Metanephrops is a genus of lobsters, commonly known as scampi. Important species for fishery include Metanephrops australiensis (Australian scampi) and Metanephrops challengeri (New Zealand scampi). It differs from other lobsters such as Homarus and Nephrops norvegicus in that its two main claws are of equal size, rather than being differentiated into a crusher and a pincher.[1] There are 18 extant species recognised in the genus:[2]
Metanephrops inhabit burrows located in sticky soft substrate that they build themselves.[5] They typically live at depths ranging between 50-994m below the surface of the ocean, but are found in greater abundances at 150m or deeper.[4] This classifies them as a "deep sea lobster" since they inhabit a region below 50m under the surface of the ocean.[6] Occurrences of Metanephrops are prevalent on the west side of ocean basins, especially the Indo-West-Pacific, ranging from latitudes of 35∘N to 50∘S. Only two of the extant species of Metanephrops inhabit the western basin of the Atlantic Ocean. M. binghami resides in the Gulf of Mexico and around the Caribbean and Cuba; while M. rubellus resides off of the southern coast of Brazil and off the coast of Uruguay.[4]
Diet
Metanephrops are scavengers like most lobsters. They consume a diet largely consisting of the corpses pelagic and benthic species that have fallen to the sea floor. Specific examples of their typical diet include small marine organisms such as plankton and parasites, ghost shark (Hydrolagus novaezealandiae), silver warehou (Seriolella punctata), tall sea pen (Funiculina quadrangularis) and the salp (Ihlea racovitzai).[6]
Reproduction
The unique reproductive habits of Metanephrops are poorly understood due to the difficulty of getting individuals of Metanephrops to mate in captivity. However, their mating habits appear to follow that of most genera of lobster, with copulation occurring after a female moults. Successful instances of copulation were observed to occur when the male was larger and stronger than the female and was able to turn the female over and pin her down in order for copulation to occur. In one study, viable eggs were produced 3 days following an instance where sperm uptake was successful after copulation. However, the eggs did not hatch for another 222 days, meaning that the total time from spawning to hatch was 225 days.[7]
Development and Morphology
Metanephrops begin their lives in a platonic larval stage that must undergo several cycles of multing to reach maturity. During these molting phases, some postlarval aspects of a mature Metanephrops become apparent with each subsequent molt. The Metanephrops larva is a zoea larva shared by many other crustaceans, and the time spent in this state is approximately 4-8 days.[5][7] Before entering the zoea stage of larval development, newly hatched instances of Metanephrops are surrounded by a cuticle that encompass all appendages, though this stage lacks armed process on the first and second antenna and telson. This stage, like the zoea larval stage, is also typical in decopods.[5] This pre-zoea stage is extremely short lived in individuals that will proceed to enter the zoea larval stage, lasting for only a few minutes to a few hours.[7] Upon entering the zoea larval stage individuals of Metanephrops are typically 10-15mm long and bear notably well developed eyes that are stalked with small cornea. The zoea larva of Metanephrops are semi-opaque, but a system of red/orange chromatophores create a visible spot on the abdomen. After the zoea larval stage, Metanephrops enter a juvenile post larval stage characterized by the presence of all adult characteristics. This is especially apparent in the transferring of locomotion to the abdominal by use of pleopods to walk like other genera of lobsters, as opposed to primary locomotion being swimming as in the larval stage. However, it is likely that they retain some ability to swim through their pleopods and uropods.[5]
Origin
Metanephrops first appeared in the fossils record in the late Cretaceous. Specimens were found on the eastern side of the Antarctic peninsula. Stratigraphic, geographic and cladistic evidence suggest that Metanephrops developed in high southern latitudes.[4]
Fishing
Certain species of Metanephrops, such as Metanephrops challengeri, support commercial fisheries on and off the continental shelf and slope of New Zealand.[8] Scampi make burrows in muddy substrates, and fisheries use a number of methods such as photographic and burrow analysis methods to determine scampi emergency patterns in order to assess catchability. This data suggests that roughly half of all scampi burrows are occupied at any given time. [8][9] Scampi have been targeted by trawl fisheries since the late 1980's. At that time landings were between 800-1000 tons per year for the species Metanephrops challengeri. SInce then landings for M. challengeri have fallen to between 600 - 800 tons per year in recent years.[9]
References
^Lipke Holthuis (1991). FAO species catalogue Vol. 13: Marine lobsters of the world. FAO.
^Sammy De Grave; N. Dean Pentcheff; Shane T. Ahyong; et al. (2009). (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Suppl. 21: 1–109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06.
^ abcdDale Tshudy, Tin-Yam Chan & Ulf Sorhannus (2007). "Morphology-based clasdistic analysis of Metanephrops: the most diverse extant genus of clawed lobster (Nephropidae)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 27 (3): 463–476. doi:10.1651/S-2777.1.
