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Meteorological history of Typhoon Haiyan

January 01, 1970

Typhoon Haiyan's meteorological history began with its origins as a tropical disturbance east-southeast of Pohnpei and lasted until its degeneration as a tropical cyclone over southern China. The thirteenth typhoon of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season, Haiyan originated from an area of low pressure several hundred kilometers east-southeast of Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia on November 2. Tracking generally westward, environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis and the system developed into a tropical depression the following day. After becoming a tropical storm and attaining the name Haiyan at 0000 UTC on November 4, the system began a period of rapid intensification that brought it to typhoon intensity by 1800 UTC on November 5. By November 6, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) assessed the system as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale; the storm passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau shortly after attaining this strength.

Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)
Track of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)
Meteorological history
FormedNovember 3, 2013
DissipatedNovember 11, 2013
Violent typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds230 km/h (145 mph)
Lowest pressure895 hPa (mbar); 26.43 inHg
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds315 km/h (195 mph)
Lowest pressure895 hPa (mbar); 26.43 inHg
Overall effects
Areas affected
History

Response

Other wikis

  • Commons: Haiyan images

Thereafter, it continued to intensify; at 12:00 UTC on November 7, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the storm's maximum ten-minute sustained winds to 230 km/h (64 m/s; 140 mph), the highest in relation to the cyclone. At 1800 UTC, the JTWC estimated the system's one-minute sustained winds to 315 km/h (88 m/s; 196 mph), unofficially making Haiyan the fourth most intense tropical cyclone ever observed. Several hours later, the eye of the cyclone made its first landfall in the Philippines at Guiuan, Eastern Samar, with an intensity of 305 km/h (85 m/s; 190 mph). This ties it with Typhoon Meranti as the second strongest landfall on record by maximum sustained 1-minute wind speeds, after Typhoon Goni. Gradually weakening, the storm made five additional landfalls in the country before emerging over the South China Sea. Turning northwestward, the typhoon eventually struck northern Vietnam as a severe tropical storm on November 10. Haiyan was last noted as a tropical depression by the JMA the following day.

Origins and intensification edit

 
Haiyan becoming organized as a tropical depression on November 3

On November 2, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a broad low-pressure area about 425 km (264 mi) east-southeast of Pohnpei, one of the states in the Federated States of Micronesia.[nb 1] The system featured broken banding features alongside steadily consolidating convection. Environmental conditions ahead of the disturbance favored tropical cyclogenesis and dynamic weather forecast models predicted that a well-defined tropical cyclone would form within 72 hours.[2] Early on November 3, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression.[3][nb 2] Owing to a consolidating low-level circulation center with building deep convection, the JTWC also classified the system as a tropical depression, shortly after issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert.[5][6] Subsequent intensification resulted in the JMA upgrading the system to a tropical storm and assigning it the name Haiyan (Chinese: 海燕; lit. 'petrel') at 0000 UTC on November 4.[3] Meanwhile, the JTWC also upgraded it to a tropical storm, when the expansive system was steadily consolidating in an area of weak to moderate vertical wind shear and tracking westward along the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge.[7] By November 5, the storm began to undergo rapid intensification as a prominent central dense overcast (CDO) with an embedded eye began developing.[8] This intensification was fueled by high sea surface temperatures, estimated at 29.5 to 30.5 °C (85.1 to 86.9 °F) which extended to an unusually great depth. At 100 m (330 ft) below the surface, temperatures were 4 to 5 °C (39 to 41 °F) above average.[9] In light of the formation of an eye, the JTWC estimated Haiyan to have achieved typhoon status around 0000 UTC that day.[8] The JMA followed suit 12 hours later, by which time the JTWC estimated one-minute sustained winds to have reached 165 km/h (105 mph).[3][10]

