas Mexicanas citation needed The northern Conchos trout Oncorhynchus sp nov Northern Conchos Trout is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN 18 The southern Conchos trout called Oncorhynchus sp nov Southern Conchos Trout by the IUCN is listed endangered 19 Mexican golden trout Headwaters of the Fuerte Sinaloa and Culiacan Rivers in Sinaloa O chrysogaster Needham and Gard 1964 The only Mexican native trout with a formal scientific name The Mexican golden trout complex is problematic and may consist of several unique genetic populations For example the IUCN distinguishes the Sinaloa River population based on meristic and other phenotypic data as a separate species Oncorhynchus sp nov Sinaloa Golden Trout Sinaloa trout a listed endangered species 20 It also treats the Rio Culiacan population as a species Oncorhynchus sp nov Culiacan Golden Trout the Culiacan trout listed endangered 21 The Rio Fuerte population is regarded by the IUCN as O chrysogaster and is listed as near threatened 22 Rio San Lorenzo trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio San Lorenzo in Durango The San Lorenzo trout Oncorhynchus sp nov San Lorenzo Trout is listed by the IUCN as endangered and is threatened by habitat degradation and hybridization with rainbow trout 23 Arroyo la Sidra trout The Rio San Lorenzo at Arroyo la Sidra The Arroyo la Sidra trout below the main waterfall are largely hybridized with hatchery rainbows The trout above the falls exhibit a peculiar phenotype compared to other native Rio San Lorenzo trout and are believed to be largely native Rio del Presidio trout Headwater tributaries of the Rio del Presidio in Chihuahua As of 2002 it was largely believed that these trout represented the southernmost natural distribution of members of the family Salmonidae in the Americas 11 The IUCN lists the Presidio trout Oncorhynchus sp nov Presidio Trout as data deficient 24 Rio Baluarte trout The Rio Baluarte Arroyo Santa Barbara a barranca southwest of El Salto Durango These trout exhibit a unique phenotype and are believed to be native Their discovery was new to science in 2003 25 It is a critically endangered species as Oncorhynchus sp nov Baluarte Trout according to the IUCN most immediately threatened by introgression of rainbow trout into its unique gene pool 26 Rio Acaponeta trout The Rio Acaponeta and tributaries Arroyo las Moras The mouth of this river is at 22 14 latitude the trout are from the headwaters much further north TESS analysis from Escalante et al show the Rio Acaponeta trout are largely hatchery rainbows It is unknown if trout are native to this watershed citation needed According to the IUCN the Acaponeta trout Oncorhynchus sp nov Acaponeta Trout is a critically endangered species threatened by hybridization with rainbow trout which may increase due to fish hatchery development planned in the region 27 Conservation editThe Mexican golden trout O chrysogaster was listed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 28 It is now listed as near threatened 22 The World Wildlife Fund considers the Rio Conchos trout critically endangered 29 Truchas Mexicanas reported in 2006 that all the populations of Mexican trout face threats from habitat loss due to logging mining and aquaculture impacts 30 The greatest threat to the continued existence of genetically pure Mexican native trout appears to be the widespread rainbow trout aquaculture in the river basins where they reside Escaped hatchery trout or trout stocked in rivers to support angling can hybridize with native stocks which can eventually lead to genomic extinction Notes edit Trout Diversity in Mexico sensu Morphological and Molecular Studies by Truchas Mexicanas Retrieved 2014 02 09 a b Mayden Richard L 2005 Biodiversity of Native Mexican Trout Genus Oncorhynchus spp and The Impending Treat of Their Demise by The Exotic Rainbow Trout O mykiss gairdneri PDF truchasmexicanas org Archived from the original PDF on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2014 02 09 a b Dean A Hendrickson Hector Espinosa Perez Lloyd T Findley William Forbes Joseph R Tomelleri Richard L Mayden Jennifer L Nielsen Buddy Jensen Gorgonio Ruiz Campos Alejandro Varela Romero Albert van der Heiden Faustino Camarena amp Francisco J Garcia de Leon 2002 Mexican native trouts a review of their history and current systematic and conservation status PDF Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 12 2 3 Kluwer Academic Publishers 273 316 doi 10 1023 A 1025062415188 S2CID 20102698 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 03 03 Oncoryhnchus mykiss nelsoni Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 10 February 2014 a b Paul R Needham amp Richard Gard March 26 1964 A New Trout from Central Mexico Salmo chrysogaster the Mexican golden trout Copeia 1964 1 American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists ASIH 169 173 doi 10 2307 1440847 JSTOR 1440847 a b c Behnke Robert J Williams Ted 2007 Mexican Golden Trout About Trout The Best of Robert J Behnke fromTrout Magazine Globe Pequot pp 97 102 ISBN 978 1 59921 203 6 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2014 Oncorhynchus chrysogaster in FishBase 2014 version Smith Gerald R Stearley Ralph F 1989 The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts PDF Fisheries 14 1 American Fisheries Society 4 10 doi 10 1577 1548 8446 1989 014 lt 0004 TCASNO gt 2 0 CO 2 hdl 2027 42 140998 Behnke Robert J Tomelleri Joseph R 2002 Genus Oncorhynchus Trout and Salmon of North America The Free Press pp 10 21 ISBN 0 7432 2220 2 Truchas Mexicanas Retrieved 2014 02 12 a b c d e Robert J Behnke Tomelleri Joseph R illustrator 2002 Rainbow trout of Mexico Trout and Salmon of North America New York The Free Press pp 115 122 ISBN 0 7432 2220 2 Alicia Abadia Cardoso John Carlos Garza Richard L Mayden Francisco Javier Garcia de Leon October 28 2015 