^ abcdWear, Robert G. (1976). "Studies on the Larval Development of Metanephrops challengeri (Balss, 1914) (Decapoda, Nephropidae)". Crustaceana. 30 (2): 113–122. doi:10.1163/156854076X00521. ISSN 0011-216X. JSTOR 20102305.
^ abvan der Reis, Aimee L.; Laroche, Olivier; Jeffs, Andrew G.; Lavery, Shane D. (2018-09-20). "Preliminary analysis of New Zealand scampi (Metanephrops challengeri) diet using metabarcoding". PeerJ. 6: e5641. doi:10.7717/peerj.5641. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC6151254. PMID 30258728.
^ abcHeasman, K. G.; Jeffs, A. G. (2019-09-15). "Fecundity and potential juvenile production for aquaculture of the New Zealand Scampi, Metanephrops challengeri (Balss, 1914) (Decapoda: Nephropidae)". Aquaculture. 511: 634184. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.069. ISSN 0044-8486. S2CID 190906154.
^ abVerry, Alexander J. F.; Walton, Kerry; Tuck, Ian D.; Ritchie, Peter A. (2020-04-02). "Genetic structure and recent population expansion in the commercially harvested deep-sea decapod, Metanephrops challengeri (Crustacea: Decapoda)". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 54 (2): 251–270. doi:10.1080/00288330.2019.1707696. ISSN 0028-8330. S2CID 214087460.
^ abTuck,Parsons,Hartill,Chiswell (July 2015). "Scampi (Metanephrops challengeri) emergence patterns and catchability". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 72: 199–210. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu244.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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metanephrops, genus, lobsters, commonly, known, scampi, important, species, fishery, include, australiensis, australian, scampi, challengeri, zealand, scampi, differs, from, other, lobsters, such, homarus, nephrops, norvegicus, that, main, claws, equal, size, . Metanephrops is a genus of lobsters commonly known as scampi Important species for fishery include Metanephrops australiensis Australian scampi and Metanephrops challengeri New Zealand scampi It differs from other lobsters such as Homarus and Nephrops norvegicus in that its two main claws are of equal size rather than being differentiated into a crusher and a pincher 1 There are 18 extant species recognised in the genus 2 MetanephropsTemporal range Late Cretaceous Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NMetanephrops japonicusScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaSubphylum CrustaceaClass MalacostracaOrder DecapodaSuborder PleocyemataFamily NephropidaeGenus MetanephropsJenkins 1972Type speciesNephrops japonicusTapparone Canefri 1873Speciessee Text Metanephrops andamanicus Wood Mason 1891 Metanephrops arafurensis De Man 1905 Metanephrops armatus Chan amp Yu 1991 Metanephrops australiensis Bruce 1966 Metanephrops binghami Boone 1927 Metanephrops boschmai Holthuis 1964 Metanephrops challengeri Balss 1914 Metanephrops formosanus Chan amp Yu 1987 Metanephrops japonicus Tapparone Canefri 1873 Metanephrops mozambicus Macpherson 1990 Metanephrops neptunus Bruce 1965 Metanephrops rubellus Moreira 1903 Metanephrops sagamiensis Parisi 1917 Metanephrops sibogae De Man 1916 Metanephrops sinensis Bruce 1966 Metanephrops taiwanicus Hu 1983 Metanephrops thomsoni Bate 1888 Metanephrops velutinus Chan amp Yu 1991 A further three species are known from fossils 3 4 Metanephrops jenkinsi Feldmann 1989 Late Cretaceous Metanephrops motunauensis Jenkins 1972 Pliocene Metanephrops rossensis Feldmann et al 1993 Late CretaceousContents 1 Habitat 2 Diet 3 Reproduction 4 Development and Morphology 5 Origin 6 Fishing 7 ReferencesHabitat EditMetanephrops inhabit burrows located in sticky soft substrate that they build themselves 5 They typically live at depths ranging between 50 994m below the surface of the ocean but are found in greater abundances at 150m or deeper 4 This classifies them as a deep sea lobster since they inhabit a region below 50m under the surface of the ocean 6 Occurrences of Metanephrops are prevalent on the west side of ocean basins especially the Indo West Pacific ranging from latitudes of 35 N to 50 S Only two of the extant species of Metanephrops inhabit the western basin of the Atlantic Ocean M binghami resides in the Gulf of Mexico and around the Caribbean and Cuba while M rubellus resides off of the southern coast of Brazil and off the coast of Uruguay 4 Diet EditMetanephrops are scavengers like most lobsters They consume a diet largely consisting of the corpses pelagic and benthic species that have fallen to the sea floor Specific examples of their typical diet include small marine organisms such as plankton and parasites ghost shark Hydrolagus novaezealandiae silver warehou Seriolella punctata tall sea pen Funiculina quadrangularis and the salp Ihlea racovitzai 6 Reproduction EditThe unique reproductive habits of Metanephrops are poorly understood due to the difficulty of getting individuals of Metanephrops to mate in captivity However their mating habits appear to follow that of most genera of lobster with copulation occurring after a female moults Successful instances of copulation were observed