A small typhoon, with a core roughly 110 km (68 mi) across, rapid intensification continued through November 6 as an 11 km (6.8 mi) wide pin-hole eye formed. Upper-level outflow favored further strengthening of the system and was further enhanced by a tropical upper tropospheric trough to the northeast.[11] Intense banding features along the southern periphery of Haiyan wrapped into the system as well. Early on November 6, the JTWC estimated the system to have achieved super typhoon status.[12][nb 3] That day, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigned the storm the local name Yolanda as it approached their area of responsibility.[14] Intensification slowed somewhat during the day, though the JTWC estimated the storm to have attained Category 5-equivalent status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale around 1200 UTC. At this time, Haiyan displayed a 15 km (9.3 mi) wide eye surrounded by a ring of deep convection.[15] Later, the eye of the typhoon passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau.[16] Development continued throughout November 7, and at times, mesovortices were apparent in the typhoon's eye.[17]

Peak intensity edit

 
Typhoon Haiyan at peak intensity on November 7

Around 1200 UTC on November 7, Haiyan attained its peak intensity with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (64 m/s; 140 mph) and a barometric pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43 inHg).[3] This made it the second-most intense tropical cyclone in the Northwest Pacific Ocean on record, based on wind speeds alone, along with Bess in 1982 and Megi in 2010, only after Tip in 1979.[18] Six hours later, the JTWC estimated Haiyan to have attained one-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (88 m/s; 196 mph) and gusts up to 378 km/h (105 m/s; 235 mph).[19] This officially ties Haiyan with Typhoon Meranti in 2016 as the fifth-strongest tropical cyclone on record in terms of wind speed, only exceeded by Typhoon Ida (325 km/h) in 1958, Typhoon Violet (335 km/h) in 1961, Typhoon Nancy (345 km/h) in 1961 and Hurricane Patricia (345 km/h) in 2015. However, due to the fact the wind recordings in typhoons were erroneously high during the 1950s and 1960s, it can be said that Haiyan made its way as the second strongest tropical cyclone on record, second only to Hurricane Patricia in 2015.[20] (It is important to note, however, that Patricia's winds were directly measured by hurricane hunters aircraft, observations which were not available for Haiyan, so the record is uncertain and comparing the intensities of the two storms is problematic.) The storm displayed some characteristics of an annular tropical cyclone, though a strong convective band remained present along the western side of the system.[19]

Satellite estimates at the time, using the Dvorak technique, reached the maximum level on the scale: T#8.0.[19] The storm's structure exceeded the maximum intensity on the scale as the "Dvorak technique makes no allowance for an eye embedded so deeply in cloud tops as cold as [cold dark gray],"[nb 4] as noted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) satellite analysis branch.[21] Cloud tops surrounding the eye averaged −80 to −90 °C (−112 to −130 °F), with some areas even deeper.[17] Some automated models initialized its intensity at T#8.1, exceeding the scale's upper bounds.[22] Through satellite estimates, NOAA also estimated that Haiyan may have achieved a minimum pressure as low as 858 mbar (hPa; 25.34 inHg).[22][23] This would have possibly made Haiyan the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide, however due to lack of hurricane hunters in the West Pacific, this is hard to verify, so Typhoon Tip of 1979 holds the record.

Philippine landfalls edit

 
PAGASA Weather radar reflectivity loop of Haiyan making landfall on Leyte Island. Tacloban City was struck by the northern eyewall, the most powerful part of the storm.

At 2040 UTC on November 7,[24] Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan, Eastern Samar slightly past peak intensity with 305 km/h (85 m/s; 190 mph) sustained winds.[25][26] Upon doing so, it became one of the strongest landfalling tropical cyclones on record. In terms of one-minute sustained winds from the JTWC, Haiyan was the most powerful storm to strike land on record, later tied with Typhoon Meranti in 2016 and broken by Typhoon Goni in 2020.[20][25][27] The mountainous terrain of the Philippines disrupted the cyclone's low-level inflow, slightly degrading the storm's structure, prompting slow weakening. Radar data indicates that at 2108 UTC, the northern eye was over the village of Guiuan. Around this time, the dome of the Guiuan radar station was blown into the sea. The storm crossed into Leyte Gulf shortly thereafter.