Genetic Structure of Pacific Trout at the Extreme Southern End of Their Native Range PLOS ONE 10 10 e0141775 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1041775A doi 10 1371 journal pone 0141775 PMC 4624944 PMID 26509445 Johnson Rex Jr 2005 The Trout of Mexico The Quiet Mountains A Ten year Search for the Last Wild Trout of Mexico s Sierra Madre Occidential Albuquerque NM University of New Mexico Press pp 9 19 ISBN 0 8263 2273 5 Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov Bavispe Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T142673841A145641601 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T142673841A145641601 en Retrieved 8 February 2024 Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov Mayo Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T142674103A145641606 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T142674103A145641606 en Retrieved 8 February 2024 Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov Piaxtla Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T142674424A145641631 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T142674424A145641631 en Retrieved 8 February 2024 Conservation of The Conchos Trout A White Paper On History of Its Discovery Report on Its Status and An Urgent Plea For Action PDF Truchas Mexicanas Retrieved 2014 02 12 Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov Northern Conchos Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T145640871A145641651 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T145640871A145641651 en Retrieved 12 February 2024 Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov Southern Conchos Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T145641073A145641656 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T145641073A145641656 en Retrieved 12 February 2024 Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov Sinaloa Golden Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T142674143A145641616 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T142674143A145641616 en Retrieved 8 February 2024 Hendrickson D Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov Culiacan Golden Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T142674166A145641621 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T142674166A145641621 en Retrieved 8 February 2024 a b Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus chrysogaster IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T142674122A145641611 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T142674122A145641611 en Retrieved 9 February 2024 Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov San Lorenzo Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T142674185A145641626 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T142674185A145641626 en Retrieved 9 February 2024 Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov Presidio Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T142674431A145641636 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T142674431A145641636 en Retrieved 8 February 2024 Hendrickson Dean A Brooks James A Camarena Rosales Faustino Espinosa Perez Hector Findley Lloyd T Garcia De Leon Francisco et al Truchas Mexicanas New discoveries and insights into diversity and conservation status of Mexico s native trouts PDF School of Biological Sciences at UT Austin The University of Texas at Austin Retrieved 8 February 2024 Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov Baluarte Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T142674469A145641641 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T142674469A145641641 en Retrieved 8 February 2024 Hendrickson D amp Tomelleri J R 2019 Oncorhynchus sp nov Acaponeta Trout IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T142674476A145641646 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T142674476A145641646 en Retrieved 8 February 2024 Contreras Balderas S amp Almada Villela P 1996 Oncorhynchus chrysogaster IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996 e T15317A4513112 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 1996 RLTS T15317A4513112 en The Rio Conchos Project Restoring A Desert Lifeline PDF WWF Mexico January 2009 p 12 Dean A Hendrickson David A Neely Richard L Mayden Karl Anderson James E Brooks Faustino Camarena Rosales Ralph Clitter Lisa Cutter Anna Bellia De Los Santos Guy W Ernsting Hector Espinosa Perez Lloyd T Findley Francisco J Garcia De Leon Anna L George John Hatch Bernard R Kuhajda Kyle E Mayden Kristina Mcnyset Jennifer L Nielseni Frank W Pfeifer David L Propst Gorgonio Ruiz Campos Eric St Clair Joseph R Tomelleri amp Alejandro Varela Romero November 2006 Conservation of Mexican Native Trout and The Discovery Status Protection and Recovery Of The Conchos Trout The First Native In Ma De Lourdes Lozano Vilano amp Armando J Contreras Balderas eds Studies of North American Desert Fishes in Honor of E P Phil Pister Conservationist Monterrey Mexico Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon ISBN 970 694 336 6 External links editDr Dave Neely Podcast Includes discussion of Mexican native trout Biodiversity of Native Mexican Trout Genus Oncorhynchus spp and The Impending Treat of Their Demise by The Exotic Rainbow Trout O mykiss gairdneri Archived 2014 02 22 at the Wayback MachineFurther reading editJohnson Rex Jr 2005 The Quiet Mountains A Ten year Search for the Last Wild Trout of Mexico s Sierra Madre Occidential Albuquerque NM University of New Mexico Press ISBN 0 8263 2273 5 Hendricksonand Dean A Tomelleri Joseph R April 2 2018 Native Trout of Mexico Treasures of the Sierra Madre PDF Austin TX Biodiversity Center of the University of Texas at Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mexican native trout amp oldid 1206758019, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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