to occur when the male was larger and stronger than the female and was able to turn the female over and pin her down in order for copulation to occur In one study viable eggs were produced 3 days following an instance where sperm uptake was successful after copulation However the eggs did not hatch for another 222 days meaning that the total time from spawning to hatch was 225 days 7 Development and Morphology EditMetanephrops begin their lives in a platonic larval stage that must undergo several cycles of multing to reach maturity During these molting phases some postlarval aspects of a mature Metanephrops become apparent with each subsequent molt The Metanephrops larva is a zoea larva shared by many other crustaceans and the time spent in this state is approximately 4 8 days 5 7 Before entering the zoea stage of larval development newly hatched instances of Metanephrops are surrounded by a cuticle that encompass all appendages though this stage lacks armed process on the first and second antenna and telson This stage like the zoea larval stage is also typical in decopods 5 This pre zoea stage is extremely short lived in individuals that will proceed to enter the zoea larval stage lasting for only a few minutes to a few hours 7 Upon entering the zoea larval stage individuals of Metanephrops are typically 10 15mm long and bear notably well developed eyes that are stalked with small cornea The zoea larva of Metanephrops are semi opaque but a system of red orange chromatophores create a visible spot on the abdomen After the zoea larval stage Metanephrops enter a juvenile post larval stage characterized by the presence of all adult characteristics This is especially apparent in the transferring of locomotion to the abdominal by use of pleopods to walk like other genera of lobsters as opposed to primary locomotion being swimming as in the larval stage However it is likely that they retain some ability to swim through their pleopods and uropods 5 Origin EditMetanephrops first appeared in the fossils record in the late Cretaceous Specimens were found on the eastern side of the Antarctic peninsula Stratigraphic geographic and cladistic evidence suggest that Metanephrops developed in high southern latitudes 4 Fishing EditCertain species of Metanephrops such as Metanephrops challengeri support commercial fisheries on and off the continental shelf and slope of New Zealand 8 Scampi make burrows in muddy substrates and fisheries use a number of methods such as photographic and burrow analysis methods to determine scampi emergency patterns in order to assess catchability This data suggests that roughly half of all scampi burrows are occupied at any given time 8 9 Scampi have been targeted by trawl fisheries since the late 1980 s At that time landings were between 800 1000 tons per year for the species Metanephrops challengeri SInce then landings for M challengeri have fallen to between 600 800 tons per year in recent years 9 References Edit Lipke Holthuis 1991 FAO species catalogue Vol 13 Marine lobsters of the world FAO Tin Yam Chan 2010 Metanephrops Jenkins 1972 World Register of Marine Species Retrieved October 17 2010 Sammy De Grave N Dean Pentcheff Shane T Ahyong et al 2009 A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans PDF Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl 21 1 109 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 06 a b c d Dale Tshudy Tin Yam Chan amp Ulf Sorhannus 2007 Morphology based clasdistic analysis of Metanephrops the most diverse extant genus of clawed lobster Nephropidae Journal of Crustacean Biology 27 3 463 476 doi 10 1651 S 2777 1 a b c d Wear Robert G 1976 Studies on the Larval Development of Metanephrops challengeri Balss 1914 Decapoda Nephropidae Crustaceana 30 2 113 122 doi 10 1163 156854076X00521 ISSN 0011 216X JSTOR 20102305 a b van der Reis Aimee L Laroche Olivier Jeffs Andrew G Lavery Shane D 2018 09 20 Preliminary analysis of New Zealand scampi Metanephrops challengeri diet using metabarcoding PeerJ 6 e5641 doi 10 7717 peerj 5641 ISSN 2167 8359 PMC 6151254 PMID 30258728 a b c Heasman K G Jeffs A G 2019 09 15 Fecundity and potential juvenile production for aquaculture of the New Zealand Scampi Metanephrops challengeri Balss 1914 Decapoda Nephropidae Aquaculture 511 634184 doi 10 1016 j aquaculture 2019 05 069 ISSN 0044 8486 S2CID 190906154 a b Verry Alexander J F Walton Kerry Tuck Ian D Ritchie Peter A 2020 04 02 Genetic structure and recent population expansion in the commercially harvested deep sea decapod Metanephrops challengeri Crustacea Decapoda New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 54 2 251 270 doi 10 1080 00288330 2019 1707696 ISSN 0028 8330 S2CID 214087460 a b Tuck Parsons Hartill Chiswell July 2015 Scampi Metanephrops challengeri emergence patterns and catchability ICES Journal of Marine Science 72 199 210 doi 10 1093 icesjms fsu244 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link This Decapoda article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Metanephrops amp oldid 1138808162, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