At 2300 UTC, the storm made another landfall on the island of Leyte. The northern eyewall, the most powerful part of the storm, hit Tacloban City.[28] Despite continued land interaction, the storm remained exceptionally powerful as it hit Leyte.[24][29] Shortly after the storm moved onshore, around 2320 UTC, a barometer deployed by storm chasers in Tacloban City (24 km (15 mi) north of the center of circulation) measured a pressure of 960.3 mbar (hPa; 28.36 inHg).[30] At 2315 UTC, a barometer at Tacloban Airport about 1.6 km (0.99 mi) south of the chasers measured a pressure of 955.6 mb (hPa; 28.22 inHg). Based on the gradient between these positions, Dr. Jeff Masters of Weather Underground estimated that Haiyan may have had a central pressure of 888 mb (hPa; 26.2 inHg) when it struck Leyte.[31]

As Haiyan moved further into Leyte, it reached the Nacolod mountain range. As the core traversed the Nacolod, its 1500 m peaks significantly disrupted the storm's low- and mid-level circulation. This caused the northern half of Haiyan's central core to collapse. Convection shallowed somewhat, and the eye shrank from 20 nm to under 10 nm, also becoming cloud-filled. Despite this synoptic weakening, the shrinking eye kept windspeeds high due to conservation of angular momentum.[32] At 0006 UTC, the eye crosses the Nacolod and hits Ormoc City, still at category 5 strength. Haiyan then crossed another mountain range to the west of Ormoc before emerging over the Cebu Strait. Marked orographic enhancement over this terrain is evident on radar imagery.

During Haiyan's passage over the Cebu Strait, the core reorganized somewhat. At 0133 UTC, the eyewall began to hit the island of Cebu, at Daanbantayan. This is the Cebu City radar station's last scan before it is disabled by the storm. After crossing the mountains, Haiyan made another landfall on Bantayan Island at 0240 UTC, then quickly emerging over the Visayan sea. At 0400 UTC, the storm makes another landfall at Concepcion, Iloilo. The storm weakens to category 4 strength shortly thereafter. After its lengthiest land crossing yet, Haiyan emerges over the Mindoro Strait. At 1200 UTC, the storm makes its last Philippine landfall at Coron, Palawan as a strong category 4 storm.[24] Haiyan emerged over the South China Sea late on November 8. The storm's core had been substantially disrupted during its passage through the Philippines, with only a partial eyewall remaining intact around a ragged cloud-filled eye. In contrast to the appearance, the JTWC estimated it to have retained winds of 230 km/h (64 m/s; 140 mph) at this time. Similarly the PAGASA maintained its strength as 215 km/h (60 m/s; 134 mph)[33] while the JMA estimated winds at 165 km/h (46 m/s; 103 mph).[34]

South China Sea and dissipation edit

 
Typhoon Haiyan near central Vietnam and Hainan on November 10

By November 9, some structural reorganization took place with banding features wrapping tightly around a developing eye.[35] Environmental conditions ahead of the storm soon became less favorable, as cool stable air began wrapping into the western side of the circulation. This resulted in shallowing convecting over the center.[36] Continuing across the South China Sea, Haiyan turned more northwesterly late on November 9 and through November 10 as it moved around the southwestern edge of the subtropical ridge previously steering it westward.[37] Throughout November 10, interaction with Hainan Island and Vietnam further weakened the storm as it moved over the Gulf of Tonkin.[38] Rapid weakening ensued as Haiyan approached its final landfall in Vietnam, with increasing wind shear displacing convection to the north of the center of circulation. The storm had also turned more northerly by this point as the subtropical ridge began to erode.[39] Around 2100 UTC, Haiyan made landfall in Haiphong as a severe tropical storm with ten-minute sustained winds of 110 km/h (31 m/s; 68 mph).[3] Once onshore, Haiyan turned more easterly as the mid-latitude westerlies became the primary steering factor.[40] By 1200 UTC on November 11, Haiyan had dissipated as a tropical cyclone, as it moved over Guangxi Province, China.[3]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.[1]
  2. ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[4]
  3. ^ A super typhoon is defined as a tropical cyclone with one-minute sustained winds of at least 240 km/h (67 m/s; 150 mph).[13]
  4. ^ Cold dark gray refers to the temperature of cloud tops seen on enhanced infrared satellite imagery and indicates values below −81 °C (−114 °F).

References edit

  1. ^ . Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 2011. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  2. ^ "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Typhoon Haiyan (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. December 18, 2013. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  4. ^ "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  5. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 31W (Thirty-One) Warning Nr 01". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 3, 2013. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  6. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (WTPN22 PGTW 030530)". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  7. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 31W (Haiyan) Warning Nr 04". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 4, 2013. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  8. ^ a b "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Warning Nr 08". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 5, 2013. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  9. ^ Jeff Masters (November 13, 2013). . Weather Underground. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  10. ^ "Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Warning Nr 010". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 5, 2013. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  11. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Warning Nr 11". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 5, 2013. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  12. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Warning Nr 12". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  13. ^ Gary Padgett; Kevin Boyle & Simon Clarke (February 21, 2007). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary – October 2006" (Report). Typhoon 2000. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  14. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Warning: Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) Severe Weather Bulletin Number One". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  15. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Nr 14". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  16. ^ "Palau assesses damage after Super Typhoon Haiyan". Australia Network News. November 7, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  17. ^ a b "Super Typhoon Haiyan". Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. University of Wisconsin. November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  18. ^ "Typhoon List". Digital Typhoon. 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  19. ^ a b c "Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Nr 19". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 7, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  20. ^ a b Jeff Masters (November 7, 2013). . Weather Underground. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  21. ^ Michael Turk (November 7, 2013). "Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) November 7, 2013 1430z Satellite Bulletin". Satellite Analysis Branch. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  22. ^ a b "Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) ADT History Listing". Satellite Analysis Branch. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  23. ^ "Position History for 31W". Satellite Analysis Branch. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  24. ^ a b c (PDF). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. November 13, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  25. ^ a b Masters, Jeff. "Winston's 180 mph Winds in Fiji: Southern Hemisphere's Strongest Storm on Record". Weather Underground. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  26. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Warning: Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) Severe Weather Bulletin Number Six". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. November 7, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  27. ^ "Super Typhoon Goni slams into Philippines as strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections. 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  28. ^ . Wunderground. November 7, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  29. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Warning Nr 20". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 7, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  30. ^ "iCyclone Chase Report – Preliminary" (PDF). iCyclone. November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  31. ^ Jeff Masters (November 15, 2013). "Haiyan's True Intensity and Death Toll Still Unknown". Weather Underground. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  32. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Warning Nr 21". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 8, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  33. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W (Haiyan) Warning Nr 23". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 8, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  34. ^ "WTPQ21 RJTD 082100 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 8, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  35. ^ . Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 9, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  36. ^ . Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 9, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  37. ^ . Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 10, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  38. ^ . Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 10, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  39. ^ . Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 10, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  40. ^ . Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. November 10, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typhoon Haiyan (2013).
  • JMA General Information of Typhoon Haiyan (1330) from Digital Typhoon
  • JMA Best Track Data of Typhoon Haiyan (1330) (in Japanese)
  • JTWC Best Track Data of Super Typhoon 31W (Haiyan)
  • 31W.HAIYAN from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
  • Super Typhoon Haiyan from the CIMSS Satellite Blog
  • The track of Typhoon Haiyan from YouTube

January 01, 1970
meteorological, history, typhoon, haiyan, typhoon, haiyan, meteorological, history, began, with, origins, tropical, disturbance, east, southeast, pohnpei, lasted, until, degeneration, tropical, cyclone, over, southern, china, thirteenth, typhoon, 2013, pacific. Typhoon Haiyan s meteorological history began with its origins as a tropical disturbance east southeast of Pohnpei and lasted until its degeneration as a tropical cyclone over southern China The thirteenth typhoon of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season Haiyan originated from an area of low pressure several hundred kilometers east southeast of Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia on November 2 Tracking generally westward environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis and the system developed into a tropical depression the following day After becoming a tropical storm and attaining the name Haiyan at 0000 UTC on November 4 the system began a period of rapid intensification that brought it to typhoon intensity by 1800 UTC on November 5 By November 6 the Joint Typhoon Warning Center JTWC assessed the system as a Category 5 equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale the storm passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau shortly after attaining this strength Typhoon Haiyan Yolanda Track of Typhoon Haiyan Yolanda Meteorological historyFormedNovember 3 2013DissipatedNovember 11 2013Violent typhoon10 minute sustained JMA Highest winds230 km h 145 mph Lowest pressure895 hPa mbar 26 43 inHgCategory 5 equivalent super typhoon1 minute sustained SSHWS JTWC Highest winds315 km h 195 mph Lowest pressure895 hPa mbar 26 43 inHgOverall effectsAreas affectedMicronesia Palau Philippines South China VietnamHistory Meteorological history Response Humanitarian response Other wikis Commons Haiyan images Thereafter it continued to intensify at 12 00 UTC on November 7 the Japan Meteorological Agency JMA upgraded the storm s maximum ten minute sustained winds to 230 km h 64 m s 140 mph the highest in relation to the cyclone At 1800 UTC the JTWC estimated the system s one minute sustained winds to 315 km h 88 m s 196 mph unofficially making Haiyan the fourth most intense tropical cyclone ever observed Several hours later the eye of the cyclone made its first landfall in the Philippines at Guiuan Eastern Samar with an intensity of 305 km h 85 m s 190 mph This ties it with Typhoon Meranti as the second strongest landfall on record by maximum sustained 1 minute wind speeds after Typhoon Goni Gradually weakening the storm made five additional landfalls in the country before emerging over the South China Sea Turning northwestward the typhoon eventually struck northern Vietnam as a severe tropical storm on November 10 Haiyan was last noted as a tropical depression by the JMA the following day Contents 1 Origins and intensification 2 Peak intensity 3 Philippine landfalls 4 South China Sea and dissipation 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksOrigins and intensification edit nbsp Haiyan becoming organized as a tropical depression on November 3 On November 2 the Joint Typhoon Warning Center JTWC began monitoring a broad low pressure area about 425 km 264 mi east southeast of Pohnpei one of the states in the Federated States of Micronesia nb 1 The system featured broken banding features alongside steadily consolidating convection Environmental conditions ahead of the disturbance favored tropical cyclogenesis and dynamic weather forecast models predicted that a well defined tropical cyclone would form within 72 hours 2 Early on November 3 the Japan Meteorological Agency JMA classified the system as a tropical depression 3 nb 2 Owing to a consolidating low level circulation center with building deep convection the JTWC also classified the system as a tropical depression shortly after issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert 5 6 Subsequent intensification resulted in the JMA upgrading the system to a tropical storm and assigning it the name Haiyan Chinese 海燕 lit petrel at 0000 UTC on November 4 3 Meanwhile the JTWC also upgraded it to a tropical storm when the expansive system was steadily consolidating in an area of weak to moderate vertical wind shear and tracking westward along the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge 7 By November 5 the storm began to undergo rapid intensification as a prominent central dense overcast CDO with an embedded eye began developing 8 This intensification was fueled by high sea surface temperatures estimated at 29 5 to 30 5 C 85 1 to 86 9 F which extended to an unusually great depth At 100 m 330 ft below the surface temperatures were 4 to 5 C 39 to 41 F above average 9 In light of the formation of an eye the JTWC estimated Haiyan to have achieved typhoon status around 0000 UTC that day 8 The JMA followed suit 12 hours later by which time the JTWC estimated one minute sustained winds to have reached 165 km h 105 mph 3 10 A small typhoon with a core roughly 110 km 68 mi across rapid intensification continued through November 6 as an 11 km 6 8 mi wide pin hole eye formed Upper level outflow favored further strengthening of the system and was further enhanced by a tropical upper tropospheric trough to the northeast 11 Intense banding features along the southern periphery of Haiyan wrapped into the system as well Early on November 6 the JTWC estimated the system to have achieved super typhoon status 12 nb 3 That day the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration PAGASA assigned the storm the local name Yolanda as it approached their area of responsibility 14 Intensification slowed somewhat during the day though the JTWC estimated the storm to have attained Category 5 equivalent status on the Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale around 1200 UTC At this time Haiyan displayed a 15 km 9 3 mi wide eye surrounded by a ring of deep convection 15 Later the eye of the typhoon passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau 16 Development continued throughout November 7 and at times mesovortices were apparent in the typhoon s eye 17 Peak intensity edit nbsp Typhoon Haiyan at peak intensity on November 7 Around 1200 UTC on November 7 Haiyan attained its peak intensity with ten minute sustained winds of 230 km h 64 m s 140 mph and a barometric pressure of 895 mbar hPa 26 43 inHg 3 This made it the second most intense tropical cyclone in the Northwest Pacific Ocean on record based on wind speeds alone along with Bess in 1982 and Megi in 2010 only after Tip in 1979 18 Six hours later the JTWC estimated Haiyan to have attained one minute sustained winds of 315 km h 88 m s 196 mph and gusts up to 378 km h 105 m s 235 mph 19 This officially ties Haiyan with Typhoon Meranti in 2016 as the fifth strongest tropical cyclone on record in terms of wind speed only exceeded by Typhoon Ida 325 km h in 1958 Typhoon Violet 335 km h in 1961 Typhoon Nancy 345 km h in 1961 and Hurricane Patricia 345 km h in 2015 However due to the fact the wind recordings in typhoons were erroneously high during the 1950s and 1960s it can be said that Haiyan made its way as the second strongest tropical cyclone on record second only to Hurricane Patricia in 2015 20 It is important to note however that Patricia s winds were directly measured by hurricane hunters aircraft observations which were not available for Haiyan so the record is uncertain and comparing the intensities of the two storms is problematic The storm displayed some characteristics of an annular tropical cyclone though a strong convective band remained present along the western side of the system 19 Satellite estimates at the time using the Dvorak technique reached the maximum level on the scale T 8 0 19 The storm s structure exceeded the maximum intensity on the scale as the Dvorak technique makes no allowance for an eye embedded so deeply in cloud tops as cold as cold dark gray nb 4 as noted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s NOAA satellite analysis branch 21 Cloud tops surrounding the eye averaged 80 to 90 C 112 to 130 F with some areas even deeper 17 Some automated models initialized its intensity at T 8 1 exceeding the scale s upper bounds 22 Through satellite estimates NOAA also estimated that Haiyan may have achieved a minimum pressure as low as 858 mbar hPa 25 34 inHg 22 23 This would have possibly made Haiyan the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide however due to lack of hurricane hunters in the West Pacific this is hard to verify so Typhoon Tip of 1979 holds the record Philippine landfalls edit nbsp PAGASA Weather radar reflectivity loop of Haiyan making landfall on Leyte Island Tacloban City was struck by the northern eyewall the most powerful part of the storm At 2040 UTC on November 7 24 Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan Eastern Samar slightly past peak intensity with 305 km h 85 m s 190 mph sustained winds 25 26 Upon doing so it became one of the strongest landfalling tropical cyclones on record In terms of one minute sustained winds from the JTWC Haiyan was the most powerful storm to strike land on record later tied with Typhoon Meranti in 2016 and broken by Typhoon Goni in 2020 20 25 27 The mountainous terrain of the Philippines disrupted the cyclone s low level inflow slightly degrading the storm s structure prompting slow weakening Radar data indicates that at 2108 UTC the northern eye was over the village of Guiuan Around this time the dome of the Guiuan radar station was blown into the sea The storm crossed into Leyte Gulf shortly thereafter At 2300 UTC the storm made another landfall on the island of Leyte The northern eyewall the most powerful part of the storm hit Tacloban City 28 Despite continued land interaction the storm remained exceptionally powerful as it hit Leyte 24 29 Shortly after the storm moved onshore around 2320 UTC a barometer deployed by storm chasers in Tacloban City 24 km 15 mi north of the center of circulation measured a pressure of 960 3 mbar hPa 28 36 inHg 30 At 2315 UTC a barometer at Tacloban Airport about 1 6 km 0 99 mi south of the chasers measured a pressure of 955 6 mb hPa 28 22 inHg Based on the gradient between these positions Dr Jeff Masters of Weather Underground estimated that Haiyan may have had a central pressure of 888 mb hPa 26 2 inHg when it struck Leyte 31 As Haiyan moved further into Leyte it reached the Nacolod mountain range As the core traversed the Nacolod its 1500 m peaks significantly disrupted the storm s low and mid level circulation This caused the northern half of Haiyan s central core to collapse Convection shallowed somewhat and the eye shrank from 20 nm to under 10 nm also becoming cloud filled Despite this synoptic weakening the shrinking eye kept windspeeds high due to conservation of angular momentum 32 At 0006 UTC the eye crosses the Nacolod and hits Ormoc City still at category 5 strength Haiyan then crossed another mountain range to the west of Ormoc before emerging over the Cebu Strait Marked orographic enhancement over this terrain is evident on radar imagery During Haiyan s passage over the Cebu Strait the core reorganized somewhat At 0133 UTC the eyewall began to hit the island of Cebu at Daanbantayan This is the Cebu City radar station s last scan before it is disabled by the storm After crossing the mountains Haiyan made another landfall on Bantayan Island at 0240 UTC then quickly emerging over the Visayan sea At 0400 UTC the storm makes another landfall at Concepcion Iloilo The storm weakens to category 4 strength shortly thereafter After its lengthiest land crossing yet Haiyan emerges over the Mindoro Strait At 1200 UTC the storm makes its last Philippine landfall at Coron Palawan as a strong category 4 storm 24 Haiyan emerged over the South China Sea late on November 8 The storm s core had been substantially disrupted during its passage through the Philippines with only a partial eyewall remaining intact around a ragged cloud filled eye In contrast to the appearance the JTWC estimated it to have retained winds of 230 km h 64 m s 140 mph at this time Similarly the PAGASA maintained its strength as 215 km h 60 m s 134 mph 33 while the JMA estimated winds at 165 km h 46 m s 103 mph 34 South China Sea and dissipation edit nbsp Typhoon Haiyan near central Vietnam and Hainan on November 10 By November 9 some structural reorganization took place with banding features wrapping tightly around a developing eye 35 Environmental conditions ahead of the storm soon became less favorable as cool stable air began wrapping into the western side of the circulation This resulted in shallowing convecting over the center 36 Continuing across the South China Sea Haiyan turned more northwesterly late on November 9 and through November 10 as it moved around the southwestern edge of the subtropical ridge previously steering it westward 37 Throughout November 10 interaction with Hainan Island and Vietnam further weakened the storm as it moved over the Gulf of Tonkin 38 Rapid weakening ensued as Haiyan approached its final landfall in Vietnam with increasing wind shear displacing convection to the north of the center of circulation The storm had also turned more northerly by this point as the subtropical ridge began to erode 39 Around 2100 UTC Haiyan made landfall in Haiphong as a severe tropical storm with ten minute sustained winds of 110 km h 31 m s 68 mph 3 Once onshore Haiyan turned more easterly as the mid latitude westerlies became the primary steering factor 40 By 1200 UTC on November 11 Haiyan had dissipated as a tropical cyclone as it moved over Guangxi Province China 3 See also edit nbsp Tropical cyclones portal Meteorological history of Typhoon Durian 2013 Pacific typhoon season Typhoons in the PhilippinesNotes edit The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions 1 The Japan Meteorological Agency JMA is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean 4 A super typhoon is defined as a tropical cyclone with one minute sustained winds of at least 240 km h 67 m s 150 mph 13 Cold dark gray refers to the temperature of cloud tops seen on enhanced infrared satellite imagery and indicates values below 81 C 114 F References edit Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy 2011 Archived from the original on July 26 2007 Retrieved November 8 2013 Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans Joint Typhoon Warning Center November 2 2013 Archived from the original on November 2 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 a b c d e f Typhoon Haiyan RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track Japan Meteorological Agency December 18 2013 Archived from the original on December 18 2013 Retrieved December 21 2013 Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo Typhoon Center 2000 PDF Japan Meteorological Agency February 2001 p 3 Retrieved November 8 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 31W Thirty One Warning Nr 01 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 3 2013 Archived from the original on November 4 2013 Retrieved November 6 2013 Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert WTPN22 PGTW 030530 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy Archived from the original on November 3 2013 Retrieved November 6 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 04 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 4 2013 Archived from the original on November 4 2013 Retrieved November 6 2013 a b Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 08 Joint Typhoon Warning Center November 5 2013 Archived from the original on November 5 2013 Retrieved November 6 2013 Jeff Masters November 13 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan s Intensification and Unusually Warm Sub Surface Waters Weather Underground Archived from the original on November 14 2013 Retrieved November 13 2013 Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 010 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 5 2013 Archived from the original on November 6 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 11 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 5 2013 Archived from the original on November 6 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 12 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 6 2013 Archived from the original on November 6 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 Gary Padgett Kevin Boyle amp Simon Clarke February 21 2007 Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October 2006 Report Typhoon 2000 Retrieved November 8 2013 Tropical Cyclone Warning Typhoon Yolanda Haiyan Severe Weather Bulletin Number One Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration November 6 2013 Archived from the original on November 9 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W Haiyan Nr 14 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 6 2013 Archived from the original on November 7 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 Palau assesses damage after Super Typhoon Haiyan Australia Network News November 7 2013 Retrieved November 7 2013 a b Super Typhoon Haiyan Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies University of Wisconsin November 11 2013 Retrieved November 13 2013 Typhoon List Digital Typhoon 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 a b c Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W Haiyan Nr 19 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 7 2013 Archived from the original on November 8 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 a b Jeff Masters November 7 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan Strongest Landfalling Tropical Cyclone on Record Weather Underground Archived from the original on November 8 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 Michael Turk November 7 2013 Typhoon 31W Haiyan November 7 2013 1430z Satellite Bulletin Satellite Analysis Branch National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved November 8 2013 a b Typhoon 31W Haiyan ADT History Listing Satellite Analysis Branch National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration November 8 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 Position History for 31W Satellite Analysis Branch National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration November 8 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 a b c SitRep No 17 Effects of Typhoon Yolanda Haiyan PDF National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council November 13 2013 Archived from the original PDF on November 13 2013 Retrieved November 13 2013 a b Masters Jeff Winston s 180 mph Winds in Fiji Southern Hemisphere s Strongest Storm on Record Weather Underground Retrieved 5 February 2018 Tropical Cyclone Warning Typhoon Yolanda Haiyan Severe Weather Bulletin Number Six Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration November 7 2013 Archived from the original on November 8 2013 Retrieved November 9 2013 Super Typhoon Goni slams into Philippines as strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record Yale Climate Connections Yale Climate Connections 2020 11 01 Retrieved 2020 11 02 Super Typhoon Haiyan Strongest Landfalling Tropical Cyclone on Record Wunderground November 7 2013 Archived from the original on November 8 2013 Retrieved November 7 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 20 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 7 2013 Archived from the original on November 8 2013 Retrieved November 9 2013 iCyclone Chase Report Preliminary PDF iCyclone November 13 2013 Retrieved November 13 2013 Jeff Masters November 15 2013 Haiyan s True Intensity and Death Toll Still Unknown Weather Underground Retrieved November 16 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 21 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 8 2013 Archived from the original on November 9 2013 Retrieved November 9 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 23 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 8 2013 Archived from the original on November 9 2013 Retrieved November 9 2013 WTPQ21 RJTD 082100 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory Japan Meteorological Agency November 8 2013 Archived from the original on November 9 2013 Retrieved November 9 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 24 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 9 2013 Archived from the original on November 12 2013 Retrieved November 10 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 25 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 9 2013 Archived from the original on November 12 2013 Retrieved November 10 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 28 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 10 2013 Archived from the original on November 12 2013 Retrieved November 10 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 30 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 10 2013 Archived from the original on November 12 2013 Retrieved November 10 2013 Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 31 Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 10 2013 Archived from the original on November 12 2013 Retrieved November 10 2013 Tropical Storm 31W Haiyan Warning Nr 032 Final Joint Typhoon Warning Center United States Navy November 10 2013 Archived from the original on November 12 2013 Retrieved November 12 2013 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typhoon Haiyan 2013 JMA General Information of Typhoon Haiyan 1330 from Digital Typhoon JMA Best Track Data of Typhoon Haiyan 1330 in Japanese JTWC Best Track Data of Super Typhoon 31W Haiyan 31W HAIYAN from the U S Naval Research Laboratory Super Typhoon Haiyan from the CIMSS Satellite Blog The track of Typhoon Haiyan from YouTube Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Meteorological history of Typhoon Haiyan amp oldid 1223396689, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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